真空预压法及真空-堆载联合预压法的室内试验研究

通过室内试验,研究了试样在模拟的堆载预压、真空预压、真空-堆载联合预压以及各向等压4种情况下土体的固结变形特性。结果表明,在真空预压模拟试验情况下,试样的变形、加固情况等指标与各向等压模拟试验下的情况很接近,即：试样的竖向变形小于堆载预压模拟试验情况下试样的竖向变形,土性改善程度要优于堆载预压的情况。而真空-堆载联合预压模拟情况下,试样的竖向变形大于真空预压的情况,加固效果好于堆载预压的情况,总体上具有更好的加固效果。     

真空预压加固软土地基变形与固结计算研究

考虑真空度的衰减情况,对真空预压加固软基的变形和固结度计算方法进行了研究。先根据真空预压时砂井的真空压力状态建立了真空预压的空间轴对称变形模型,用位移法推导该模型在等应变条件下的变形及体积应变计算公式。在此基础之上结合Hansbo砂井地基固结理论和真空预压的边界条件,推导了忽略竖向渗流情况下的真空预压加固软土地基的固结解析解。比较文中计算方法与已有计算理论和现场试验实测资料结果表明,体积应变的计算对真空预压的孔压和固结度的计算有较大的影响,而直接引用传统堆载预压的体积应变计算公式计算会导致较大误差。在固结度计算中,采用Hansbo的近似方法能满足计算精度的要求,所得计算结果与实测结果吻合较好     

真空联合堆载预压下混凝土芯砂石桩复合地基固结特性理论分析

真空联合堆载预压与混凝土芯砂石桩复合地基相结合是处理深厚软土地基的一种新方法。该方法既能利用预制混凝土芯桩提高地基承载力,又能利用砂石外壳缩短排水路径、传递真空负压,加快固结。根据真空联合堆载预压下混凝土芯砂石桩复合地基的固结特点,将堆载预压和真空预压的固结效应分开考虑,然后再进行叠加,推导出了真空联合堆载预压下混凝土芯砂石桩复合地基的平均固结度解析解,并利用三维数值模拟对平均固结度解析解进行了验证。通过对解析解的参数分析,探讨了置换率、涂抹区大小及渗透系数、混凝土芯砂石桩长径比和芯桩率对混凝土芯砂石桩复合地基固结特性的影响。结果表明,混凝土芯砂石桩复合地基的固结速率随着置换率和芯桩率的增大而增大,随涂抹区和砂石外壳直径之比、未扰动区和涂抹区渗透系数之比、长径比的增大而减小。     

竖井地基的大应变固结分析

简单介绍了真空-堆载联合预压下饱和软土竖井地基大变形固结沉降模型（VRCS1模型）,该模型能考虑大应变、材料非线性、非达西流、真空折损和竖井未打穿等因素。使用该模型对澳大利亚巴利纳支路某现场沉降进行预测,结果与现场实测数据吻合良好。基于该工程案例,讨论了分级堆载、循环荷载、真空联合堆载、上边界为等应力/等应变条件以及排水板打入深度等因素对竖井地基固结过程的影响规律。计算结果表明：分级堆载可降低土体超静孔压峰值进而改善土体稳定性;循环荷载使土体固结过程发生震荡,且土体沉降峰值迟于超静孔压峰值和荷载峰值出现;真空荷载和堆载作用机制有本质区别,真空荷载不可简单以堆载替代;上边界等应变条件下的固结速率一般快于等应力条件,工程真实条件一般介于两者之间;排水板打入深度超过0.9倍土层厚度时,再加大打入深度加速固结效果不明显。     

底部抽真空预压法砂井地基固结解析解

基于谢康和等应变条件砂井地基固结理论和Hansbo砂井固结理论,考虑底部抽真空预压法加固方法中真空作用面位于固结土层底部的实际边界条件,推导出忽略竖向渗流情况下的底部真空预压加固地基固结方程解析解答。根据超孔压固结方程形成过程以及其解析解表达式,分析其与一般负压径向固结解答的区别。通过室内模型试验实测数据与解析模型计算结果的对比表明,不同位置处孔压和固结度计算值与实测结果吻合较好,从而验证了该模型的合理性,同时运用该模型也可有效验证已有关于底部抽真空室内模拟及现场原位试验结果。底部抽真空轴对称固结解析解可为底部抽真空技术的实际工程应用提供基础性的理论支持,推动底部抽真空技术的大规模推广应用。     

复杂荷载作用下考虑下卧层三维渗流的未打穿竖井地基固结分析

针对任意复杂变荷载作用下未打穿的竖井地基,通过在竖井底面以下土层中设置虚拟竖井,使其能够合理考虑下卧层土体三维渗流问题,运用Laplace变换,求得频域内竖井地基的固结解。通过Laplace逆变换,得到了任意荷载作用下竖井地基的平均固结度、孔压消散曲线、沉降曲线。结合具体算例,对影响竖井地基固结的主要影响因素进行了详细分析,并将现有未打穿竖井地基平均固结度近似计算方法的精度和适用的范围进行了对比,得到了一些有益于工程实践的结论。     

Analytical models for consolidation of combined composite ground improved by impervious columns and vertical drains

In recent years, a new technique of ground improvement, which involves the combined use of impervious column and vertical drains, has been proposed and utilized in many field projects to accelerate consolidation and increase bearing capacity of soft soil ground. To cover the possible distribution patterns of impervious columns and vertical drains, 2 analytical models, including Model A with outward flow and Model B with inward flow within the soils, are proposed to predict the consolidation of combined composite ground by considering the following factors: (1) disturbance effects of both impervious columns and vertical drains, (2) the well resistance of vertical drains, and (3) time‐variant loadings. The average degrees of consolidation predicted by the proposed analytical models are compared with several existing solutions and then against the measured data in the literature. The consolidation behavior of a combined composite ground is investigated by the proposed analytical solutions. The results show that the combined use of impervious columns and vertical drains can remarkably accelerate the consolidation rate of soft soils compared with the single use of either of them. The average degrees of consolidation predicted by both analytical models agree well with the measured data. Compared with Model B, Model A usually predicts a faster consolidation rate because of a shorter drainage path. Many factors can influence consolidation behavior of combined composite ground, such as loading scheme, distribution patterns and the disturbance effects of impervious columns and vertical drains, and compression modulus ratio of impervious column to soil.     

新近吹填淤泥地基负压传递特性及分布模式研究

为深入了解无砂垫层真空预压技术加固新近吹填淤泥地基过程中的负压传递特性和分布模式,依托珠海港高栏港区某新近吹填淤泥地基处理工程开展了现场试验研究,研究结果表明：（1）土工合成材料水平排水垫层中的负压损失程度较严重,至少为16%;整个排水系统内的负压损失程度也较严重,最严重的高达57%。（2）不同深度处土体中的负压传递特性一定程度上受相应位置处淤泥自重沉积规律的影响,粗颗粒含量高的深度位置,其负压衰减程度相应较低;但总体来讲,负压从竖井向土体传递过程中的损失程度很严重,至少67%,这是新近吹填淤泥地基经无砂垫层真空预压技术加固后土体强度增长有限的主要原因。最后,明确给出了该类地基的负压分布模式：水平排水垫层中的负压可考虑为随时间变化的线性衰减模式,而竖向排水体中的负压可考虑为随时间变化的非线性衰减模式。     

A new analytical model for consolidation with multiple vertical drains

Various analytical theories of consolidation for soils with vertical drains have been proposed in the past. Most conventional theories are based on a cylindrical unit cell that contains only a single vertical drain. This paper described a new analytical model where a vertical drain located at the centre (the ‘inner vertical drain’) and is surrounded by two or three vertical drains (the ‘outer vertical drains’), the number of which depends on whether the configuration is triangular or rectangular. Both types of drains are combined into a cylindrical unit cell, and the water is assumed to flow both inwards to the inner vertical drain and outwards to the outer vertical drains distributed around the circumference. The outer radial boundary of the unit cell is regarded as a permeable boundary, with a drainage capacity of two or three separate vertical drains for triangular and rectangular configurations, respectively. The smear effects and the drainage resistances for both the inner and outer vertical drains are considered in the analysis as well. In this way, the equations governing the consolidation process with multiple vertical drains are derived, and the corresponding analytical solutions are obtained for instantaneously loading, ramp loading and multi‐stage of instantaneously loading and multi‐stage of ramp loading. The present solutions are finally compared with several conventional solutions for a single vertical drain in the literature. The results show that the present model predicts the same average degree of consolidation as conventional models do, which verifies the correctness of this new model. Finally, the settlement predicted by the present solution is compared with the measured settlement from a field test at the Port of Brisbane, Australia, which shows a good agreement between them. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

变荷载下考虑井阻随时空变化的竖井地基固结解

竖井排水固结法中井阻随时空演变（即由淤堵和弯折所引起的竖井排水能力下降）的现象已引起广泛关注,且变井阻对竖井地基固结速率的影响不容忽略。但目前能同时考虑变荷载及井阻随时间和空间变化的固结解析解还鲜有报道。考虑井阻随时空演变过程,引入实际中广泛采用的单级或多级加载模式,建立了竖井地基固结模型,并应用分离变量法获得固结模型的解析解答。通过与已有的解析解、有限差分解及工程实测值进行对比分析,充分验证了该模型的正确性。通过大量的计算,分析变井阻参数对竖井地基固结性状的影响。结果表明：竖井地基固结速率随竖井最终排水能力的增大而加快,随深度井阻参数及时间井阻参数的增大而减缓,且时间井阻参数的影响更为显著。     

Analytical solutions of linear finite‐ and small‐strain one‐dimensional consolidation

Analytical solutions are presented for linear finite‐strain one‐dimensional consolidation of initially unconsolidated soil layers with surcharge loading for both one‐ and two‐way drainage. These solutions complement earlier solutions for initially unconsolidated soil layers without surcharge and initially normally consolidated soil layers with surcharge. Small‐strain solutions for the consolidation of initially unconsolidated soil layers with surcharge loading are also presented, and the relationship between the earlier solutions for initially unconsolidated soil without surcharge and the corresponding small‐strain solutions, which was not addressed in the earlier work, is clarified. The new solutions for initially unconsolidated soil with surcharge loading can be applied to the analysis of low stress consolidation tests and to the partial validation of numerical solutions of non‐linear finite‐strain consolidation. They also clarify a formerly perplexing aspect of finite‐strain solution charts first noted in numerical solutions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

絮凝−真空−电渗联合加固滩涂软土的模型试验研究

针对真空预压作用下排水板淤堵与排水条件受限等问题,提出絮凝−真空−电渗联合加固法。首先通过沉降柱试验确定合适的有机絮凝剂,然后采用该絮凝剂,分别在 48 h（开始介入真空预压,固结度为0 ）、60 h（排水速率明显下降,固结度为60%）及 84 h（排水速率近乎 0,固结度为 80%）时介入电渗,开展不同电渗介入时间的絮凝−真空−电渗联合加固试验。试验从排水量、十字板剪切强度、含水率与孔压等对比分析联合加固的有效性,确定其最佳电渗介入时间。试验结果表明：当固结度为 80% 时介入电渗,絮凝−真空−电渗联合加固法能够有效地抑制排水速率减小的趋势,增长有效排水时间。同时,土体的抗剪强度和承载力亦得到大幅提升,孔压消散更加均匀。此外,在阳离子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂的作用下,初始排水速率快,在一定程度上使土体的渗透性得到提升,有效地解决了排水板淤堵问题,说明絮凝−真空−电渗联合加固法具有较强的优越性。     

Consolidation by vertical drains under time‐dependent loading

A solution for the consolidation by vertical drains under time‐dependent loading is presented in this paper. Considering the well resistance and the smear action, the simultaneous basic partial differential equations of the consolidation by vertical drains are obtained for the arbitrary loading method. However, the impulse function method cannot be directly applied to obtain the solution. The partial differential equations and the solution conditions that satisfy the impulse function method are obtained after some mathematical processing. The solution for the consolidation by vertical drains under time‐dependent loading is obtained by virtue of the impulse function method and the solution under instantaneous loading. The solutions under single ramp loading and multi‐ramp loading are obtained and the feasibility of Carrillo's method under time‐dependent loading is discussed. Further, the characteristics of the consolidation by vertical drains under instantaneous loading and time‐dependent loading are discussed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑幂函数渗透压缩变化的双层砂井地基固结性状

采用Barron轴对称固结及大变形固结问题的某些简化与假定,推导建立了砂井地基大变形固结控制方程,利用建立的双层砂井地基大变形固结方程及编制的计算程序,通过引入软土渗透系数、有效应力与孔隙比之间的幂函数关系k =ced与e=a( )b,对瞬时加载下双层砂井地基固结性状进行算例计算。结果表明：（1）双层软土幂函数渗透关系及压缩关系中诸参数对双层砂井地基固结性状有重要影响：随着两层软土幂函数渗透关系中参数c1、c2的增加（渗透性增加）、或幂函数压缩关系中参数a1、a2的增加,各土层水平径向与竖向孔隙比减小更快,沉降发展速率与超静孔压消散速率也相应增加,且沉降发展速率快于孔压消散速率。（2）两层土在分界面处的孔隙比及平均超静孔压均出现明显的突变,将沿深度分布曲线分成形状不同的两段,表现出不同的固结性状。     

任意附加应力下竖井径竖向耦合固结等应变解

竖向排水体包括砂井和塑料排水板已广泛应用于加速软黏土地基的固结。不同形式的轴对称条件下含竖向排水体均质各向同性地基的固结解析解答也相继被提出,而各种解答均假定地基中附加应力在竖向排水体的深度范围内是均匀分布的。显然,当竖向排水体深度与地面堆载区宽度的比值相对较高,或竖向排水体的影响区域靠近地面堆载区的边缘时,这个假定并不适用。为此,在现有径竖向耦合固结等应变解的基础上,提出任意分布的地基附加应力条件下的解答,并分析附加应力分布形式和线性加载速率对地基固结的影响。结果表明,均匀分布的附加应力条件下的解答低估了地基的固结速率,而瞬时加载条件下的解答则高估了地基的固结速率。     

Consolidation of viscoelastic soil by vertical drains incorporating fractional-derivative model and time-dependent loading

This paper presents a general solution to the consolidation system of viscoelastic soil by vertical drains incorporating a fractional-derivative model and arbitrary time-dependent loading. The fractional-derivative Merchant model is introduced to describe the viscoelastic behavior of saturated soil around the vertical drains. Based on this model, the governing partial differential equation of a consolidation system incorporating vertical and horizontal drainage is obtained for the equal strain condition. Then, a general solution to the consolidation system involving arbitrary time-dependent loading is derived using the Laplace transform technique and eigenfunction expansion method. Further, two comparisons are presented to verify the exactness of the proposed solution, and the consolidation behavior involving four time-dependent loadings is illustrated and discussed.     

真空预压联合电渗加固高塑性软土的试验研究

为处理常规排水固结法难以处理的高塑性软土,进行了真空预压联合电渗加固的大比尺室内模型试验研究。试验首先对塑性指数为26～29的高塑性软土进行真空预压的加固,待固结度达到80%后启动电渗进行加固。试验中对电流、电势和表层沉降等进行了全面的监测。试验结果表明电极反转、间歇通电技术有利于提高电能的利用率。土体强度由加固前的0～7.1kPa增长到加固后的18.2～26.2kPa。后期电渗对强度增长的贡献十分明显。     

In Situ Pore Water Pressure Dissipation Testing of Marine Clay under Reclamation Fills

In situ dissipation tests provide a means of evaluating the in situ coefficient of horizontal consolidation and horizontal hydraulic conductivity of soft clays. Dissipation tests by means of piezocone (CPTU), dilatometer (DMT), self-boring pressuremeter (SBPT) and BAT permeameter (BAT) were utilized in the characterization of the coefficient of horizontal consolidation and horizontal hydraulic conductivity of Singapore marine clay at Changi in a land reclamation project. Dissipation tests were carried out prior to reclamation as well as after ground improvement with vertical drains to compare the changes in the coefficient of horizontal consolidation and horizontal hydraulic conductivity prior to and after ground improvement. Tests were carried out in a vertical drain area as well as in an adjacent untreated control area after 23 months of surcharge loading, for comparison purposes. The purpose of this research is to determine the horizontal consolidation parameters of Singapore marine clay prior to reclamation as well as after 23 months of surcharge loading with and without vertical drains by means of in situ dissipation tests.     

Consolidation of sensitive clay with vertical drain

The coefficient of consolidation is one of the most important parameters that control the rate of consolidation. Conventional consolidation theories assume that the coefficient of consolidation is constant during the whole consolidation process. In the case of sensitive clay, the coefficient of consolidation is strongly dependent on the level of effective stress of clay. With the dissipation of pore water pressure and the increase of effective stress, the soil structure of the upper subsoil is gradually destroyed downwards and its coefficient of consolidation becomes smaller. At the same time, the coefficient of permeability of the vertical drains drops down because of the kinking or bending effect. The destructured upper subsoil and the kinking of the vertical drain hinder the dissipation of the pore pressure in the lower subsoil. This paper presents a model to describe the above important phenomena during the consolidation of sensitive clay with vertical drain. The solution for proposed model can be obtained by extending the closed‐form solution of the consolidation of double‐layered ground with vertical drain by the interactive method introducing the concept of the moving boundary and the reduction of discharge capacity of vertical drain. The numerical results obtained from the finite element method package PLAXIS (Ver. 7.2) are adopted to compare those obtained from the present algorithm. Moreover, the rationality of the moving boundary is explained by the distributions of the excess pore water pressure in natural soil zone along the radial direction. Wenzhou airport project is taken as a case study in this paper. The results for the sensitive soil with decaying sand drain agree very well with the in situ measured data. The calculated results can properly explain two general phenomena observed in the consolidation of soft sensitive soil ground with vertical drains: one is that the time to achieve the same consolidation degree is much longer under heavy loading than that under light loading; the other is that the consolidation speed is much slower in the lower subsoil than in the upper subsoil. Finally, it is indicated that the vertical drains can decrease the hindrance effect of the destructured subsoil. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

竖向排水井地基工后沉降预测

预测工后沉降是排水固结预压加固软土地基的关键问题之一。根据等应变竖向排水井地基固结理论,提出了沉降曲线的近似计算方法。通过实测沉降资料与近似理论曲线的拟合,获得竖向排水井地基的最终沉降量和平均固结度,从而预估其工后沉降量。将该方法分别应用于真空预压和堆载预压处理的竖井地基,进行工后沉降预测,结果表明该方法是可行的