重金属镉对拟柱孢藻(Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii)PSII及能量分配特征的影响效应

为了研究重金属镉对藻类光合系统毒性效应及能量分配特征,以拟柱孢藻(Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii)为研究对象,分析了不同镉浓度下拟柱孢藻的生长、单位叶绿素a含量、光合系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)叶绿素荧光及其能量分配模型.结果表明:不同浓度镉培养拟柱孢藻96 h后,0.2 mg/L Cd~(2+)对拟柱孢藻单位细胞叶绿素a含量及PSⅡ活性无显著影响,而0.5mg/L Cd~(2+)培养时拟柱孢藻的单位细胞叶绿素a含量为对照组的62.97%.当Cd~(2+)浓度高于5 mg/L时,拟柱孢藻的PSⅡ活性受到抑制并导致表征量子产额分配的φEo和ψo分别下降了15.35%和13.52%.此外,当Cd~(2+)浓度高于5 mg/L时,藻体PSⅡ能量分配表现为TRO/CSm和ETO/CSm显著减小,DIO/CSm差异不显著,类囊体能量分配表现为ABS/RC、TRO/RC和DIO/RC显著增大,明显区别于0.2、0.5和1 mg/L Cd~(2+)处理组.这些结果表明PSⅡ反应中心是镉对拟柱孢藻光合作用影响的重要作用位点,且Cd~(2+)高于5 mg/L时显著影响了拟柱孢藻PSⅡ反应中心并且抑制了PSⅡ电子传递链供体侧的电子传递,而拟柱孢藻则可能通过改变PSⅡ的能量分配来保护和缓解镉对其光合结构的损伤.     

片状微囊藻(Microcystis panniformis)——中国微囊藻属的一个新记录种

目前全球范围内先后有50多种微囊藻被描述记载,国内最新研究报道有12种.根据采自太湖的野外藻类样品,确定了中国微囊藻属的一个新记录种——片状微囊藻(Microcystis panniformis),对其分类学的形态特征进行详细的描述,并对其和分类学上相近的属种Pannus以及微囊藻属的鱼害微囊藻(M.ichthyoblabe)、铜绿微囊藻(M.aeruginosa)和水华微囊藻(M.flos-aquae)等的区分进行讨论.     

低氧化还原电位对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)生长的抑制及恢复的影响

在实验室光照黑暗交替培养下,用半胱氨酸下调黑暗起始时的氧化还原电位(ORP),研究低电位对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa FACHB 469)生长的影响,并探索低电位胁迫消除后铜绿微囊藻生长的恢复潜力.结果表明,在-50～-100 mV范围内水体ORP越低,其对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制作用越强.低ORP可抑制铜绿微囊藻对磷的吸收,且这种抑制程度与电位变化无关.-50～-75 mV的电位对铜绿微囊藻SOD酶活性有促进作用,而-90～-100 mV电位明显抑制SOD酶活.当低ORP胁迫消除后,铜绿微囊藻能够恢复至最初的生长状态,同时伴随含磷量的提高和SOD酶活的恢复,-50～-75 mV电位胁迫对藻消除胁迫后的生长更有促进作用.因此,低ORP对铜绿微囊藻的生长会产生不利影响,但是该影响是可逆的.     

太湖贡湖湾和梅梁湾微囊藻群落的时空分布及其驱动因子

于2010年7月至2011年6月期间,对太湖贡湖湾及梅梁湾微囊藻的种类组成及其群落的时空分布差异进行调查,并探讨影响微囊藻群落时空分布的环境因子.结果表明,7-11月太湖贡湖湾和梅梁湾都表现为鱼害微囊藻(Microcystis ichthyoblabe)、惠氏微囊藻(M.wesenbergii)及铜绿微囊藻(M.aeruginosa)顺次成为优势种的演替过程,其余时间段内以鱼害微囊藻及其它微囊藻为主.通过CCA分析环境因子与微囊藻属内各种类之间的关系,发现温度是驱动其季节演替的主要因素.两个湖湾之间及同一个湖湾内中心与岸边区域的微囊藻种属分布差异不明显.但是受到风的作用,两个湖湾中下风向位置的微囊藻细胞丰度较高.惠氏微囊藻和铜绿微囊藻更易受到风的影响而向下风向位置迁移,这是因为惠氏微囊藻和铜绿微囊藻群体粒径相对较大,易于漂浮在表层而通过表层迁移聚集于下风向处.可见风引起的表层迁移是影响微囊藻群落空间分布的重要因素.     

太湖与广东汤溪水库微囊藻gyrB基因序列分析

测定了江苏太湖和广东汤溪水库7株铜绿微囊藻(M.aeruginosa)和1株水华微囊藻(M.flos-aquae)gyrB基因部分序列(974bp),发现40个变异位点,17个简约信息位点,平均(G+C)%为47.8%,序列间相似性≥97.10%.在NJ分子系统树上,不同种类的微囊藻混杂分布,表明基因型聚类与表型无直接关系;不同地理来源的铜绿微囊藻间遗传变异小,没有明显的地理聚群,反映出地理差异并不影响遗传上的相似性;支持暂将不同藻种归为铜绿微囊藻复合种的分类处理.gyrB基因对微囊藻遗传差异的解析效果优于16S rRNA,与16S-23S ITS和cpcBA-IGS等效果相当,表明gyrB基因可能成为研究微囊藻分类和遗传变异新的良好分子标记.     

无磷条件诱导铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)释放挥发性有机化合物对莱茵衣藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)的影响

为了揭示磷(P)营养缺乏对蓝藻释放挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的影响及其对其他藻类的化感作用,以形成蓝藻水华的主要种类铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)为材料,在无P培养条件下对其释放的VOCs进行分析,同时测定VOCs对莱茵衣藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)生长、光合色素含量和光合性能的影响.结果表明,采用无P培养基培养铜绿微囊藻24 h后,其释放的VOCs种类和含量均明显增加,与标准培养基培养相比,VOCs总释放量增加了73.4%,并出现7种新化合物.将铜绿微囊藻释放的VOCs通入莱茵衣藻溶液中,在标准培养基中铜绿微囊藻释放的VOCs对莱茵衣藻生长无显著影响,而无P条件下释放的VOCs则明显抑制莱茵衣藻生长,其响应指数(RI)为-0.25.此外,莱茵衣藻光合色素含量、光系统II(PSII)最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、有效光化学量子产量[Y(II)]、光化学淬灭系数(q P)和光合电子传递速率(ETR)也明显降低,而非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)则明显升高,其RI为0.26.由此可见,蓝藻在富营养化水体中大量繁殖以及P自身沉降特性导致的P缺乏会促进蓝藻释放VOCs,同时这些VOCs在保持蓝藻营养竞争优势和水体藻类多样性减少中具有化感抑制作用.     

汾河太原河段水华藻类分类及分子系统研究

2012-2016年,每年的春、夏、秋季对汾河太原河段进行浮游植物样品采集.通过对样品的形态观察和描述,共鉴定出5种水华优势种,5月发生的裸藻水华优势种为裸藻属的膝曲裸藻(Euglena geniculata)和血红裸藻(E.sanguinea).而7-9月发生的微囊藻水华优势种为微囊藻属的铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、挪氏微囊藻(M.novacekii)和惠氏微囊藻(M.wesenbergii).分离纯化共得到11株单克隆水华藻,其中铜绿微囊藻8株,挪氏微囊藻2株,血红裸藻1株.运用cpcBA-IGS、gyrB和cpSSU基因序列构建分子系统发育树,进一步确定水华藻的系统分类地位,结果表明cpcBA-IGS是研究汾河太原河段铜绿微囊藻分类很好的分子标记,而cpSSU基因可很好地区分血红裸藻和其他裸藻种.     

水稻(Oryza sativa L.)秸秆浸提液对铜绿微囊藻(Microcysti aeruginosa)的抑制作用

用刚收割的水稻(Oryza sativa L.)秸秆浸提液代替水配制培养基培养铜绿微囊藻(Microcystic aeruginosa),追踪测定微囊藻的生物量、叶绿素a含量、光合速率、呼吸速率、膜透性、超氧物歧化酶(SOD)活性、光合膜自发荧光强度等相关生理生化指标的变化,研究水稻秸秆浸液对铜绿微囊藻的抑制作用.结果表明,质量比≥1/100(水稻秸秆/水)的水稻秸秆浸提液对微囊藻的生长有明显的抑制作用,表现如下:藻细胞生物量在实验过程中逐日降低,藻细胞叶绿素a含量和光合速率急剧下降,呼吸速率和超氧物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈先升高后下降的趋势,膜透性迅速升高,细胞光合膜自发荧光强度显著衰减.用不同的有机溶剂对该浸提液进行萃取,浓缩后用滤纸片法在固体培养基上做抑藻实验,乙醚和乙酸乙酯萃取液能明显看到抑藻圈,证实其中含有抑制物质.     

黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)抑制作用

采用黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)和铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)共同培养的实验方法,追踪测定微囊藻的生长量、光合速率等相关生理生化指标以及观察藻细胞超微结构变化,研究黑藻对铜绿微囊藻的抑制作用及其机制．结果表明,黑藻对铜绿微囊藻的生长有明显的抑制作用,表现为藻细胞生长量显著降低,细胞超微结构进行性损伤直至细胞解体,藻体叶绿素a含量和光合速率急剧下降,呼吸速率、超氧物歧化酶(SOD)活性均呈现先升高后下降的趋势,膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)的积累量与膜的损伤程度相一致．在黑藻养殖水中初步分离得到黑藻分泌的抑藻物质．     

微电流电解对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)叶绿素荧光特性的影响

研究微电流电解不同电流密度下铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)的叶绿素荧光参数变化,从藻类生理生态特征方面揭示电解抑藻的作用机理.结果表明:对于体积一定而初始细胞密度不同的铜绿微囊藻藻液,微电流电解抑藻存在相应的临界电流密度阈值,当电流密度阈值时,藻的生长得到完全抑制.当电流密度阈值时,藻的光系统Ⅱ受损,但经过6 d的培养其生理活性可恢复正常.若电流密度临界值,电解胁迫将超过藻的耐受能力,从培养的第2 d开始藻的光系统Ⅱ功能完全丧失.电解抑藻一方面是通过破坏光系统Ⅱ和捕光天线藻胆体之间的连接,使藻胆体无法继续向光系统Ⅱ传递光能;另一方面是通过破坏藻细胞光系统Ⅱ结构,使其无法进行光合作用,最终导致藻细胞的死亡.     

城市河道黑臭底泥对挺水植物光合荧光特性的影响

城市河道黑臭现象日益严重,探讨常见湿地植物在黑臭底泥中的生长,有利于为河道修复物种选择提供科学依据.研究黑臭底泥对3种常见湿地植物——菖蒲(Acorus calamus)、美人蕉(Canna indica)及慈姑(Sagittaria sagittifolia)生长状况和叶片叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明:菖蒲和美人蕉在第30~40 d时生物量增量明显降低,慈姑的生物量增量在整个实验中持续增加;通过比较3种湿地植物的荧光参数可知,菖蒲和美人蕉的光化学淬灭系数(q P)、相对光合电子传递速率(r ETR)值在第10 d时达到最大,分别为41.33μmol/(m2·s)和68.60μmol/(m2·s),后30 d一直下降;慈姑q P、r ETR值在第30 d时增加;在第40 d时,美人蕉q P值下降,非光化学淬灭系数(q N)值上升,叶片有较强的热耗散能力,而菖蒲的q P、q N值同时下降,黑臭底泥对菖蒲叶片的光合系统PSⅡ造成伤害.这说明黑臭底泥对菖蒲和美人蕉的光合能力产生较长期抑制,而慈姑可较快适应黑臭底泥的胁迫.因此利用湿地植物修复黑臭河道时,可优先选择慈姑,其次是美人蕉,最后是菖蒲.     

近30 a云贵高原湖泊表面水体面积变化遥感监测与时空分析

以云贵高原湖泊近30 a来的TM、ETM~+和OLI遥感影像为数据源,采用归一化水体指数(NDWI)、改进归一化水体指数(MNDWI)、新型水体指数(NWI)、增强型水体指数(EWI)和自动水体提取指数5种水体指数提取了1985—2015年云贵高原10个湖泊表面水体面积,并对各种算法进行精度对比分析.针对湖泊各自特点采用不同的水体指数提取其表面水体面积,并进行水体面积变化时空分析.结果表明:云贵高原湖泊表面水体面积总体呈现先增加后缩减趋势,1985—1995年湖泊表面水体面积增加了30.86 km~2,1995—2015年湖泊水体表面面积减少了48.12 km~2,其中,面积变化最大的是杞麓湖与异龙湖.对云贵高原湖泊表面水体面积变化与该区域的年降水量、蒸发量、平均气温、流域植被覆盖面积和人类活动时空进行相关分析,结果表明:1)高原湖泊对区域气候变化的响应具有明显的空间差异性,云贵高原湖泊的表面水体面积与气候相关性较显著,气温升高引起蒸发加速,降水量下降,湖面不断缩小,与逐年上升的气温呈负相关,与逐年波动上升的蒸发量呈负相关,与逐年减少的降水量呈正相关;2)云贵高原湖泊各流域的植被覆盖面积与湖泊面积变化相关性较弱;3)人类活动是影响湖泊面积变化的重要因素,大肆围湖造田、围湖养殖以及旅游开发等人类活动直接导致云贵高原湖泊面积的锐减,并对湖泊生态环境产生重要影响.     

Determination of the Geopotential Scale Factor from TOPEX/POSEIDON Satellite Altimetry

The geopotential scale factor R _o = GM/W _o (the GM geocentric gravitational constant adopted) and/or geoidal potential Wo have been determined on the basis of the first year's (Oct 92 – Dec 93) ERS-1/TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data and of the POCM 4B sea surface topography model: R _o °=(6 363 672.58°±0.05) m, W _o °=(62 636 855.8°±0.05)m ² s ^–2 . The 2°–°3 cm uncertainty in the altimeter calibration limits the actual accuracy of the solution. Monitoring dW _o /dt has been projected.     

PBDEs in the blubber of marine mammals from coastal areas of São Paulo, Brazil, southwestern Atlantic

Limited information is available in the literature on the levels of brominated flame retardants in the southern hemisphere. This study presents concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the blubber of small cetaceans from the coast of São Paulo (Brazil), southwestern Atlantic. PBDE levels were highest in Stenellafrontalis (770 ng g⁻¹ lipid) followed by Stenobredanensis (475 ng g⁻¹ lipid), Sotaliaguianensis (65.6 ng g⁻¹ lipid), Tursiopstruncatus (64.2 ng g⁻¹ lipid) and Pontoporiablainvillei (60.3 ng g⁻¹ lipid). In general, continental shelf individuals exhibited higher contamination than inshore animals. This might be related to larger prey items consumed by continental shelf dolphins. The pattern of contamination indicates that Penta-BDE commercial mixtures are a major source of PBDEs to top predators in the southwestern Atlantic. Congeners found in Octa-BDE formulations were not detected in the investigated animals.     

Species differences in stomatal control of water loss at the canopy scale in a mature bottomland deciduous forest

In order to evaluate factors controlling transpiration of six common eastern deciduous species in North America, a model describing responses of canopy stomatal conductance (G_S) to net radiation (R_N), vapor pressure deficit (D) and relative extractable soil water (REW) was parameterized from sap flux data. Sap flux was measured in 24 mature trees consisting of the species Carya tomentosa, Quercus alba, Q. rubra, Fraxinus americana, Liriodendron tulipifera, and Liquidambar styraciflua in a bottomland oak-hickory forest in the Duke Forest, NC. Species differences in model coefficients were found during the 1997 growing season. All species showed a reduction in G_S with increasing D. R_N influenced G_S in the overstory shade intolerant L. styraciflua to a larger extent than the other species measured. In addition, despite a severe drought during the study period, only L. tulipifera showed a decline in G_S with decreasing REW. The primary effect of the drought for the other species appeared to be early autumn leaf senescence and abscission. As a result, despite the drought in this bottomland forest accustomed to ample water supply, maximum daily transpiration (1.6 mm) and growing season transpiration (264 mm) were similar to a nearby upland forest measured during a year of above average precipitation. These results may aid in assessing differences in water use and the ability of bottomland deciduous species to tolerate alterations in the frequency or amount of precipitation. Results also suggest little variation in water use among forests of similar composition and structure growing in different positions in the landscape and subjected to large interannual variation in water supply.     

外来种福寿螺(Pomacea canaliculata)对3种沉水植物的牧食偏好及水体理化因子的响应

外来种福寿螺(Pomacea canaliculata)相较我国本土螺类其牧食量更大且繁殖速度更快,对栖息地水生植物的现存量和实施水生植被恢复的生态治理工程的成功性可能构成威胁,目前对福寿螺影响浅水湖泊沉水植物的重建缺乏足够的研究.本文通过设置不同沉水植物种类组合系统,研究福寿螺对3种常用于浅水富营养化湖泊治理的沉水植物密刺苦草(Vallisneria denseserrulata)、轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)、穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)的牧食偏好以及不同植物配置系统理化因子的响应变化,结果表明福寿螺对沉水植物植株附着偏好为密刺苦草轮叶黑藻穗花狐尾藻,而牧食破坏强度为轮叶黑藻穗花狐尾藻密刺苦草,轮叶黑藻最容易受到福寿螺牧食影响而快速消亡,穗花狐尾藻叶片也会被全部牧食仅剩下茎,而苦草存活受到的影响较小.福寿螺会导致轮叶黑藻+密刺苦草组合系统中总氮、氨氮、总磷、正磷酸盐浓度显著升高,而密刺苦草+穗花狐尾藻组合中总磷、正磷酸盐浓度显著升高,但是在轮叶黑藻+穗花狐尾藻组合中仅总氮浓度显著升高.研究表明福寿螺能够影响沉水植物间的竞争关系,但是3种沉水植物均不能阻止福寿螺的牧食;福寿螺牧食会显著降低沉水植物生物量,最终会影响草型清水态系统的稳定性.     

Fungal infection of Eudiaptomus gracilis (Copepoda, crustacea) in Lake Mondsee

An Aphanomyces sp. (Oomycetes) was found to be an important egg parasite of Eudiaptomus gracilis (Copepoda) in Lake Mondsee (Austria). The infection is evidenced by densely packed infection hyphae, attached with holdfasts and wrapped around the female's abdomen. The infection hyphae give rise to hyphae which penetrate the egg sac, and subsequently kill all eggs. The infection obviously has no pathogenetic effects on the egg-carrying female. Infected females appear during summer and fall, mainly in warm water layers. Infected egg clutches are found at all seasons of the year, indicating considerable birth control of the Eudiaptomus population by parasite infection. It seems possible that the actual Aphanomyces sp. is not the only parasite involved.     

1950s以来洪湖主要优势沉水植物群落变化

通过野外调查并结合历史数据对洪湖沉水植被进行长时间序列变化研究,构建自1950s以来洪湖主要优势沉水植物群落穗状狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)、微齿眼子菜(Potamogeton maackianus)、金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)和轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)的群落分布图并计算其面积.结果表明:穗状狐尾藻群落面积从1950s占全湖的6%增加至1990s的65%,而后急剧下降至2010年的2%,然后又恢复至2014年的15%;微齿眼子菜群落面积从1950s的10%增至1990s的65%,然后下降至2014年的38%;金鱼藻群落面积从1980s的6%增至1990s的39%,2010年以后则稳定在25%;轮叶黑藻群落面积1950s占全湖的32%,随后急剧下降至1980s的6%,2000年以后逐步增加,至2014年为15%.1950s1990s,穗状狐尾藻、微齿眼子菜和金鱼藻群落分布范围从周边向湖心扩展,而轮叶黑藻群落从湖中心消失;2000年以后洪湖沉水植物群落分布破碎化明显.分析认为,1950s 1990s的围垦和水文过程变化,1990s 2005年的围网养殖、水生植物过度利用以及由此导致的水质恶化等,以及2006年至今开展的拆围和生态修复是导致这些变化的主要因素.建议取缔围网,控制入湖水质,提高水体透明度,促进水生植被恢复,但同时增加水位变幅,促进植物资源合理利用,避免沼泽化重演.     

Differential piscivory of the native Percichthys trucha and exotic salmonids upon the native forage fish Galaxias maculatus in Patagonian Andean lakes

The present paper analyses predation patterns, of Percichthys trucha and salmonid fish upon Galaxias maculatus in five lakes of northern Patagonia with differing community and environmental characteristics. Tank experiments were performed to evaluate relative efficiency of native and exotic predators of G. maculatus under treatments with and without cover (aquatic vegetation). Important differences were found between predators with regards to distribution and consumption of G. maculatus. Salmonids are more efficient than P. trucha in consuming G. maculatus in deep environments with scarcely vegetation; in contrast to native species they frequently use the pelagic environment. Although pelagic habitat might have served in the past as a refuge from native predators in the past, G maculatus now experiences intense predation in the pelagic zone by exotic salmonids. It is suggested that the widespread distribution of G. maculatus in Patagonian lakes may have facilitated the success of salmonids throughout Patagonia.     

Cloning and developmental expression of kinesin superfamily7 (kif7) in the brackish medaka (Oryzias melastigma), a close relative of the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)

kif7 is a member of the kinesin superfamily members which are molecular motor proteins that move along microtubules in a highly regulated manner through ATP hydrolysis. In this paper, we report on the cloning of the Oryzias melastigma kif7 (omkif7) using primers designed according to the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) database. The cloned omkif7 has an open reading frame of 3762bp and is deduced to encode a polypeptide of 1254 amino acids that possesses the putative ATP-binding and microtubule-binding motifs in its motor domain at the N-terminal region. We characterized the cloned omkif7 by comparison with the zebrafish kif7. Both omkif7 and zebrafish kif7 are shown to be expressed in all embryonic stages and adult tissues examined with higher expression level in the testis and ovary. Whole-mount in situ hybridization revealed that the expression of omkif7 is ubiquitous during the early stages of embryonic development, but became more restrictive and localized to the brain, fin bud and eye at later development. This study suggested that the brackish O.melastigma can serve as a good seawater model organism for developmental studies by utilizing the resources developed from its close relative of the Japanese medaka.