崇明东滩表层沉积物的粒度空间分布特征

经对崇明东滩45个现代表层沉积物样品粒度分析表明：潮滩沉积物绝大部分以淤泥质粉砂为主，平均粒径16．1—46．5μm。沉积物粒度组成具有明显的空间分布特点：高—中—低潮滩依次出现细粉砂、中粉砂和粗粉砂；从潮滩北部至南部，沉积物粒度由细变粗。上述特征与水动力条件基本对应，同时也受到植被分布状况的制约。     

江苏中部淤泥质潮滩潮汐层理成因机理和风暴沉积判别标志

通过对江苏中部淤泥质潮滩潮汐纹层发育过程的实地观测,以及对所采样品在室内进行的落淤量的计算与颗粒的粒度、磨圆度分析等,揭示出江苏中部海岸淤泥质潮滩沉积中的潮汐层理的成因机理:毫米级薄砂泥互层层理为半日潮的产物,厘米级厚的厚砂泥互层层理为半月天文潮的产物。此外,通过对9711号台风引致的风暴潮影响前后的滩面进行了现场观测,发现江苏中部淤泥质潮滩上部存在一个即使在风暴潮期间也不发生侵蚀的地带。该带的风暴沉积与正常的潮滩沉积比较,具有粒度较粗,分选较差,磨圆稍好,递变现象明显,平行层理或波状交错层理发育比较典型的特征。     

开敞式潮滩-潮沟系统发育演变动力机制——Ⅱ.潮汐作用

为研究潮汐作用下潮沟网络形成、演变规律,结合江苏沿海粉砂淤泥质潮滩实际情况,建立试验室物理模型,模拟具有一定坡度的潮滩在潮汐作用下的地形演变,分析了潮沟发育演变中的水沙运动规律,研究了潮差对于潮沟发育的影响。研究表明,潮沟发育过程受到床面坡度变化的影响,坡度均一的潮滩上,潮沟系统通过相邻小潮沟相互连接而形成,没有明显的潮沟头部溯源侵蚀现象;在潮汐作用下,涨潮初期和落潮后期水流流速较快,泥沙运动主要出现在这一阶段,在潮滩中部泥沙运动最为剧烈;潮差对于潮沟系统形态和结构的影响较小,潮滩排水路径长度与子流域面积呈幂函数分布,潮差越大则潮沟系统越早达到动态平衡,且具有更大的拓宽潮沟的作用。     

无人机技术在潮滩地貌演变研究中的应用

随着海平面上升和人类活动加剧,潮滩正面临着严重威胁,掌握其形态变化规律是研究潮滩系统对外在条件响应的直接手段。以江苏斗龙港潮滩为研究对象,利用无人机倾斜摄影测量技术,结合运动恢复结构(Structure from Motion,SfM)算法,重建潮滩三维点云,生成数字高程模型和正射影像,分析潮滩滩面及潮沟系统年内变化规律。研究结果表明:潮滩高程测量精度优于9 cm,水平精度优于2 cm;高程年内变化较大,变幅高达±0.5 m;潮沟短历时变化剧烈,无明显季节性变化特征;潮沟发育过程中,宽深比范围为10~25。无人机技术不仅可以监测粉砂淤泥质潮滩滩面变化趋势,还可以观测到卫星难以捕获的中小型潮沟短历时发育过程,可为监测河口海岸短周期动力地貌过程提供有力的技术支持。     

江苏圆陀角附近潮滩沉积岩芯粒度变化及其环境意义

江苏圆陀角位于长江北支岸线与江苏海岸线的交汇处,发育了粉砂淤泥质海岸典型潮滩地貌,潮滩岩芯沉积物粒度变化记录了潮滩环境变化的信息。2007年在圆陀角附近潮滩采集了192cm长的柱状岩芯,对沉积物的粒度组成进行了分析,分析结果显示,砂质粉砂是主要的沉积类型,岩芯分为三部分,从下部向上,粗颗粒沉积组分减少,反映了采样点附近潮滩环境由潮滩中部向上部转化的过程。根据岩芯沉积物¹³⁷Cs的1963年和1986年两个蓄积峰值时标推算,1963年以来的平均沉积速率为2.3cm/a,1986年以来的平均沉积速率为1.6cm/a,1963～1986年之间的平均沉积速率达到2.9cm/a。沉积速率变化表明20世纪60年代以来伴随潮滩淤积增高,圆陀角附近潮滩沉积物的沉积速率下降,大体与辐射沙洲南翼淤积型潮滩淤积速率一致,小于长江口外的泥沙沉积速率。泥沙来源主要是苏北沿岸流携带的部分泥沙在圆陀角附近沉积,伴随研究区围垦活动向海推进,在长江北支口门北侧形成了大片的泥质潮滩和水下沙嘴。     

开敞式潮滩-潮沟系统发育演变动力机制——Ⅲ.海平面上升影响

为研究海平面上升对潮滩-潮沟系统的影响,以江苏中部粉砂淤泥质海岸为原型,建立变态物理模型,模拟研究在不同海平面潮汐过程作用下的潮沟发育和演变过程,分析了潮滩淹没历时、排水密度、潮沟断面形态等特征参数变化规律。研究表明:潮沟在发育初期伸长速率高于拓宽速率,最终趋于动态平衡;海平面上升后,潮滩淹没历时增加,露滩时间缩短,归槽水对潮沟底床的塑造作用减弱;平均归槽水流长度和Horton排水长度均随海平面上升呈现出减小趋势,潮沟的排水能力增强;潮沟断面宽深比服从对数正态分布,随着海平面上升,潮沟断面面积和宽深比均呈现出增大趋势,宽深比分布范围变广。     

淤泥地质市政桥梁下部结构施工技术探讨

正在我国市政桥梁工程中,经常出现由于淤泥质基坑支护结构的强度、刚度或稳定性不足,引起的支护结构破坏,导致边坡失稳、淤泥质基坑坍塌、支护结构破坏的问题。究其主要原因,一方面是由淤泥质基坑周围土体在淤泥质基坑开挖过程中产生对坑内侧压引起的;另一方面是因为淤泥质基坑周围土体变形过大也会引起淤泥质基坑坍塌。如何在淤泥开挖过程     

一九九零年国家自然科学基金资助一览表——地球科学部

批准号 项目名称 49000003 黄河源区第四纪冰川研究 49000004 三江平原沼泽湿地开垦前后水平衡变化的研究 49040001 发掘、整理中国地学史料编纂《中国地学大事典》 49070001 (中国自然灾害地图集)一明清卷的研究与编制 49070002 中国古代自然灾害和异常年表的整理研究 49070005 徐霞客游记记载地理环境与今天地理环境的比较研究 49070006 太阳活动与疾病流行关系的研究 49070007 用树木年轮元素含量研究南京及浙西地区环境的动态变化 49070008 浙闽淤泥质港湾潮波对潮滩沉积影响的研究     

潮滩沉积环境与岩相对比研究

潮滩沉积是海陆交互作用的产物,形成于海岸坡度平缓、有丰富的细粒泥沙供应,以潮流动力为主的低能海岸环境,尤以河-海作用活跃的边缘海环境最为发育。潮滩沉积以粉砂为主,由于涨落潮流往复循环,潮滩具有动力、沉积、地貌与生物群体的分带现象。因海平面涨落与波浪参与的扰动筛选,导致潮滩沉积中的粗粒沉积物含量及微地貌形态的变化。这些因素反映于潮滩沉积相中具有下列特点:粉砂与粘土质交互叠置的页状层理;原始沉积层自下向上,粒径组成逐渐变细;下部的粉砂质层具有波痕、鱼刺状或丘状的交错层理、透镜体与扰动结构,或潮水沟堆积的镶嵌沙体;上部淤泥质层中具有草根、龟裂、虫管与钙质填充物、泥砾、泥块等。将现代潮滩沉积与南京钟山北麓下三叠统的黄马青组砂页岩,以及海口马村的下更新统湛江组粘土、粉砂岩进行对比,据泥沙粒径、矿物组合与含量,盐度,特别是薄互层理,虫管与钙质填充,泥裂块,波痕与交错层理等多项对比,均具有极好的相似性,表明该两组岩层为古潮滩沉积。     

淤泥质海岸带研究的意义(序言)

<正>本专辑除长江口外海底现代沉积速率~1论文外,其余全部是中国地质调查局淤泥质海岸带地质调查项目~2成果的集成。中国18000km长的大陆岸线中,约4000km是淤泥质岸线,包括淤泥质平原海岸线与港湾淤泥质海岸线,均与河海交互作用的形成过程有关。本研究涉及的淤泥质平原海岸带由三部分组成:1沿海低地,向陆可至晚更新世晚期或全新世海侵最大边界处;2潮间带;3水下岸坡与坏天气浪基面以上的毗邻浅海区,总面积30×10~4~40×104km~2。淤泥质潮间带在渤海、黄海、东海宽度     

1959—2018年九段沙地貌演化特征及动力机制

基于近60年（1959—2018年）系列水下地形资料，研究九段沙成形以来的地貌演化特征和动力成因。结果表明:九段沙1959—1990年处于稳速淤涨、以低滩为主的自然演化状态；近30年（1990—2018年），0 m及以上高滩受植被生长和长江口深水航道治理工程作用快速淤涨，-1~-2 m滩面受干扰程度小、稳速淤涨；近20年（1998—2018年），-3 m及以下低滩受流域减沙和临近的大型涉水工程影响淤涨放缓并由淤积转冲刷，期间流域减沙使得九段沙淤积放缓滩地由低到高向上延伸。未来流域来沙可能进一步下降并维持在较低水平，九段沙将面临-3 m及以下低滩进一步冲蚀，-3 m以上滩地淤积放缓并由低到高逐渐转冲的风险。     

江苏中部潮滩长期演变规律及其受米草生长影响

在江苏盐城川东港南侧潮滩设置了一系列水准桩,使用滩面高程观测仪对滩面高程进行7 a（2012年10月—2018年11月）的逐月现场观测,结合遥感资料获取米草前缘位置变化,探究淤泥质潮滩中长期演变规律及米草生长在潮滩地貌演变中的作用。结果表明:高滩区域地下过程（土体膨胀、压缩等）对滩面变化起控制作用;盐沼区米草生长促进滩面沉积,随米草前缘向海生长,盐沼中部区域年增长率降低,靠近米草前缘区域滩面年淤积量增加,但米草向海推进对光滩区域演变影响小;潮滩剖面自陆向海依次可分为基本稳定带、快速淤积带、基本稳定带、快速冲刷带,潮间带中部坡度逐步增大;滩涂面积保有量在2012—2018年观测时段内逐年降低。     

1959—2018年九段沙地貌演化特征及动力机制

基于近60年（1959—2018年）系列水下地形资料，研究九段沙成形以来的地貌演化特征和动力成因。结果表明：九段沙1959—1990年处于稳速淤涨、以低滩为主的自然演化状态；近30年（1990—2018年），0 m及以上高滩受植被生长和长江口深水航道治理工程作用快速淤涨，-1~-2 m滩面受干扰程度小、稳速淤涨；近20年（1998—2018年），-3 m及以下低滩受流域减沙和临近的大型涉水工程影响淤涨放缓并由淤积转冲刷，期间流域减沙使得九段沙淤积放缓滩地由低到高向上延伸。未来流域来沙可能进一步下降并维持在较低水平，九段沙将面临-3 m及以下低滩进一步冲蚀，-3 m以上滩地淤积放缓并由低到高逐渐转冲的风险。     

江苏淤泥质潮滩剖面演变现场观测

为探究江苏中部沿海双凸型剖面演变特性,在江苏盐城川东港南侧潮间带布设了10个水准观测站,2012年9月至2013年11月对该潮滩剖面演变过程开展了现场观测.结果表明:该潮滩剖面呈现出双凸型特征,平均高、低潮位线附近的滩涂形成淤积率较高的地形凸点;潮间上带受潮流影响小,滩面高程相对稳定;平均高、低潮位之间的区域滩面高程季节性变化明显,总体呈现冲刷状态;潮间下带冲刷显著,滩面坡度增大.全剖面自岸向海呈现"稳定—淤积—稳定—淤积—冲刷"的双凸型剖面特征.     

Reconstructing historical trends in metal input in heavily-disturbed,contaminated estuaries: studies from Bilbao,Southampton Water and Sicily

Estuaries may be important reservoirs for contaminants as they tend to act as sinks for fine, contaminant-reactive sediments, and, historically, they have acted as centres for industrial and urban development. Analysis of dated sediment cores from these areas may allow historical trends in heavy metal input to be reconstructed, and recent and historical inputs of metal contaminants to be compared. Undisturbed saltmarsh settings have been used widely in the reconstruction of historical trends in metal input as saltmarshes provide a stable, vegetated substrate of dominantly fine sediments, and are less prone to erosion and reworking than adjacent mudflat areas. In comparison, much less research on historical pollution trends has been undertaken at estuarine sites which are prone to severe local disturbance, such as intertidal areas which are routinely dredged or where sedimentary processes have been modified by human activities such as shipping, salt working, port activities, land claim etc. This paper assesses the usefulness of ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs dating, combined with geochemical studies, in reconstructing historical trends in heavy metal input and sediment accretion in 3 heavily-modified, industrialised estuarine areas in Europe: the Bilbao estuary (Spain), Southampton Water (UK), and the Mulinello estuary (Sicily). Of these sites, only a salt marsh core from the Mulinello estuary provides a high-resolution record of recent heavy metal inputs. In Southampton Water only a partial record of changing metal inputs over time is retained due to land-claim and possible early-diagenetic remobilisation, while at Bilbao the vertical distribution of heavy metals in intertidal flats is mainly controlled by input on reworked sediment particles and variations in sediment composition. Where ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb distributions with depth allow a chronology of sediment deposition to be established, and early-diagenetic remobilisation has been minimal, mudflat and saltmarsh cores from even the most heavily-disturbed estuarine sites can provide useful information on variations in historical contaminant input. When the sediments have been vigorously mixed or reworked, large-scale compositional variations are present, or significant early-diagenetic remobilisation has occurred, however, only general information on the scale of contamination can be obtained.     

基于植被和潮动力作用的潮滩剖面演变数值模拟

为研究多因子共同作用下的潮滩演变机制,开发了基于植被生长和潮动力作用的潮滩剖面演变数学模型。在不考虑植被作用下,模拟得到了潮滩中长期演变后的上凸形剖面特征;泥沙供给是决定潮滩宽度的因素,供给越充分,潮滩宽度越大。模型考虑植被过程时,结果表明不同的植被生物量分布形式对潮滩水动力的影响程度不同,在潮间带上部,生物量抛物线分布时的减流效果强于生物量线性分布形式;而在潮间带下部则相反。模拟结果显示盐沼和光滩之间出现陡坎,且随着滩面的逐步淤高,陡坎逐步向海移动。     

Mudflat Morphodynamics and the Impact of Sea Level Rise in South San Francisco Bay

Estuarine tidal mudflats form unique habitats and maintain valuable ecosystems. Historic measurements of a mudflat in San Fancsico Bay over the past 150 years suggest the development of a rather stable mudflat profile. This raises questions on its origin and governing processes as well as on the mudflats’ fate under scenarios of sea level rise and decreasing sediment supply. We developed a 1D morphodynamic profile model (Delft3D) that is able to reproduce the 2011 measured mudflat profile. The main, schematised, forcings of the model are a constant tidal cycle and constant wave action. The model shows that wave action suspends sediment that is transported landward during flood. A depositional front moves landward until landward bed levels are high enough to carry an equal amount of sediment back during ebb. This implies that, similar to observations, the critical shear stress for erosion is regularly exceeded during the tidal cycle and that modelled equilibrium conditions include high suspended sediment concentrations at the mudflat. Shear stresses are highest during low water, while shear stresses are lower than critical (and highest at the landward end) along the mudflat during high water. Scenarios of sea level rise and decreasing sediment supply drown the mudflat. In addition, the mudflat becomes more prone to channel incision because landward accumulation is hampered. This research suggests that sea level rise is a serious threat to the presence of many estuarine intertidal mudflats, adjacent salt marshes and their associated ecological values.     

Seasonality of modern pollen and sediment deposition in an estuarine context: the Severn Estuary Levels,southwest England

Recent sedimentological and palynological research on subfossil Holocene banded sediments from the Severn Estuary Levels suggested seasonality of deposition, registered by variations in mineral grain‐size and pollen assemblages between different parts of the bands. Here we provide data that strengthen this interpretation from sampling of modern sediments and pollen deposition on an active mudflat and saltmarsh on the margin of the Severn Estuary, and comparison with a vegetation survey and contemporary records of climate, river and tidal regimes. The results of grain‐size analysis indicate deposition of comparatively coarse‐grained silts during the relatively cool and windy conditions of winter and comparatively fine‐grained sediments during relatively warm and calm summer months. Pollen analysis demonstrates the significance of long‐term storage of pollen grains and fern spores in the estuarine waterbody, superimposed on which seasonal variations in pollen inputs from local and regional vegetation remain detectable. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sedimentology,ichnology and hydrodynamics of strait‐margin,sand and gravel beaches and shorefaces: Juan de Fuca Strait,British Columbia,Canada

On the south‐west coast of Vancouver Island, Canada, sedimentological and ichnological analysis of three beach–shoreface complexes developed along a strait margin was undertaken to quantify process–response relations in straits and to develop a model for strait‐margin beaches. For all three beaches, evidence of tidal processes are expressed best in the lower shoreface and offshore and, to a lesser extent, in the middle shoreface. Tidal currents are dominant offshore, below 18 m water depth (relative to the mean spring high tide), whereas wave processes dominate sediment deposition in the nearshore (intertidal zone to 5 m water depth). From 18 to 5 m water depth, tidal processes decrease in importance relative to wave processes. The relatively high tidal energy in the offshore and lower shoreface is manifest sedimentologically by the dominance of sand, of a similar grain size to the upper shoreface/intertidal zone and, by the prevalence of current‐generated structures (current ripples) oriented parallel to the shoreline. In addition, the offshore and lower shoreface of strait‐bound beach–shoreface complexes are recognized ichnologically by traces typical of the Skolithos Ichnofacies. This situation contrasts to the dominantly horizontal feeding traces characteristic of the Cruziana Ichnofacies that are prevalent in the lower shoreface and offshore of open‐coast (wave‐dominated) beach–shorefaces. These sedimentological and ichnological characteristics reflect tidal influence on sediment deposition; consequently, the term ‘tide‐influenced shoreface’ most accurately describes these depositional environments.     

Coupling near-surface geomorphology with mangrove community diversity at the estuarine scale: A case study at Dongzhaigang Bay,China

Coastal wetlands are key features of the Earth's surface and are characterized by a diverse array of coupled geomorphological and biological processes. However, the links between the distribution of biodiversity (for example, species and structural diversity) and the formation of coastal geomorphology are not well-understood on a landscape scale most useful to coastal zone managers. This study describes the relationship between select geomorphological and biological mangrove community features (i.e. species composition and functional root type) in a landscape-distributed coastal zone of Dongzhaigang Bay, north-eastern Hainan Island, China. A total of 11 mangrove species and five functional aerial root types were encountered, with the location of species by root types being controlled by the elevation of the soil surface. Plank roots, prop roots and pneumatophores occupied the lowest intertidal elevations, while knee roots and fibrous roots of the mangrove fern, Acrostichum aureum, preferred the highest intertidal elevations. Surface sediment deposition in areas with mangroves was greater than deposition in non-mangrove forest zones, establishing an important biological mechanism for this large-area response because surface erosion/compaction was also more prominent within mangrove roots. Indeed, functional root type influenced the magnitude of deposition, erosion and compaction, with knee roots and pneumatophores being more effective in promoting deposition and preventing surface erosion/compaction than prop roots. These results indicate a potential role for vegetation type (especially functional root type) to influence coastal geomorphological processes at large landscape scales. While soil surface elevation is correlated to the distribution of mangrove species and functional root types, a significant feedback exists between elevation change and the capacity of those root types to influence coastal geomorphological differentiation within sustainable intertidal elevations. An enhanced understanding of geomorphological development, mangrove species distribution and functional root type may improve management to support nature-based solutions that adjust more effectively to sea-level rise through feedbacks.