浅硬场地剪切波速测试标准差对地震动影响初探

采用Shake 2000程序,以Turkey Flat试验场地为模型,通过输入不同类型下多种强度的地震波,计算研究多工况下剪切波速测试标准差对地表加速度反应谱和峰值加速度的影响。结论为:(1)浅硬场地上剪切波速测试标准差对地震动的影响很大,影响程度与输入地震波的强度和频率以及场地剪切波速计算值有关;(2)如果将反应谱残差大于20%或加速度峰值差别大于20%定义为统计意义上的不可忽略,那么剪切波速测试标准差对计算结果的影响在大多数情况下均不可忽略;(3)当输入波的卓越周期与场地特征周期接近时,浅硬场地上剪切波速测试标准差引起的反应谱变化非常显著;(4)只有当输入波的卓越周期与场地特征周期相差较大且输入波强度偏小时,剪切波速测试标准差引起的反应谱变化才可略去;(5)当浅硬场地上剪切波速实测结果低于统计均值时,地震动计算结果的偏差一般明显大于剪切波速实测结果,高于统计均值时引起的偏差,且地震输入越强表现越明显。     

回填土不确定性对场地地震反应的影响

选取某核电场地控制性钻孔的厚度、剪切波速、密度等实际勘探数据,通过改变回填土剪切波速,分析了回填土不确定性对场地地震动参数的影响。研究结果表明:在回填土层厚度不变和模型总厚度不变的情况下,地表的水平向峰值加速度随着回填土剪切波速的增大而减小,但水平向峰值加速度增幅逐渐减小;回填土剪切波速到达一定的波速就不再影响地表水平峰值加速度;随着回填土剪切波速的增加,整个反应谱的谱值都普遍减小。     

SEISMIC GROUND MOTION SYNTHETICS OF THE 1989 LOMA PRIETA EARTHQUAKE

A discrete wave number approach in conjunction with a propagator-based formalism is used to synthesize the Loma Prieta earthquake ground motion at both the near and the far field, taking into account all kinds of seismic waves (body and surface). A bilaterally propagating shear slip over a rectangular fault is used to describe the seismic source mechanism, while the earth model is based on geological profiles of the Santa Cruz mountain area and consists of three layers overlaying a half-space. The synthesized ground motion is first compared with actual records from the Loma Prieta earthquake and the agreement between the two is found to be satisfactory, as far as magnitude, duration and essential wave form characteristics are concerned. Then, ground motions are synthesized and plotted at a dense grid of observer locations over a large area around the epicenter, at different time instants. Using such plots, it is possible to study the generation ana propagation of different kinds of seismic waves, the spatial variability of ground motion, as well as the development of the permanent gound deformation.     

浮放储罐三维地震反应有限元分析

针对立式储罐,考虑液固耦合效应、地基与储罐结构的相互作用,采用有限元分析方法,对储罐在三维地震荷载作用下动反应进行了数值分析。分析结果表明：储罐三维地震加速度反应较一维地震加速度反应增加、提离高度明显放大、储罐轴向应力增加、基底剪力与弯矩增大。     

Semi‐empirical model for site effects on acceleration time histories at soft‐soil sites. Part 1: formulation and development

A criterion is developed for the simulation of realistic artificial ground motion histories at soft‐soil sites, corresponding to a detailed ground motion record at a reference firm‐ground site. A complex transfer function is defined as the Fourier transform of the ground acceleration time history at the soft‐soil site divided by the Fourier transform of the acceleration record at the firm‐ground site. Working with both the real and the imaginary components of the transfer function, and not only with its modulus, serves to keep the statistical information about the wave phases (and, therefore, about the time variation of amplitudes and frequencies) in the algorithm used to generate the artificial records. Samples of these transfer functions, associated with a given pair of soft‐soil and firm‐ground sites, are empirically determined from the corresponding pairs of simultaneous records. Each function included in a sample is represented as the superposition of the transfer functions of the responses of a number of oscillators. This formulation is intended to account for the contributions of trains of waves following different patterns in the vicinity of both sites. The properties of the oscillators play the role of parameters of the transfer functions. They vary from one seismic event to another. Part of the variation is systematic, and can be explained in terms of the influence of ground motion intensity on the effective values of stiffness and damping of the artificial oscillators. Another part has random nature; it reflects the random characteristics of the wave propagation patterns associated with the different events. The semi‐empirical model proposed recognizes both types of variation. The influence of intensity is estimated by means of a conventional one‐dimensional shear wave propagation model. This model is used to derive an intensity‐dependent modification of the values of the empirically determined model parameters in those cases when the firm‐ground earthquake intensity used to determine these parameters differs from that corresponding to the seismic event for which the simulated records are to be obtained. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

竖向地震动对大跨度高断面Y形柱地铁车站地震响应分析研究

以北京地铁6号线新华大街站公共区Y型柱地铁车站为工程背景,利用FLAC3D有限差分程序数值模拟分析,研究超浅埋大跨度、高断面、Y形柱地铁车站结构分别在仅输入水平向地震动和同时输入水平向与竖向地震动情况下的地震响应特性。结果表明:(1)与仅输入单向地震动相比,双向地震动耦合作用下车站各测点的峰值加速度和应力值均增大,而相对水平位移减小,且随着输入地震动强度的增加,竖向地震动影响率呈递减趋势;(2)双向地震动作用下,同一工况Y形柱叉支处各测点的竖向位移明显增大,且各测点的竖向位移值较为均匀,而单向水平地震动作用下各测点竖向位移差异较大;(3)与单向水平地震动相比,竖向地震动的输入对各测点间的水平方向地震动特性规律影响较小。     

Ground motion characteristics of the Chi‐Chi earthquake of 21 September 1999

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the ground motion characteristics of the Chi‐Chi earthquake (21 September 1999) as well as the interpretation of structural damage due to this earthquake. Over 300 strong motion records were collected from the strong motion network of Taiwan for this earthquake. A lot of near‐field ground motion data were collected. They provide valuable information on the study of ground motion characteristics of pulse‐like near‐field ground motions as well as fault displacement. This study includes: attenuation of ground motion both in PGA and spectral amplitude, principal direction, elastic and inelastic response analysis of a SDOF system subjected to near‐field ground motion collected from this event. The distribution of spectral acceleration and spectral velocity along the Chelungpu fault is discussed. Based on the mode decomposition method the intrinsic mode function of ground acceleration of this earthquake is examined. A long‐period wave with large amplitude was observed in most of the near‐source ground acceleration. The seismic demand from the recorded near‐field ground motion is also investigated with an evaluation of seismic design criteria of Taiwan Building Code. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A brief theory and computing of seismic ground rotations for structural analyses

The seismic ground rotations are important with respect to spatial structural models, which are sensitive to the wave propagation. The rotational ground motion can lead to significant increasing of structural response, instability and unusual damages of buildings. Currently, the seismic analyses often take into account the rocking and torsion motions separately using artificial accelerograms. We present an exact analytical method, proposed by Nazarov [15] for computing of three rotational accelerograms simultaneously from given translational records. The method is based on spectral representation in the form of Fourier amplitude spectra of seismic waves, corresponding to the given three-component translational accelerogram. The composition, directions and properties of seismic waves are previously determined in the form of a generalized wave model of ground motion. It is supposed that seismic ground motion can be composed by superposition of P, SV, SH- and surface waves. As an example, the dynamic response analysis of 25-story building is presented. Here recorded (low-frequency) and artificial (high-frequency) accelerograms were used; each of them includes three translational and three rotational components. In this structural analysis, we have clarified primarily conditions under which rotational ground motion should be taken into account. Next, we have calculated three rotational components of seismic ground motion. Then they were taken as additional seismic loads components for further seismic analysis of the building. Note, soil–structure interaction (SSI) is not considered in this study. For computing, we use the special software for structural analyses and accelerogram processing (FEA Software STARK ES and Odyssey software, Eurosoft Co., Russia). It was developed and is used in engineering practice in the Central Research Institute of Building Constructions (TsNIISK, Moscow, Russia).     

平台地形对地震地面运动特征周期值的影响

本文人工合成了36条代表不同频谱特性的地震动,构造了简单的平台地形,并利用人工合成地震动作为平台地形计算输入地震波,获得了地表观测点的时程和反应谱.在此基础上,分析了具有不同高度、侧向坡降和介质阻尼等的平台地形对地震动特征周期值的影响.研究的结果表明:当平台高度与入射地震波优势波长相比较小时,平台的高度、侧向坡降、阻尼比等对地震动特征周期值的影响不大,此时单个平台地形地表地震动的特征周期主要依赖于入射地震动的特征周期,而且一般比入射地震动的特征周期略有增大;当平台高度与入射地震波优势波长相比较大时,平台高度对地表地震动特征周期影响较大.     

一种利用单台强震记录计算任意场地三分量地面运动的方法

本文利用近场理论格林函数反褶积的方法计算土层的地震反应.解答中包含了产生地面运动的各种反射、透射和转换波震相,也计入了土层与基底介质的相互作用.将计算的土层响应与已获得的近场加速度记录褶积,可算出不同土层场地上垂直向和水平向三分量的地面运动.文中利用1982年卢龙地震的近场加速度记录,检验了方法的可行性.     

近断层地震动作用下风机塔地震反应分析

为了研究近断层地震动速度脉冲及强竖向地震动对风机塔地震响应的影响,以某陆上风电场1.5 MW风机塔为研究对象开展了结构在水平向脉冲型地震动、水平向非脉冲型地震动、水平与竖向地震动组合3种地震输入工况的时程分析。通过3种工况下塔顶位移时程、加速度时程、塔底剪力、弯矩及轴力的对比分析发现:近断层速度脉冲对结构塔顶水平位移、塔顶水平加速度、塔底剪力与弯矩均影响显著;竖向地震动会加大结构的塔顶竖向加速度响应及塔底轴力响应;随着竖向与水平加速度峰值比增大,塔顶竖向加速度响应增大,最大轴力随着峰值比增大而增大,最小轴力随着峰值比增大而减小。此外,增量动力分析表明,采用自接触的有限元模型可以更真实地预测风机塔的失稳破坏机制。     

一种利用单台强震记录计算任意场地三分量地面运动的方法

本文利用近场理论格林函数反褶积的方法计算土层的地震反应.解答中包含了产生地面运动的各种反射、透射和转换波震相,也计入了土层与基底介质的相互作用.将计算的土层响应与已获得的近场加速度记录褶积,可算出不同土层场地上垂直向和水平向三分量的地面运动.文中利用1982年卢龙地震的近场加速度记录,检验了方法的可行性.     

Torsional response of symmetric buildings to incoherent and phase‐delayed earthquake ground motion

This paper studies the effect of coherency loss and wave passage on the seismic torsional response of three‐dimensional, multi‐storey, multi‐span, symmetric, linear elastic buildings. A model calibrated against statistical analyses of ground motion records in Mexico City is used for the coherency function. The structural response is assessed in terms of shear forces in structural elements. Incoherence and wave passage effects are found to be significant only for columns in the ground level of stiff systems. The increase of column shears in the ground level is much higher for soft than for firm soil conditions. For the torsionally stiff systems considered, it is found that incoherent and phase‐delayed ground motions do not induce a significant rotational response of the structure. The use of a code eccentricity to account for torsion due to ground motion spatial variation is assessed. On firm soil, the use of a base shear along with an accidental eccentricity results in highly overestimated shear forces; however, for soft soil conditions, code formulations may result in underestimated shear forces. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地震波斜入射输入体系下坝后式厂房易损性分析

为了考虑地震波斜入射对坝后式厂房易损性的影响,通过斜入射SV波和P波波场叠加,在地表得到与实测地震动一致的设计地震动分量。同时为了考虑坝后式厂房的动力损伤,在程序中嵌入混凝土动力损伤本构,编写了可以考虑地震波斜入射体系的结构易损性分析程序。最后从太平洋地震工程研究中心（PEER）数据库中选取26条近场地震动数据,根据峰值地面加速度（PGA）对每条地震波进行调幅,以我国西南地区某坝后式厂房为工程实例,用增量动力学分析法计算了其上下游墙体在不同强度斜入射体系地震动作用下的易损性曲线。与传统垂直入射模式下的地震易损性曲线对比发现,传统垂直入射下的破坏概率较高,两种入射模式破坏概率最大相差26%。其中,坝后式厂房下游墙的破坏概率比上游墙大,最大相差可19%。因此坝后式厂房的抗震设计需考虑地震波斜入射的影响,并重点考虑下游墙部位的抗震安全性。     

长周期地震动输入下大型建筑剪力墙振动台试验

为优化处于长周期地震动输入下的大型建筑剪力墙结构,进行了振动台试验。分析普通地震动与长周期地震动波的区别,证明了长周期地震波具有显著长周期分量的特性。将某一高层酒店剪力墙作为研究案例,设计模拟实验台的构建流程与传感器布局,将建筑模型缩尺比例设置为1∶10。选择CA波、RG波、EL波作为实验用地震波,从位移与结构周期、层间剪力与位移比、易损性以及损失评估等方面对大型建筑剪力墙的抗震性能进行了评估。振动台试验结果表明,在位移相同的情况下,长周期地震波下的建筑极限承载力最小;在经历CA波、RG波、EL波后,模型的自振周期均发生变化,而EL波作用下模型的自振周期始终比基本周期略长;不同地震波下,X、Y向层间剪力变化基本趋于一致;CA波、EL波作用下,X向位移比较为接近,而剪力墙Y向上位移比在三种地震波作用下具有较大差异性;在长周期地震波作用下,大型建筑剪力墙损伤最为严重。     

考虑桩土作用的储罐模拟地震振动台试验

为研究考虑桩土相互作用的储液罐的动力响应及长周期地震波对储液晃动、储罐提离的影响,根据量纲分析法设计了桩-土-储罐模型进行了振动台试验。试验中采用4条基岩波、4条地表波进行振动台试验。试验显示基岩波与地表波输入时,体系变化规律基本一致,其结果表明:土体地表加速度被放大,且输入加速度峰值增加,地表加速度放大倍数减小;一般地震波时,随着输入加速度峰值的增加,储液晃动波高大致呈线性增加。长周期地震波下则为非线性增加,且晃动波较大。此外,液体产生的晃动波高与储罐类型相关。细高型储罐产生的波高稍大;储罐提离高度随着输入加速度峰值的增加呈非线性增长。长周期地震波激励下,储罐提离高度小于一般地震波时的提离高度。细高型储罐在长短周期地震波激励下,提离高度较为接近,而一般储罐在两种地震波激励下,提离高度相差较大。细高型储罐提离高度大于一般储罐的提离高度。建议在储罐设计时考虑长周期地震波的影响。     

Soft Soil Site Characterization on the Coast of Yantai and Its Effect on Ground Motion Parameters

INTRODUCTION ThetrainferryharboratSitudiinYantaiisakeytransportationinfrastructurewhichlinks NortheastChinaandSouthChinainthecoastalarea.Topographically,theengineeringsiteislocated inacoastalplainandthereliefisflatandcoveredwithathicksoilstratumwhichiscom…     

基于小波变换的层间隔震结构地震响应分析

利用小波多分辨率分析将地震动加速度分解为多频段小波分量,并运用复模态方法推导其计算层间隔震体系在地震作用下的动力响应公式,讨论各频段地震信号及结构响应的能量分配。同时利用小波时频工具分析地震动能量在时频域内的分布对层间隔震结构响应的影响,进而为考察地震动非平稳性对层间隔震结构非线性分析的影响提供方法。利用小波分析的以上优势,对一典型层间隔震结构分别进行弹性和弹塑性分析,结果表明弹性体系在地震作用下的响应可由该地震波各小波分量的响应叠加而得,地震动能量在时间上的集中会对层间隔震结构响应产生不利影响。     

Strong ground acceleration seismic hazard in Greece and neighboring regions

In an early paper [Tectonophysics 117 (1985) 259] seismic hazard in Greece was analyzed using a relatively homogeneous earthquake catalogue spanning 1900–1978 and a strong motion attenuation relationship adapted to use in Greece. Improved seismic hazard analyses are obtained here using Gumbel's asymptotic extreme value distribution applied to peak horizontal ground acceleration occurrence, but now taking into account the increased length and quality of earthquake catalogue data spanning 1900–1999 and the burgeoning information on earthquake strong motion data and attenuation relationships appropriate for Europe and, explicitly, Greece. Seismic acceleration hazard results tabulated for six cities reveal (e.g. using arbitrarily the 50-year p.g.a. with 90% probability of not being exceeded) changes of about 10% in the new calculated values: two cities show an increase and four a decrease. These are relatively small and reassuring adjustments.Inspection of the available attenuation relationships leads to a preference for the models of Theodulidis and Papazachos, particularly with the model modification to produce a ‘stiff soil’ site relationship, as these relationships explicitly exploit the Greek strong motion database. Isoacceleration maps are produced for Greece as a whole from each attenuation relationship inspected. The final set of maps based on the Theodulidis and Papazachos models provide a foundation for comparison with the Seismic Hazard Zones adopted in the New Greek Seismic Code where scope can be found to modify zone shape and the level at which p.g.a.s are set. It should be noted that the generation of the present isoacceleration maps is based on a seismogenic zone-free methodology, independent of any Euclidean zoning assumptions.