Towards an integral strategy for modelling uncertain geospatial data

This paper endeavours to put the discussion on errors and uncertainties in geographical information systems (GISs) in a more systematic way by examining the strength and weakness of discrete objects and continous fields, the two distinct schools of spatial data modelling. In doing so, it argues that neither discrete objects nor continous fields alone provide objective and complete representations of highly complex geographical phenomena, though there are good reasons for asserting that continuous fields are better suited to modelling spatial dependence, heterogeneity and fuzzines significant in geographical reality than discrete objects. Thus, there seems to be merit in adopting an integrated model incorporating analytical capabilities of fields and generalization functions of objects, for which extended TIN (triangulated irregular network) models along with their duals (Voronoi diagrams) provide a pragmatical solution.     

Integrating Discrete and Continuous Data in an OpenGeospatial‐Compliant Specification

The integrated management of heterogeneous spatial data, such as continuous fields and discrete data, is an important issue for the Geographic Information (GI) community. Indeed, GI users are forced to navigate among and operate with several tools in order to solve their spatial problems, due to the lack of systems capable of integrating different components, each meant to provide a specific solution. The aim of this article is to propose an OpenGeospatial‐compliant solution which supports expert users in handling problems involving heterogeneous data by means of a seamless approach. A class hierarchy modeling spatial discrete objects, continuous data, relationships, and operations, is described, whereby data are organized in agreement with the binary representation. A running example is illustrated to support readers' understanding of the proposed solution. Finally, some guidelines about an implementation modality are given, to demonstrate the applicability of the proposal to an existing DBMS.     

Discriminant Models of Uncertainty in Nominal Fields

Despite developments in error modeling in discrete objects and continuous fields, there exist substantial and largely unsolved conceptual problems in the domain of nominal fields. This article explores a novel strategy for uncertainty characterization in spatial categorical information. The proposed strategy is based on discriminant space, which is defined with essential properties or driving processes underlying spatial class occurrences, leading to discriminant models of uncertainty in area classes. This strategy reinforces consistency in categorical mapping by imposing class-specific mean structures that can be regressed against discriminant variables, and facilitates scale-dependent error modeling that can effectively emulate the variation found between observers in terms of classes, boundary positions, numbers of polygons, and boundary network topology. Based on simulated data, comparisons with stochastic simulation based on indicator kriging confirmed the replicability of the discriminant models, which work by determining the mean area classes based on discriminant variables and projecting spatially correlated residuals in discriminant space to uncertainty in area classes.     

类别制图及其误差建模的概念框架(英文稿)

尽管离散目标和连续场的误差建模已得到了发展, 名义场却存在实质性的和多半悬而未决的概念问题。致力于为确定信息和不确定特性整合出一个概念框架。这个概念模型是基于判别空间而构建的; 后者是由面状类别时空表象的特质或驱动过程定义的。这个模型通过加入特定类的平均结构( 其可进行基于判别变量的回归分析) 的方式, 奠定类别制图一致性的基础, 并且使基于尺度的误差建模变得更为简便易行。这种误差建模可以有效地仿效观测者在类别、边界位置、多边形个数和边界网络拓扑特性等方面的差异。通过基于模拟数据的实验, 与基于指示克里格的随机仿真结果相对比, 肯定判别空间模型在确定平均面状类别( 反映判别变量的平均响应) 以及空间不确定性( 实为空间自相关的残差在地理空间的镜像) 的复现性或可重复性。     

Fields as a framework for integrating GIS and environmental process models. Part 1: Representing spatial continuity

Linking a GIS to a spatially distributed, physically-based environmental model offers many advantages. However, the implementation of such linkages is generally problematic. Many problems arise because the relationship between the reality being represented by the mathematical model and the data model used to organize the spatial data in the GIS has not been rigorously defined. In particular, while many environmental models are based on theories that assume continuity and incorporate physical fields as independent variables, current GISs can only represent continuous phenomena in a variety of discrete data models. This paper outlines a strategy in which field variables are used to enable modellers to work directly with the spatial data as spatially continuous phenomena. This allows the manner in which the spatial data has been discretized and the ways in which it can be manipulated to be treated independently from the conceptual modelling of physical processes. Modellers can express their spatial data needs as representations of reality, rather than as elements of a GIS database, and a GIS-independent language for model development may result. By providing a formal linkage between the various models of spatial phenomena, a mechanism is created for the explicit expression of transformation rules between the different spatial data models stored and manipulated by a GIS.     

基于S-域的空间关联规则挖掘研究

概括了空间关联规则挖掘的发展现状,引入空间共生域的概念,给出了相关论证,设计了详细的算法步骤。利用该方法可以分割地理连续体、实现数据的离散化处理,由此构造的空间数据库可以应用传统的Apriori算法。同时,针对共生域的异质性问题,给出了障碍距离的模糊隶属度公式。最后,结合应用实际进行挖掘,结果表明该方法适合于发现具有因果关系的空间实体之间的关联性知识。     

基于S-域的空间关联规则挖掘研究

概括了空间关联规则挖掘的发展现状,引入空间共生域的概念,给出了相关论证,设计了详细的算法步骤.利用该方法可以分割地理连续体、实现数据的离散化处理,由此构造的空间数据库可以应用传统的Apriori算法.同时,针对共生域的异质性问题,给出了障碍距离的模糊隶属度公式.最后,结合应用实际进行挖掘,结果表明该方法适合于发现具有因果关系的空间实体之间的关联性知识.     

Modelling and mapping third dimension in a spatial database

In this paper, an overview of phases for modelling and mapping third dimension of spatial objects in a database is presented based on a selected spatial database management system (DBMS). These phases include (1) defining a spatial reference system for representing three-dimensional (3D) objects with real-world coordinates, (2) geometric modelling of 3D objects in the database, (3) 3D spatial indexing for fast accessing/querying the 3D data, 3D spatial queries and representation of 3D data. Then, a case study is performed to assess needs, possibilities and potential limitations of 3D data modelling in the spatial database.     

顾及地面POS信息的空地一体城市三维实景重建

实景三维模型为数字孪生提供了统一的数字空间底座。在城市场景中,贴近地面及在空中视角下被遮挡的地物是实景三维重建的难点。针对城市复杂空间环境和无人机飞行局限的问题,本文基于倾斜摄影与空地一体融合建模的基础理论,考虑POS信息对空地一体空三融合的影响,提出了一种顾及地面POS信息的城市实景三维重建方法,并使用此方法对佛山市历史文化街区进行了精细化建模。试验表明,与常规方法相比,该方法的模型效果好、效率高,对实景三维产品的生产与空间数据多尺度表达具有重要意义,可为数字孪生应用提供更精细的地理场景表现形式。     

多尺度表达中空间拓扑关系等价性评价模型

本文主要讨论不同尺度下地理目标之间拓扑关系的等价性问题。根据人类认知习惯,得出从大比例尺地理空间中拓扑关系抽象为小比例尺空间中拓扑关系应当遵循的基本规则,并利用模糊函数将这些规则定量化;在此基础上,得到评价地理空间场景中多个空间目标之间拓扑关系在不同尺度下是否等价的综合评价模型。该模型可以用于检验和维护空间数据质量、为地图自动综合提供空间关系处理和评价方法的参考。     

时空数据模型及其在空间运动对象管理中的应用

当前时空数据模型多以描述空间实体的离散变化为主,在对空间运动对象分析的基础上,提出了支持空间对象连续运动的表示方法,该方法同时也能表示空间实体的离散变化,为建立连续运动空间对象的时空数据模型打下了基础。     

基于矢量数据模型的模糊地理对象建模

研究了模糊地理对象建模的空间建模方法，首先以对象建模方法定义模糊地理对象，以矢量数据模型为基础，用UML设计模糊对象类和模糊地理对象类，然后以统一的UML图表示基本模糊地理对象的概念模型，尤其是模糊拓扑关系，最后将UML图直接导入通用关系数据库，完成数据库的设计。     

位置不确定性与属性不确定性的场模型

不确定性是自地理信息系统发展与应用以来一个引起关注的课题。位置不确定性与属性不确定常常不加区分地被看作是可以单个讨论的问题。本文将借助场的概念和模型使二者得以统一的描述和分析;对于明确定义的离散目标,二者虽然可分别讨论,但却在数学上有着联合的基础;对于非明确定义的地理现象,二者以连续体的形式而存在,位置不确定性可以作为属性不确定性的空间映射而提取出来。     

空间数据库运维体系建设探讨

随着地理信息系统在各领域中的广泛应用,对其相关的空间数据库建设和运维管理也提出了更高的要求.与一般管理信息数据相比,空间数据本身集合了关于地理特征的大量信息数据,且具有来源较为复杂且不规范等特点.文中通过分析空间数据日常运维内容和工作难点,提出了空间数据运维标准化、流程化和自动化建设的思路,旨在通过标准化和自动化降低空...     

Modelling changing population distributions: an example of the Kenyan Coast, 1979–2009

ABSTRACT

Large-scale gridded population datasets are usually produced for the year of input census data using a top-down approach and projected backward and forward in time using national growth rates. Such temporal projections do not include any subnational variation in population distribution trends and ignore changes in geographical covariates such as urban land cover changes. Improved predictions of population distribution changes over time require the use of a limited number of covariates that are time-invariant or temporally explicit. Here we make use of recently released multi-temporal high-resolution global settlement layers, historical census data and latest developments in population distribution modelling methods to reconstruct population distribution changes over 30 years across the Kenyan Coast. We explore the methodological challenges associated with the production of gridded population distribution time-series in data-scarce countries and show that trade-offs have to be found between spatial and temporal resolutions when selecting the best modelling approach. Strategies used to fill data gaps may vary according to the local context and the objective of the study. This work will hopefully serve as a benchmark for future developments of population distribution time-series that are increasingly required for population-at-risk estimations and spatial modelling in various fields.     

Incorporating Cellular Automata simulators as analytical engines in GIS

Contemporvy GIS suffer from a variety of problems. These include poor ability to handle dynamic spatial models, poor performance for many operations, and poor handling of the temporal dimension. Cellular Automata (CA) are dynamic mathematical systems based on discrete time and space. While CA have many similarities to GIS, and indeed excel in many areas in which GIS are deficient, they cannot themselves be considered as GIS since they lack the necessary sophisticated Capabilities in data input, data storage and retrieval, and data output. However, the advantages of CA in data analysis and modelling are significant. In order to exploit fully the advantages of each system - GIS and CA - we have developed a methodology and prototype system for coupling GIS and CA, in which the CA serves as an alternative analytical engine for the GIS. In the prototype system, spatial, temporal (i.e. time series), and spatio-temporal filters as well as spatial diffusion operators are developed. In addition, the integrated system provides a flexible framework for the programming and running of dynamic spatial models. We conclude that CA represent a viable alternate analytical engine for GIS and provide increased ability for dynamic spatial modelling within GIS.     

基于地理事件的时空数据模型及其在土地利用中的应用

本文通过分析基于位置和基于对象的空间数据表达方法的特点,顾及与空间相关的属性与地理实体空间特征之间的相依关系,将“地理事件”引入模型,提出一种顾及“隐含”地理事件和“显式”地理事件的时空数据模型(GESTDM模型).本文提出的模型能够同时提供基于位置、基于对象和基于时间的时空表达和查询功能.将该模型应用于土地利用领域,...     

fsr: An R package for fuzzy spatial data handling

Spatial libraries are core components in many geographic information systems, spatial database systems, and spatial data science projects. These libraries provide the implementation of spatial type systems that include spatial data types and a large diversity of geometric operations. Their focus relies on handling crisp spatial objects, which are characterized by an exact location and a precisely defined extent, shape, and boundary in space. However, there is an increasing interest in analyzing spatial phenomena characterized by fuzzy spatial objects, which have inexact locations, vague boundaries, and/or blurred interiors. Unfortunately, available spatial libraries do not provide support for fuzzy spatial objects. In this article, we describe the R package named fsr, which is based on the Spatial Plateau Algebra and is publicly available at https://cran.r-project.org/package=fsr . Our tool provides methods for building fuzzy spatial objects as spatial plateau objects and conducting exploratory spatial data analysis by using fuzzy spatial operations.     

基于ORDB的地理空间对象模型M-L-E(S,A)改进研究

针对地理数据中空间对象概念模型,尝试利用对象-关系数据库(ORDB)的一些优势,对已有的地理数据中空间对象的M-L-E(S,A)分层模型进行了改进,实体之间可以通过类、继承等方式产生和关联,地图和图层之间、图层和实体之间采用引用方式实现连接,不再存在从属关系,实现了更大程度的共享,可以更好地体现ORDB相对于OODB或RDB对地理空间数据的表达。同时提出了该模型的形式化表达,并对空间实体、图层和地图各层次分别进行了分析讨论,提出基于ORDB的支持方式和特点,并设想了地图尺度转化从图层到实体向下层追溯的过程。