煤矿陷落柱的地震响应特征与识别

根据煤矿陷落柱的地质特征,设计了两类非均匀陷落柱模型,通过有限差分法模拟陷落柱的地震波场.通过对模拟波场叠加剖面和偏移剖面的对比,得出了大、小陷落柱的地震响应特征,并指导了实际地震剖面的陷落柱识别.结果表明:大的陷落柱的地震响应在时间剖面上特征表现为标准反射波的中断;而较小的陷落柱的地震响应在时间剖面上特征表现为弱反射能量异常.     

陷落柱的地震响应特征分析及应用

通过分析陷落柱的地质特征和物性特征,进行地震数值模拟,分析其地震响应特征,在实际资料中进行应用.结果表明:从单炮记录上观测陷落柱,主要是考虑陷落柱的下凹特征,需考虑凹界面的曲率与埋深之间的关系.从物性上看,陷落柱内部与外部的物性差异变化为地震资料区分陷落柱建立了基础.在陷落柱上方,地层裂隙发育,引起地震振幅能量弱,具有...     

煤层陷落柱散射波数值模拟与成像

煤层陷落柱是煤田勘探开发中常见的一种典型的非均匀地质体.由于来自陷落柱的反射信号少、反射能量弱,使得基于反射波原理的常规地震成像方法难以有效识别陷落柱.本文以散射波理论为基础,采用数值模拟方法,研究了陷落柱的散射波场特征,研究表明地面接收的波场中含有来自陷落柱陡倾角界面的散射波场.通过共散射点道集波场的模拟,可以清晰地识别散射波,获得地下散射点和非均匀地质体的信息,判断散射点的位置,从而勾画出不均匀地质体的形态.采用等效偏移距假设抽取共散射点道集,在此基础上进行叠前偏移,对陷落柱成像;模拟与实际数据成像结果对比表明此方法能够合理地提取散射点的散射波场信息,对陷落柱形态及内部结构准确成像,是一种有效的煤田陷落柱成像方法.     

煤田陷落柱氡气场的数值计算及空间形态分布特征

根据流体场的扩散理论和对流理论,建立了扩散系数与对 流速度为常量或变量情况下的氡气场三维状态方程;对于陷落柱柱体侧面有源氡气场和柱体 体内有源氡气场两种理论模型,给出了不同系数和边界条件下的数值解的形式. 针对模型的 特点及其边界条件用差分法分别进行了数值计算,结果表明陷落柱氡气场的空间形态 分布特征. 野外实测和模型试验的结果相互吻合.     

云南地区S波非弹性衰减Qem值研究/

地震波衰减性质的研究是地震学研究的重要课题.地震台站(地震仪)记录到的地震波,包含了地震震源效应、地震波的传播路径效应、台站场地响应及仪器响应.在使用地震波资料研究震源性质时,必须要扣除地震波传播路径效应、台站场地响应及仪器响应的影响.地震波传播的路径效应(地震波衰减),除了随距离存在几何衰减外,还有一个重要的影响因素--即介质的非弹性衰减,用介质品质因子Q值来度量.Q值是地球介质的基本物理参数之一,是对地震进行定量和研究震源性质(如震源参数的测定等)所必需的重要参数,在震源物理和工程地震研究中具有重要应用价值.     

透射波勘探在寻找金属矿中的探讨

传统地震勘探大都是以考察地层速度界面为主的反射波勘探,而在金属矿勘探中,由于矿体与围岩的物理性质差异较小,所以未必能形成天然的反射界面,从而严重影响了反射波勘探的效果.本文从透射波勘探理论出发,详细阐述了基于极值法波场二次重构技术下,矿体正演地震波场响应特征.再将子空间联合反演技术运用于矿体反演中,并取得实效.说明透射波勘探在固体矿产勘查中具有较强的可行性.     

地震波参数对柱顶隔震体系的水平向减震性能影响研究

为了研究地震波参数对柱顶隔震体系的水平向减震性能的影响,选取台湾集集地震中8条地震波作为输入,进行了柱顶隔震体系模型的振动台试验。分析了柱顶隔震体系的水平向动力响应特点,研究了地震波的PGV/PGA、卓越周期、平均周期和断层距及幅值对其水平向减震性能的影响,并进行了数值模拟的对比分析。结果表明:柱顶隔震体系的水平向减震性能良好。相同地震强度下地震波参数的PGV/PGA、卓越周期、平均周期和断层距对柱顶隔震体系水平向减震性能的影响明显,其中:PGV/PGA的影响程度最大,可以作为主要的分析指标;随着地震动强度的增大柱顶隔震体系的水平向减震效果更加明显,地震动强度达到一定幅值后,减震率缓慢下降;与远场地震相比,近场地震不利于柱顶隔震体系的水平向减震性能的发挥,脉冲型近场地震作用下其减震效果更差。振动台试验结果与数值模拟结果基本一致,表明分析结果的可靠性。     

强导(含)水隐伏陷落柱底板突水机理研究

华北型煤田采场底板隐伏强导(含)水岩溶陷落柱突水以其隐蔽性强,突水速度快,水量大,破坏性强,危害严重的特点已成为影响煤矿安全生产的重大隐患.但是,受奥陶系灰岩承压水和采动应力耦合作用下的岩溶陷落柱突水机理、突水过程和突水力学规律的研究尚不够系统和完善.本文以陷落柱上覆岩层层状介质假设和剪切破坏理论方法为出发点,建立了不同水平截面形状类型的强导(含)水岩溶陷落柱突水力学模型,并确立了奥灰承压水与采动应力共同作用诱发强导(含)水陷落柱突水的临界条件,并提出了突水危险性系数对陷落柱突水危险性进行定性和定量的评价.理论推导和数值分析表明,奥灰承压水和采动应力耦合作用下的强导(含)水陷落柱突水与其水平截面形状、隔水层厚度、岩石物理性质有关.当采场环境确定后,陷落柱水平截面形状则是决定其突水的关键因素,而且陷落柱水平截面形状是圆形时最容易发生突水.     

声波阻抗反演识别陷落柱研究

岩溶陷落柱是煤田开采中一种常见的地质灾害体.为研究利用反演方法识别陷落柱,根据煤矿陷落柱的地质特征,设计了整体塌落型和垮落型两类陷落柱地质模型,并通过正演模拟获得了相应的地震剖面.通过对正演剖面进行声波阻抗反演,发现整体塌落型陷落柱的波阻抗值明显高于煤层,垮落型陷落柱柱体与煤层接触的部位的波阻抗值略高于煤层,并且柱内地层存在沉降现象.将这一结论应用到实际三维地震采区,发现与实际资料的吻合度较好,陷落柱的位置和规模在反演上有较清晰的显示,能够识别直径小于50 m的小型陷落柱异常.     

断层几何形态和自发破裂的动力学参数对地震波场的影响

断层的自发破裂及其产生的地震波场是地震学研究的重要内容.断层几何形态和自发破裂过程中的动力学参数不同,往往会导致不同的震源破裂过程,进而对地震波场产生显著的影响.本文基于不同几何形态的断层上的自发破裂过程,通过计算研究其产生的地震波场的特征.针对弯折和分叉的断层系统,我们考察了初始成核区位置以及超剪切破裂对于地震波场的...     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.