Opaque Mineralogy as a Tracer of Magmatic History of Volcanic Rocks:an Example from the Neogene-Quaternary Harrat Rahat Intercontinental Volcanic Field, North Western Saudi Arabia

The Neogene-Quaternary Harrat Rahat volcanic field is part of the major intercontinental Harrat fields in western Saudi Arabia.It comprises lava flows of olivine basalt and hawaiite,in addition to mugearite,benmorite,and trachyte that occur mainly as domes,tuff cones and lava flows.Based on opaque mineralogy and mineral chemistry,the Harrat Rahat volcanic varieties are distinguished into Group I(olivine basalt and hawaiite) and Group II(mugearite,benmorite and trachyte).The maximum forsterite content(~85) is encountered in zoned forsteritic olivine of Group I,whereas olivine of Group II is characterized by intermediate(Fo=50),fayalitic(Fo=25) and pure fayalite in the mugearite,benmorite and trachyte,respectively.The more evolved varieties of Group II contain minerals that show enrichment of Fe2+,Mn2+and Na+that indicates normal fractional crystallization.The common occurrence of coarse apatite with titanomagnetite in the benmorite indicates that P5+becomes saturated in this rock variety and drops again in trachyte.Cr-spinel is recorded in Group I varieties only and the Cr#(0.5) suggests lherzolite as a possible restite of the Harrat Rahat volcanics.The plots of Cr# vs.the forsterite content(Fo) suggest two distinct trends,which are typical of mixing of two basaltic magmas of different sources and different degrees of partial melting.The bimodality of Harrat Rahat Cr-spinel suggests possible derivation from recycled MORB slab in the mantle as indicated by the presence of high-Al spinel.It is believed that the subcontinental lithospheric mantle was modified by pervious subduction process and played the leading role in the genesis of the Harrat Rahat intraplate volcanics.The trachytes of the Harrat Rahat volcanic field were formed most probably by melting of a lower crust at the mantle-crust boundary.The increase in fO2 causes a decrease in Cr2 O3,and Al2 O3,and a strong increase in the proportion of Fe3+and Mg# of spinel crystallizing from the basaltic melt at T ~1200°C.The olivine-pyroxene and olivine-spinel geothermometers yielded equilibrium temperature in the range of 935-1025°C,whereas the range of <500-850°C from single-pyroxene thermometry indicates either post crystallization reequilibrium of the clinopyroxene,or the mineral is xenocrystic and re-equilibrated in a cooling basaltic magma.     

Petrology and geochemistry of granulite xenoliths beneath the Nógrád-Gömör Volcanic Field, Carpathian-Pannonian Region (N-Hungary/S-Slovakia)

Summary Abundant upper mantle and rare lower crustal xenoliths have been found in the Plio-Pleistocene alkali basalts of the Nógrád-G?m?r Volcanic Field, situated in the northern Pannonian Basin, on the border between northern Hungary and southern Slovakia. A few lower crustal granulite xenoliths have been found in a small basaltic pyroclastic cone at Baglyaskő. The mafic granulite xenoliths are plagioclase-bearing hornblende clinopyroxenites, plagioclase-bearing clinopyroxene hornblendites and plagioclase-bearing clinopyroxenites. They contain unusual symplectites, composed of spinel feldspar and clinopyroxene. These symplectites are interpreted as the product of garnet breakdown. Following the breakdown reaction, the symplectite underwent in situ partial melting. Mineral constituents of these granulite xenoliths have chemical compositions similar to those of other granulite xenoliths worldwide. However, a distinctive positive Pb and Ce anomaly in mineral constituents of these granulites is characteristic. Granulite xenoliths from the Nógrád-G?m?r Volcanic Field must have experienced granulite facies metamorphism at pressures that correspond to the ‘original’ thickness of the crust (>1.1 GPa; >∼30 km), whereas the breakdown reaction of garnet and subsequent melting and recrystallization of clinopyroxenes in the symplectites happened at shallower depths close to the present-day MOHO (0.6–0.7 GPa; ∼16–19 km). Present address: Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Australia     

Contemporary state of stress and neotectonic deformation in the Carpathian-Pannonian region

The Carpathian-Pannonian region has been characterized by a two-stage tectonic evolution since the beginning of the Neogene. During early and mid-Miocene the lateral eastward escape of the Pannonian Fragment caused thrusting and folding in the Outer Carpathian Mountains, south- and westward directed subduction of the Eurasian lithosphere, calc-alkaline volcanism along the Inner Carpathian bend, and localized fault-controlled subsidence of basins in the Pannonian region. This style of tectonic deformation ceased by the end of the mid-Miocene. The neotectonic stage began in the late Miocene. It is characterized by differential regional subsidence with maximum rates in the west and east and minimum rates in the centre of the Pannonian Basin. Further characteristics of the central Pannonian Basin are the anomalous high heat flow values, the thin crust and lithosphere. The neotectonic stress field has been determined by in situ stress measurements, the analyses of borehole breakouts and fault-plane solutions of earthquakes. In situ stress measurements by the doorstopper and triaxial strain cell methods indicate high compressional stresses in the western Pannonian Basin with its maximum in WNW-ESE to NW-SE direction. In contrast to its western part, the central Pannonian Basin shows tensional stresses near the Earth's surface with maximum tension in the same WNW-ESE direction. Borehole breakout data indicate a general WNW-ESE orientation of maximum horizontal stress in the western part of the Pannonian Basin and in the eastern part as well, whereas in the central Pannonian Basin this direction is the preferred azimuth of minimum horizontal stress. It is suggested that the neotectonic deformations and stresses in the Carpathian-Pannonian region have a sublithospheric origin. Asthenospheric convection with an upwelling mantle flow below the centre of the Pannonian Basin and downwelling flows along the cold lithospheric roots below the eastern Carpathians and the Alps seems to be most plausible. Accordingly, the relative uplift of the central Pannonian Basin, the high heat flow and also the tensional stresses are explained as the surface expression of an upstreaming branch of a localized convection cell below the Pannonian Basin.     

Geochemistry of Archaean Volcanic Belts in the Eastern Goldfields Region of Western Australia

Volcanic belts in the Kalgoorlie-Norseman district of the EasternGoldfields region of the Western Australian Shield are dominatedby monotonous sequences of metamorphosed tholeiitic pillow basaltsshowing little vertical or lateral variation. These meta-basaltsare chemically similar to Archaean tholeiites from Canada andSouth Africa and are characterized by their low content of K,Rb, and Sr and low Fe₂O₂/FeO ratios. There is little evidenceof major cyclic compositional trends within the volcanic belts,with both major and trace elements showing limited dispersion.An undifferentiated, uncontaminated source of basaltic materialwas available throughout the development of thick volcanic pilesin the region.     

基于THEMIS图像分析的火星Icaria Fossae地区古老火山地貌特征与形成时间

Icaria Fossae地区位于火星Tharsis火山高原的南部。通过对高分辨率的THEMIS图像分析,在该区新识别出了20多个小火山,它们的直径为45~100 km,高度为800~3 000 m。通过对这些火山建造表面撞击坑直径—频率统计的分析,认为这些火山年龄约4 Ga。这是到目前为止在火星上发现的最古老的火山。与火星上其他地区相比,这些火山表现出后期被强烈改造的特征,其间发育丰富的撞击坑、熔岩流、河道等地质现象。     

多伦地区晚侏罗世火山活动节律研究

多伦地区的晚侏罗世火山岩地层,可划分为满克头鄂博、玛尼吐、白音高老三个火山活动小旋回,通过对其岩石组成、岩相、结构构造及其变化的研究,从地球历史演化的阶段性、周期性和不可逆性的角度,探讨了该区晚侏罗世火山活动节律特征,进而从时空尺度对火山活动节律的级别和特征进行了划分和厘定,并探讨了不同级别节律的成因。     

Equus stenonis COCCHI as a biostratigraphical marker in the Neogene-Quaternary of the Western Mediterranean basin: Consequence on Galerian-Villafranchian chronostratigraphy

We cite the different forms of Equus stenonis COCCHI which allowed us to establish a time-scale from Middle Villafranchian to Galerian: the various E. stenonis forms can characterize the successive faunistic Units of Montopoli (Middle Villafranchian), St Vallier, Olivola, Tasso and Farneta (Upper Villafranchian) while the Galerian Phase is characterized by the appearance of Equus caballus.The Lower Villafranchian is characterized by the last form of Hipparion (Hipparion rocinantis Hernandez Pachelo); its age is considered by us to be greater than 3 Ma, in contrast with the age of 2.6-2.4 Ma cited in the French literature for the Les Etouaires deposit, which is incompatible with other documented ages of Lower and Middle Villafranchian deposits.We consider the Galerian Phase to be equivalent to the entire Middle Pleistocene, and we propose a chronostratigraphical subdivision.     

下扬子区五峰组火山碎屑岩与放射虫硅质岩

五峰组的研究始于1931年,至今60余年,对其成因争论不休。本文主要通过对句容仑山的五峰组的重新研究,取得两项重要发现。一是发现硅质岩层间夹有97层以上火山碎屑岩,二是发现硅质岩中含有大量放射虫。研究表明火山碎屑岩以中性到碱中性为主,与大陆边缘强烈拉张的陆壳源岩浆作用有关,放射虫硅质岩为深海环境的火山-生物作用成因。     

Tchabal Gangdaba massif in the Cameroon Volcanic Line: a bimodal association

Tchabal Gangdaba (TG) volcanic massif, which is a part of the continental sector of the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL), is dated between 34.4 and 25.1 Ma. It displays mafic lavas (picrobasalt and basanite, 41–43 wt % SiO₂) and felsic lavas (rhyolite, 68–73 wt % SiO₂). The lack of intermediate rocks evidences a pronounced Daly gap between 43 and 68 wt % SiO₂, which corresponds to an important time span of 3.4 Ma. It is interpreted as due to extensive fractional crystallization under peculiar thermodynamical conditions. Felsic lavas yield strong negative anomalies in Ba, Sr and Eu (0.1?206Pb/²⁰⁴Pb?207Pb/²⁰⁴Pb?208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb?相似文献   

Alkaline Lavas in the Volcanic Front of the Western Mexican Volcanic Belt: Geology and Petrology of the Ayutla and Tapalpa Volcanic Fields

The Plio-Quaternary Ayutla and Tapalpa volcanic fields in thevolcanic front of the western Mexican Volcanic Belt (WMVB) containa wide variety of alkaline volcanic rocks, rather than onlycalc-alkaline rocks as found in many continental arcs. Thereare three principal rock series in this region: an intraplatealkaline series (alkali basalts and hawaiites), a potassic series(lamprophyres and trachylavas), and a calc-alkaline series.Phlogopite-clinopyroxenite and hornblende-gabbro cumulate xenolithsfrom an augite minette lava flow have orthocumulate textures.The phlogopite-clinopyroxenite xenoliths also contain apatiteand titanomagnetite and probably formed by accumulation of mineralsfractionated from an augite minette more primitive than thehost. The intraplate alkaline series is probably generated bydecompression melting of asthenospheric mantle as a result ofcorner flow in the mantle wedge beneath the arc. Alkaline magmasmay be common in the WMVB as a result of prior metasomatism(during Tertiary Sierra Madre Occidental magmatism) of the Mexicansub-arc mantle. Generation of the more evolved andesites anddacites of the calc-alkaline series is due to either combinedassimilation and fractional crystallization (AFC) or magma mixing.The preponderance of alkaline and hydrous lavas in this regiondemonstrates that these lava types are the norm, rather thanthe exception in western Mexico, and occur in regions that arenot necessarily associated with active rifting. KEY WORDS: arc basalt; subduction; alkali basalt; minette; hawaiite; metasomatism     

青海省治多县宗可曲地区火山岩特征

青海省治多县宗可曲地区火山岩岩性以安山岩、英安岩、流纹岩、玄武岩及火山熔岩等为主。其SiO2含量为33.48%~74.39%,Al2O3含量为12.51%~20.10%,Na2O+K2O含量为2.21%~7.77%,由于受后期岩浆活动,该套火山岩具有硅化蚀变等特征,导致SiO2含量增加,Al2O3、Na2O+K2O含量减少。岩石属于造山带钙碱性系列,中基性火山岩属于拉斑玄武岩系,钾含量中偏高。稀土元素总量（∑REE）为63.4%~332.9%,轻稀土元素总量（∑LREE）大于重稀土元素总量（∑HREE）,轻重稀土元素分馏明显,中基性火山岩Eu异常不明显,酸性火山岩Eu负异常明显。富集Th、K、La、Zr等微量元素,亏损Nb、Sr、P、Ti元素。主量、稀土、微量元素相关判别图解均指示其为典型的钙碱性系列岩石组合,属于与板块俯冲作用有关的岩浆岛弧带的产物,从而为多彩蛇绿构造混杂岩带的俯冲极性和构造环境的进一步确定提供了新的佐证。本次在安山岩中获取锆石U-Pb年龄为（226.6±4.9）Ma,时代为三叠世晚期。     

新疆库车坳陷中部新近系－第四系沉积演化

新疆库车坳陷发育巨厚的新近系-第四系沉积物。本文通过考察野外露头、观察岩心和岩屑、分析测井曲线和地震资料,研究了该沉积层序及其演化规律。库车坳陷新近系吉迪克组及康村组沉积时期为浅水氧化湖泊环境,自北向南发育扇三角洲-湖泊沉积体系,为均衡沉积;新近系库车组-第四系广泛发育冲积扇沉积,自下而上冲积扇的规模不断增大,代表了盆地填平补齐的过程。库车坳陷新近纪剧烈构造活动期应从库车组末期开始,第四纪早期构造活动达到最剧烈时期。     

长白山天池火山水热活动及气体释放特征

长白山天池火山属于新生代大型多成因复式火山,位于吉林省东部中-朝边境上.天池火山周围水热活动比较强烈,主要的水热活动区有天池北部的长白温泉群、天池湖滨温泉和天池西南的锦江泉群.长白聚龙泉群水温较高,一般为70~83 ℃,湖滨温泉水温20~40 ℃,锦江泉群水温为58 ℃左右.长白聚龙泉群水热活动相对更为强烈.在水热活动区,地下气体活动也相当强烈,地下释放气体的主要成分是CO2,同时含有稀少气体He、Ar和微量气体H2、CH4及少量O2和N2.长白和锦江两处泉群的地下释放气体中,其气体同位素地球化学特征表明,两处地下逸出气体均来源于地球深部,具有慢源气体特征.但是,长白聚龙泉地下逸出气体和地壳岩浆房有关,而锦江地下释放的气体则和地幔岩浆库及深大断裂有关.     

Composition and evolution of lithosphere beneath the Carpathian–Pannonian Region: a review

Our knowledge of the lithosphere beneath the Carpathian–Pannonian Region (CPR) has been greatly improved through petrologic, geochemical and isotopic studies of upper mantle xenoliths hosted by Neogene–Quaternary alkali basalts. These basalts occur at the edge of the Intra-Carpathian Basin System (Styrian Basin, Nógrád-Gömör and Eastern Transylvanian Basin) and its central portion (Little Hungarian Plain, Bakony-Balaton Highland).The xenoliths are mostly spinel lherzolites, accompanied by subordinate pyroxenites, websterites, wehrlites, harzburgites and dunites. The peridotites represent residual mantle material showing textural and geochemical evidence for a complex history of melting and recrystallization, irrespective of location within the region. The lithospheric mantle is more deformed in the center of the studied area than towards the edges. The deformation may be attributed to a combination of extension and asthenospheric upwelling in the late Tertiary, which strongly affected the central part of CPR subcontinental lithosphere.The peridotite xenoliths studied show bulk compositions in the following range: 35–48 wt.% MgO, 0.5–4.0 wt.% CaO and 0.2–4.5 wt.% Al₂O₃ with no significant differences in regard to their geographical location. On the other hand, mineral compositions, particularly of clinopyroxene, vary according to xenolith texture. Clinopyroxenes from less deformed xenoliths show higher contents of ‘basaltic’ major elements compared to the more deformed xenoliths. However, clinopyroxenes in more deformed xenoliths are relatively enriched in strongly incompatible trace elements such as light rare earth elements (LREE).Modal metasomatic products occur as both hydrous phases, including pargasitic and kearsutitic amphiboles and minor phlogopitic micas, and anhydrous phases — mostly clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene. Vein material is dominated by the two latter phases but may also include amphibole. Amphibole mostly occurs as interstitial phases, however, and is more common than phlogopite. Most metasomatized peridotites show chemical and (sometimes) textural evidence for re-equilibration between metasomatic and non-metasomatic phases. However, amphiboles in pyroxenites are sometimes enriched in K, Fe and LREE. The presence of partially crystallized melt pockets (related to amphiboles and clinopyroxenes) in both peridotites and pyroxenites is an indication of decompression melting and, rarely, incipient partial melting triggered by migrating hydrous melts or fluids. Metasomatic contaminants may be ascribed to contemporaneous subduction beneath the Carpathian–Pannonian Region between the Eocene and Miocene.Sulfide inclusions are more abundant in protogranular and porphyroclastic xenoliths relative to equigranular types. In mantle lithologies, sulfide bleb compositions vary between pentlandite and pyrrhotite correlating with the chemistry and texture of the host xenoliths. While sulfides in peridotites are relatively rich in Ni, those in clinopyroxene-rich xenoliths are notably Fe-rich.     

琼北第四纪火山区电各向异性结构及其地质意义

琼北地区广泛发育第四纪火山,然而其稳定性及与长流-仙沟断裂的关系仍存在争议.在琼北第四纪火山区,获得了覆盖雷虎岭火山系统的184个大地电磁测深数据.相位张量分析指示了电各向异性的存在,采用一维各向异性反演获得了地下电各向异性结构.结果显示浅部（~1~5 km）最小电阻率方向近平行于长流-仙沟断裂;而深部（~5~15 km）近南北向,与断裂斜交.研究表明长流-仙沟断裂不是深大断裂,且并不控制深部岩浆路径;深部各向异性可能反映了一个存储含盐流体的高孔隙度区域,其来源于更深位置的部分熔融,而这指示雷虎岭火山系统当前处于休眠状态.      

杭州河上地区新元古代火山岩与侵入岩的岩浆同源性

杭州河上地区是浙西北上元古界上墅组火山岩发育的典型地区,同时还发育新元古代辉绿岩和碱长花岗岩板状复合浅成侵入体。火山岩与侵入岩在空间上密切共生,形成时间相近,皆为晋宁晚期构造岩浆活动的产物。火山喷发并伴随的岩浆侵入经历了两个阶段,每个阶段的火山岩与侵入岩在岩石类型、岩石化学和地球化学方面具有相似性或一致性,稀土元素分布型式基本一致,说明每个阶段的火山岩与侵入岩来源于同一岩浆源,均是同源岩浆活动的产物。第一阶段上墅组基性火山岩与次坞辉绿岩体起源于亏损程度较低的地幔,或来源于亏损地幔的岩浆受到陆壳物质的混染;第二阶段上墅组酸性火山岩与道林山碱长花岗岩体可能起源于地壳中既含有基性地壳组分和又含有酸性地壳组分的源区的部分熔融。     

Numerical modeling of uplift and erosion at the Western Caucasus orogen in the Neogene-Quaternary

The technique for modeling of uplift and orogenic slope and river erosional processes is adopted. The software based on the adopted technique is realized. The code is used to model processes of uplift and erosion of Western Caucasus orogen in the Neogene-Quatenary time. High level of correspondance between modeled and observed relief and river network configuration testifies to principal possibility of use of the technique for real world objects modeling.     

西藏萨嘎二叠纪OIB型火山岩岩石地球化学特征及成因分析

西藏萨嘎二叠纪火山岩主要岩石类型为强蚀变玄武岩和蚀变气孔-杏仁状安山岩。岩石学、岩石化学、岩石地球化学特征表明：曲嘎组火山岩高Ti（玄武岩、安山岩平均分别为3.16、2.15）,高FeOT（平均分别为12.21、9.45）,低Mg（平均分别为4.33、4.72）,岩石化学特征表明其属于碱性岩系列。玄武岩、安山岩ΣREE分别为210×10-6~444.7×10-6、94×10-6~386.1×10-6,LREE/HREE分别为1.77~12.18、4.02~24.4,LaN/YbN分别为1.14~29.66、4.19~57.16。稀土元素配分曲线呈明显右倾型,微量元素蛛网图呈"隆起"型,具碱性玄武岩和洋岛玄武岩（OIB）特征。构造环境判别图解亦指示其为洋岛玄武岩（OIB）,是地幔热柱或热点物质分异的结果,没有经历地壳混染,与此带中其余二叠系火山岩均起源于二叠系新特提斯裂谷作用,证实特提斯喜马拉雅从中二叠世之前就已经开始伸展裂陷。