Geochemistry and evolution of ore-forming fluids of the Yueshan Cu–Au skarn- and vein-type deposits, Anhui Province, South China

The Yueshan mineral belt is geotectonically located at the centre of the Changjiang deep fracture zone or depression of the lower Yangtze platform. Two main types of ore deposits occur in the Yueshan orefield: Cu–Au–(Fe) skarn deposits and Cu–Mo–Au–(Pb–Zn) hydrothermal vein-type deposits. Almost all deposits of economic interest are concentrated within and around the eastern and northern branches of the Yueshan dioritic intrusion. In the vicinity of the Zongpu and Wuhen intrusions, there are many Cu–Pb–Zn–Au–(S) vein-type and a few Cu–Fe–(Au) skarn-type occurrences.Fluid inclusion studies show that the ore-forming fluids are characterised by a Cl⁻(S)–Na⁺–K⁺ chemical association. Hydrothermal activity associated with the above two deposit types was related to the Yueshan intrusion. The fluid salinity was high during the mineralisation processes and the fluid also underwent boiling and mixed with meteoric water. In comparison, the hydrothermal activity related to the Zongpu and Wuhen intrusions was characterised by low salinity fluids. Chlorine and sulphur species played an important role in the transport of ore-forming components.Hydrogen- and oxygen-isotope data also suggest that the ore-forming fluids in the Yueshan mineral belt consisted of magmatic water, mixed in various proportions with meteoric water. The enrichment of ore-forming components in the magmatic waters resulted from fluid–melt partitioning. The ore fluids of magmatic origin formed large Cu–Au deposits, whereas ore fluids of mixed magmatic-meteoric origin formed small- to medium-sized deposits.The sulphur isotopic composition of the skarn- and vein-type deposits varies from − 11.3‰ to + 19.2‰ and from + 4.2‰ to + 10.0‰, respectively. These variations do not appear to have been resulted from changes of physicochemical conditions, rather due to compositional variation of sulphur at the source(s) and by water–rock interaction. Complex water–rock interaction between the ore-bearing magmatic fluids and sedimentary wall rocks was responsible for sulphur mixing. Lead and silicon isotopic compositions of the two deposit types and host rocks provide similar indications for the sources and evolution of the ore-forming fluids.Hydrodynamic calculations show that magmatic ore-forming fluids were channelled upwards into faults, fractures and porous media with velocities of 1.4 m/s, 9.8 × 10^− 1 to 9.8 × 10^− 7 m/s and 3.6 × 10^− 7 to 4.6 × 10^− 7 m/s, respectively. A decrease of fluid migration velocity in porous media or tiny fractures in the contact zones between the intrusive rocks and the Triassic sedimentary rocks led to the deposition of the ore-forming components. The major species responsible for Cu transport are deduced to have been CuCl, CuCl₂⁻, CuCl₃²⁻ and CuClOH, whereas Au was transported as Au₂(HS)₂S²⁻, Au(HS)₂⁻, AuHS and AuH₃SiO₄ complexes. Cooling and a decrease in chloride ion concentration caused by fluid boiling and mixing were the principal causes of Cu deposition. Gold deposition was related to decrease of pH, total sulphur concentration and fO₂, which resulted from fluid boiling and mixing.Geological and geochemical characteristics of the two deposit types in the Yueshan mineral belt suggest that there is a close genetic relationship with the dioritic magmatism. Geochronological data show that the magmatic activity and the mineralisation took place between 130 and 136 Ma and represent a continuous process during the Yanshanian time. The cooling of the intrusions and the mineralisation event might have lasted about 6 Ma. The cooling rate of the magmatic intrusions was 80 to 120 °C my^− 1, which permitted sufficient heat supply by magma to the ore-forming system.     

Rb–Sr Dating of Gold‐Bearing Pyrite in the Jinchang Porphyry Cu–Au Deposit,Heilongjiang Province,NE China

The Jinchang Cu–Au deposit in Heilongjiang Province, NE China, is located in the easternmost part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Rb–Sr analyses of auriferous pyrite from the deposit yielded an isochron age of 113.7 ±2.5 Ma, consistent with previously reported Re–Os ages. Both sets of ages represent the timing of Cu–Au mineralization because (i) the pyrite was separated from quartz–sulfide veins of the mineralization stage in granite porphyry; (ii) fluid inclusions have relatively high Rb, Sr, and Os content, allowing precise measurement; (iii) there are no other mineral inclusions or secondary fluids in pyrite to disturb the Rb–Sr or Re–Os decay systems; and (iv) the closure temperatures of the two decay systems are ≥500°C (compared with the homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions of 230–510°C). It is proposed that ore‐forming components were derived from mantle–crust mixing, with ore‐forming fluids being mainly exsolved from magmas with minor amounts of meteoric water. The age of mineralization at Jinchang and in the adjacent regions, combined with the tectonic evolution of the northeast China epicontinental region, indicates that the formation of the Jinchang porphyry Cu–Au deposit was associated with Early Cretaceous subduction of the paleo‐Pacific Plate.     

滇西北衙斑岩型金多金属矿床成矿流体特征及其演化

北衙超大型金多金属矿床位于扬子陆块西缘与三江特提斯造山带的结合部位。本文通过对北衙矿区内的斑岩体石英斑晶、斑岩型矿化、矽卡岩矿化中的矽卡岩及外围似层状热液型铅锌银矿化的岩(矿)石中发育的流体包裹体进行了系统研究,发现北衙矿区内主要发育CO2、富CO2、含CO2、含子矿物三相、富气相水溶液及气液两相水溶液包裹体六类流体包裹体;与斑岩型矿化有关的成矿流体为中-高温Na Cl-H2O-CO2体系热液,矽卡岩矿化相关成矿流体为一种高温的Na Cl-H2O及Na Cl-H2O-CO2体系热液,而外围似层状铅锌银矿化相关的成矿流体则为中温的Na Cl-H2O-CO2体系热液。对比分析表明,矽卡岩矿化中的矽卡岩矿物(以绿帘石类矿物为主)形成较早,其中发育富气相的流体包裹体,可以推断岩浆侵位后先分异出富水蒸气的流体,此后CO2才从成矿流体中大量分异。斑岩型矿化及外围地层中似层状铅锌银矿化脉体中发育的流体包裹体与斑岩体石英斑晶内发育的流体包裹体组合类型基本一致,表明成矿流体主要来自斑岩体结晶分异出的岩浆热液。流体包裹体研究表明,北衙金多金属矿区内的矽卡岩型(金铜铁)、斑岩型(铜金钼)及外围碳酸盐岩等地层中的似层状热液型(铅锌银)矿床系列为与富碱斑岩体侵位活动有关的,由岩浆分异热液并逐渐演化形成的斑岩型金-铁铜-铅锌(银)多金属成矿系统。     

Geochemical dispersion about the Western Tharsis Cu–Au deposit, Mt Lyell, Tasmania

The Western Tharsis disseminated Cu–Au orebody, which occurs within the Cambrian Mt Read Volcanics of Western Tasmania, is surrounded by a pyritic halo that extends 100–200 m stratigraphically above and below the ore zone. Although this halo extends laterally along the same stratigraphic position to the south, it probably closes off to the north based on limited surface and drill hole data. The ore zone is characterized by extreme enrichment (the enrichments and depletions referred to herein are relative to background; these have not been established using mass balance techniques) in As, Bi, Ce, Cu, Mo, Ni, S and Se; with the exception of Mo, these elements are also enriched, but at a much lower level, in the pyrite halo.Pronounced depletion in K, Cs and Mg occurs in 20–30 m wide stratiform zones that flank the orebody on both sides within the pyritic halo. These anomalies and depletions in Be, Ga, Rb, Y, MREE and HREE are associated with a pyrophyllite-bearing alteration zone that wraps around the main pyrite–chalcopyrite-bearing ore zone. This zone is also characterized by positive Eu anomalies which persist up to 150 m both into the hanging wall and footwall of the orebody. The depletion of these elements is consistent with the advanced argillic alteration assemblage developed about acid-sulfate Cu–Au deposits.The pyrite halo is surrounded by a peripheral carbonate halo which is highly enriched in C, CaO and MnO, and weakly enriched in Zn and Tl. Zinc and Tl are most enriched in the upper 100–150 m of the stratigraphically lower halo. In the stratigraphically upper halo, Zn and Tl values are anomalously high but erratic.Barium and Sr enrichment, although mainly restricted to the pyrite halo, extends into the stratigraphically lower carbonate halo by up to 100 m. A Na depletion anomaly extends from 150 m below the orebody and to at least the Owen contact (i.e. ≥400 m)in the hanging wall.The dispersion patterns observed at Western Tharsis are quite unlike those of Zn–Pb-rich volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) deposits in western Tasmania. Rather, the dispersion patterns observed at Western Tharsis are more akin to those surrounding porphyry Cu deposits and related acid-sulfate Cu–Au deposits.     

滇西北衙金多金属矿床磁铁矿元素地球化学特征及其对成矿作用的制约

北衙金多金属矿床处于扬子地台西缘,是与喜马拉雅期富碱斑岩具有紧密成因联系的典型矿床代表。文章在详实的野外地质工作和室内研究基础上,将北衙矿床中铁矿的成矿作用划分为早期气液交代阶段和晚期富铁质流体贯入充填阶段。电子探针和ICP-MS分析表明,磁铁矿主量元素具有富Si,贫Ti、V、Mn、Mg的特征;微量元素Th、Sr、Zr含量较低,Cs、U相对富集,一致的高场强元素(Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta)变化特征。研究表明,磁铁矿与区域内基性-超基性岩浆无关,其形成与矿区中酸性富碱岩浆密切相关。矿区中的铁矿床存在早期气液交代型和晚期贯入充填型2种矿化类型。早期交代成矿作用并不是北衙矿床中铁的唯一供给机制,还存在岩浆演化后期富铁流体贯入充填的成矿方式。     

Geochemistry,and zircon U–Pb and molybdenite Re–Os geochronology of Jilongshan Cu–Au deposit,southeastern Hubei Province,China

The Jilongshan skarn Cu–Au deposit is located at the Jiurui ore cluster region in the southwestern part of the Middle–Lower Yangtze River valley metallogenic belt. The region is characterized by NW‐, NNW‐ and EW‐trending faults and the mineralization occurs at the contact of lower Triassic carbonate rocks and Jurassic granodiorite porphyry intrusions. The intrusives are characterized by SiO₂, K₂O, and Na₂O concentrations ranging from 61.66 to 67.8 wt.%, 3.29 to 5.65 wt.%, and 2.83 to 3.9 wt.%, respectively. Their A/CNK (A/CNK = n(Al₂O₃)/[n(CaO) + n(Na₂O) + n(K₂O)]) ratio, δEu, and δCe vary from 0.77 to 1.17, 0.86 to 1, and 0.88 to 0.96, respectively. The rocks show enrichment in light rare earth elements ((La/Yb)_N = 7.61–12.94) and large ion lithophile elements (LILE), and depletion in high field strength elements (HFSE), such as Zr, Ti. They also display a peraluminous, high‐K calc‐alkaline signature typical of intrusives associated with skarn and porphyry Cu–Au–Mo polymetallic deposits. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) zircon U–Pb age indicates that the granodiorite porphyry formed at 151.75 ± 0.70 Ma. A few inherited zircons with older ages (677 ± 10 Ma, 848 ± 11 Ma, 2645 ± 38 Ma, and 3411 ± 36 Ma) suggest the existence of an Archaean basement beneath the Middle–Lower Yangtze River region. The temperature of crystallization of the porphyry estimated from zircon thermometer ranges from 744.3 °C to 751.5 °C, and 634.04 °C to 823.8 °C. Molybdenite Re–Os dating shows that the Jilongshan deposit formed at 150.79 ± 0.82 Ma. The metallogeny and magmatism are correlated to mantle–crust interaction, associated with the subduction of the Pacific Plate from the east. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

滇西北衙金多金属矿床锆石U-Pb和辉钼矿Re-Os年龄及其地质意义

北衙金多金属矿床位于金沙江-哀牢山富碱斑岩带中段,近年来在矿产勘查中取得重大突破,金储量已达超大型矿床规模,并伴生铁、铜、银、铅、锌等金属矿种.本文通过对矿区内石英正长斑岩进行锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年,确定其成岩年龄为36.48±0.26Ma;并对矽卡岩型矿体中的辉钼矿样品进行Re-Os同位素定年,首次获得北衙金多金属矿床高精度的成矿年龄为36.87±0.76Ma,测试结果显示成岩与成矿年龄基本一致.辉钼矿中Re含量指示成矿作用与岩浆壳幔混合作用有关.北衙金多金属矿床成岩和成矿年龄与哀牢山-金沙江富碱斑岩成矿带的成岩与成矿作用年龄相一致(40 ～ 35Ma),表明其形成受控于相同的地球动力学背景,是在印度与欧亚大陆碰撞背景下,构造体制发生转变,导致加厚下地壳或上地幔的部分熔融而引起的岩浆-热液-成矿事件.     

滇西北衙多金属矿田矿床成因类型及其与富碱斑岩关系初探

北衙金多金属矿田是与金沙江-哀牢山新生代富碱斑岩有关的成矿作用的典型代表之一,近年来在矿产勘查方面又有重大突破,金已达到超大型矿床,伴生铁、铜、银、铅、锌也达到了大-中型矿床规模。本文基于野外观察与室内研究,结合前人研究成果,对北衙多金属矿的成因类型,富碱斑岩与成矿作用的关系及成矿机制进行了系统总结,对与成矿相关的富碱斑岩进行了主量元素及锆石LA-ICP-MS的测试,探讨了铁矿的成因。研究表明,矿田原生金属矿床可分为:斑岩型铜金矿化,夕卡岩型铁、金、铜、铅、锌矿化,爆破角砾岩筒中的铁、金、铅、锌矿化以及热液型金、银、铅、锌矿化。其中夕卡岩型和热液型矿床是该区最主要的成矿类型。新生代富碱斑岩(石英正长斑岩)的年龄分别34.92±0.66Ma和36.24±0.63Ma。属于钾质碱性岩系列。它不仅为含矿流体的上升提供了动力和热能,而且还是成矿物质和成矿流体的主要来源,因此形成以斑岩体为中心,由斑岩型、夕卡岩型、热液型等矿床构成的一个连续的成矿系统。钾质碱性岩及矿床是在碰撞造山走滑构造系统深部壳幔相互作用的产物。本区岩体接触带中发育大量由菱铁矿和磁铁矿组成的铁矿体,其中大部分的磁铁矿是一种具有赤铁矿的板状晶或聚片双晶假象的穆磁铁矿。对磁铁矿和菱铁矿形成条件的分析表明,磁铁矿和菱铁矿主要是在碱性环境下交代含铁夕卡岩矿物形成的。当热液中H+的浓度降低时,赤铁矿被还原为磁铁矿,但仍保留了赤铁矿的晶形,于是成为穆磁铁矿。由此推测,本区成矿作用是在成矿流体及夕卡岩化交代作用长时间反复持续进行的条件下发生的,这可能是本区得以形成巨量金属堆积的重要原因之一。     

Hydrothermal alteration and fluid inclusion study of the Lower Cretaceous porphyry Cu–Au deposit of Tiámaro, Michoacán, Mexico

The Tiámaro deposit in Michoacán state has been dated as Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian), though most of the porphyry deposits in central Mexico were dated or have an attributed Eocene–Oligocene age. The host rocks belong to a volcanoplutonic complex overlain by red conglomerates. These rocks were intruded by pre-Valanginian plutonic and hypabissal rocks. Propylitic, phyllic, and argillic alteration assemblages developed, and their superimposition draws the evolution of the deposit. Stage I is represented by propylitic assemblages, stage II contains the main ore forming stockworks and both phyllic and argillic assemblages, and stage III contains late carbonatization assemblages. The obtained temperatures and salinities from inclusion fluids are low for a porphyry-type deposit, but we interpret that the known part of the deposit represents the shallow portion of a bigger deposit. The evolution of mineralizing fluids draws a dilution trend of brines from “porphyry-like” to “epithermal-like” stages. The richest ore zone is roughly located between the 300 and 350 °C isotherms, though unnoticed resources may occur at depth.     

Re–Os Isotopic Age of the Hongqiling Cu–Ni Sulfide Deposit in Jilin Province,NE China and its Geological Significance

The Hongqiling Cu–Ni sulfide deposit in central Jilin Province is located in the eastern part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Rhenium and osmium isotopes in sulfide minerals from the deposit are used to determine the timing of mineralization and the source of osmium, and ore metals. Sulfide ore samples have osmium and rhenium concentrations of 0.28–1.07 ppb and 2.39–13.17 ppb, respectively. Ten analyses yield an isochron age of 223 ± 9 Ma, indicating that the Cu–Ni sulfide deposit in the area formed in the Triassic. The initial ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratio is around 0.295 ± 0.019 (MSWD = 1.14) and the δ³⁴S values of sulfide ores vary from ?1.50 to +3.00‰. These data indicate that the mineralizing materials were derived mainly from a mantle with some quantities of crustal components introduced into the rock‐forming and ore‐forming systems during mineralization and magmatic emplacement.     

Modeling outflow from the Ernest Henry Fe oxide Cu–Au deposit: implications for ore genesis and exploration

The Ernest Henry Fe oxide Cu–Au (IOCG) deposit (>ca. 1.51 Ga) is hosted by breccia produced during the waning stages of an evolving hydrothermal system that formed a number of tens of metres to a kilometre scale, pre- and syn-ore alteration halos, although no demonstrable patterns have been attributed to fluids expelled through the outflow zones. However, the recognition of a population of hypersaline fluid inclusions representing the ‘spent’ fluids after Cu–Au deposition at Ernest Henry provides the basis to model the geochemical characteristics of the deposit's outflow zones. Geochemical modeling at 300 °C was undertaken at both high and low fluid/rock ratios via FLUSH models involving three host rock types: (1) granite, (2) calc–silicate rock, and (3) graphitic schist. In models run at high fluid/rock ratios, all rock types are essentially fluid-buffered, and produce an albite–quartz–hematite–barite-rich assemblage, although in low fluid–rock environments, the pH, redox, and geochemical character of the host rock exerts a greater influence on the mineralogy of the alteration assemblages (e.g., andradite, Fe–chlorite, and magnetite). Significant sulphide mineralization was predicted in graphitic schist where sphalerite occurred in both low- and high-porosity models, which indicates the possibility of an association between high-temperature IOCG mineralization and lower temperature base metal mineralization.Cooling experiments (from 300 to 100 °C) using the ‘spent fluids’ predict early high-T (300–200 °C) Na-, Ca-, Fe-, and Mn-rich, magnetite-bearing hydrothermal associations, whereas with cooling to below 200 °C, and with progressive fluid–rock interaction, the system produces rhodochrosite-bearing, hematite–quartz–muscovite–barite-rich assemblages. These results show that the radical geochemical and mineralogical changes associated with cooling and progressive fluid influx are likely to be accompanied by major transformations in the geophysical expression (e.g., spectral and magnetic character) of the alteration in the outflow zone, and highlight the potential link between magnetite- and hematite-bearing IOCG hydrothermal systems.     

云南北衙斑岩-矽卡岩金铜矿床三维可视化建模与应用

[研究目的]位于金沙江—红河巨型构造-岩浆成矿带中段的北衙超大型矿床(已探明金151.28 t,铜22.17万t),是三江特提斯成矿域东段典型的斑岩-矽卡岩型金多金属矿床.近年来,矿床浅部地质结构与资源状况已得到初步揭示,但是其深部地质结构、深部控矿构造及深部找矿潜力还不清楚,制约了深部的找矿发现.[研究方法]本研究以...     

滇西北衙金矿矿床类型与结构模型

北衙金矿区作为藏东—川滇西—滇东南喜马拉雅期富碱斑岩带的一部分,发育有3期成分不同的碱性斑岩,并经历了多期成矿作用。北衙金矿有3种成因不同的矿床:①与碱性斑岩有关的铜金多金属矿,包括与石英钠长斑岩和石英正长斑岩有关的斑岩型铜金矿床和矽卡岩型多金属矿床;②与辉长-玄武岩浆有关的铁金矿床,包括熔浆型铁金矿床和喷流沉积型多金属矿床,后者又有洞穴和湖相沉积环境之分;及③古砂矿,有古风化壳型砂矿、河湖相古砂矿和洞穴沉积古砂矿。北衙矿区复杂多样、多期叠加活动的岩浆与成矿作用,造就了矿区大规模的成矿作用。     

滇西北衙铁金多金属矿床成矿地质特征及其两阶段成矿过程研究——以万硐山矿段为例

滇西北衙铁金多金属矿床为西南三江富碱斑岩-多金属成矿带中南段典型矿床之一,成矿严格受富碱斑岩及其相关的深大断裂控制,伴随多期富碱斑岩脉体侵入、热液交代与围岩蚀变、矿物质富集及次生富集过程,构成了复杂的斑岩-矽卡岩成矿系统和地表次生成矿系统。文章以万硐山露天采场区大比例尺地质填图为基础,重新厘定和梳理各地质体及其间相互关系,取得了万硐山矿段详细的成矿地质特征及原生矿化的两阶段成矿新认识。     

Sedimentary rock-hosted Au deposits of the Dian–Qian–Gui area, Guizhou, and Yunnan Provinces, and Guangxi District, China

Sedimentary rock-hosted Au deposits in the Dian–Qian–Gui area in southwest China are hosted in Paleozoic and early Mesozoic sedimentary rocks along the southwest margin of the Yangtze (South China) Precambrian craton. Most deposits have characteristics similar to Carlin-type Au deposits and are spatially associated, on a regional scale, with deposits of coal, Sb, barite, As, Tl, and Hg. Sedimentary rock-hosted Au deposits are disseminated stratabound and(or) structurally controlled. The deposits have many similar characteristics, particularly mineralogy, geochemistry, host rock, and structural control. Most deposits are associated with structural domes, stratabound breccia bodies, unconformity surfaces or intense brittle–ductile deformation zones, such as the Youjiang fault system. Typical characteristics include impure carbonate rock or calcareous and carbonaceous host rock that contains disseminated pyrite, marcasite, and arsenopyrite—usually with μm-sized Au, commonly in As-rich rims of pyrite and in disseminations. Late realgar, orpiment, stibnite, and Hg minerals are spatially associated with earlier forming sulfide minerals. Minor base–metal sulfides, such as galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and Pb–Sb–As–sulphosalts also are present. The rocks locally are silicified and altered to sericite–clay (illite). Rocks and(or) stream-sediment geochemical signatures typically include elevated concentrations of As, Sb, Hg, Tl, and Ba. A general lack of igneous rocks in the Dian–Qian–Gui area implies non-pluton-related, ore forming processes. Some deposits contain evidence that sources of the metal may have originated in carbonaceous parts of the sedimentary pile or other sedimentary or volcanic horizons. This genetic process may be associated with formation and mobilization of petroleum and Hg in the region and may also be related to As-, Au-, and Tl-bearing coal horizons. Many deposits also contain textures and features indicative of strong structural control by tectonic domes or shear zones and also suggest syndeformational ore deposition, possibly related to the Youjiang fault system. Several sedimentary rock-hosted Au deposits in the Dian–Qian–Gui area also are of the red earth-type and Au grades have been concentrated and enhanced during episodes of deep weathering.     

滇西北衙地区基于矿化类型及其分带的金多金属找矿预测

滇西北衙地区是云南乃至中国重要的Au多金属矿床集中区,近十余年来,区内Au多金属找矿勘查取得巨大进展。系统总结该区成矿规律和找矿勘查经验,实现已有矿区深边部和区域新的找矿突破是当前亟需解决的现实问题。根据典型矿床矿体赋存部位、控矿构造、容矿岩石、矿化蚀变、矿物组合、矿石结构构造、成矿时代、成矿作用、物探特征、化探特征等因素,文章总结了北衙式Au多金属矿床的矿化类型及分带特征,基于矿床系统的“源、运、储、变、保”演化过程,把控制因素和找矿标志与矿化类型之间互为标志相融合,建立了北衙式“五位一体”多类型矿体“全位”找矿预测模型。通过分析研究区地质、矿床（体）、物探、化探资料及其之间的演变和印证关系,文章进行“缺位”找矿预测,圈定了北衙北层间破碎带（岩性界面）型Pb-Zn-Ag（Au）矿（T₁）、白莲村裂隙脉型Au矿（T₂）、白莲村东红土型Au-Fe矿（T₃）、老马涧斑岩型Au（Cu）矿（T₄）、马头湾东矽卡岩型Au-Fe-Cu矿（T₅）、干海子西矽卡岩型Fe-Au-Cu矿（T₆）以及下山口原生矿（T₇）共7个找矿预测区。     

滇西宝兴厂斑岩铜钼金矿床成矿流体特征

宝兴厂斑岩铜钼金矿床是三江成矿带上与富碱斑岩有关的典型斑岩型矿床,产出于金沙江-哀牢山深大断裂带中部东侧。宝兴厂矿床铜、钼、金、铁等各类型矿化皆有发育,具有复杂的岩浆活动及热液演化。矿区岩浆岩主要为喜马拉雅期富碱复式岩体,包括正长斑岩、石英二长斑岩、花岗斑岩和斑状花岗岩等,具有多期次侵入特征。铜钼矿体主要分布于花岗斑岩和斑状花岗岩内部,铁金矿体主要分布于岩体内外接触带上,矿体呈脉状、透镜状或似层状。热液蚀变由内向外分带显著,依次为钾硅酸盐化(黑云母化)、绢云母化、青磐岩化(绿泥石-绿帘石化),局部黏土化。本文通过系统的野外观测、详细的岩芯编录以及全面的岩相学观察,依据矿物共生组合、矿化热液脉体穿切关系及蚀变特征,将宝兴厂矿床内主要矿化脉体分为3类:A脉、B脉及D脉。通过对3类脉体内石英中流体包裹体的显微测温工作和成矿流体物理化学条件计算,剖析了成矿流体演化特征,探讨了成矿作用过程与成因机理。A脉与钾长石化和黑云母化蚀变关系密切,多为不规则脉状,宽约1~5mm,矿物组合一般为石英±钾长石±黑云母±少量黄铜矿±少量黄铁矿。石英多呈他形细粒,少量黄铁矿、黄铜矿沿石英颗粒边界呈浸染状产出。脉体中常含有黑云母、钾长石,两侧常见钾长石蚀变晕。A脉中一般没有矿化。B脉宽约15~30mm,矿物组合一般为:石英±辉钼矿±黄铜矿±黄铁矿。靠近脉壁的石英多为他形细粒,向中心转变为长柱状垂直于脉壁对称生长。硫化物呈线状分布于脉体的中心或边缘。B脉一般没有蚀变,偶见少量的绿帘石化-绿泥石化。D脉与绿泥石化-绢云母化关系密切,脉体规则连续,脉体宽度变化范围大,为1~30mm。矿物组合一般为石英±绿泥石±黄铁矿±少量黄铜矿。石英数量较少,多呈半自形-他形粗粒,相对于B脉黄铁矿含量明显增多,黄铜矿含量减少,呈浸染状分布,脉体中钾长石、黑云母常蚀变为绢云母和绿泥石,脉体两侧常具有绿泥石-绢云母蚀变晕。A脉形成于成矿早阶段斑岩尚未固结时,其流体包裹体以含子晶(NaCl子晶为主)多相包裹体和富气相包裹体组合为特点,均一温度为364~550℃,盐度分别集中在45.64%~52.89%NaCleqv(含子晶多相包裹体)和3.3%~16.34%NaCleqv(气液两相包裹体)两个区间内,该阶段流体显示出沸腾、不混溶及发生相分离特征。根据A脉中5个含石盐子晶的包裹体压力估算图,得出宝兴厂矿床A脉中LVH相包裹体被捕获时的最低压力为50~145MPa,按地压梯度27MPa/km换算,A脉形成的深度最少1.8~5.4km。B脉形成于成矿主阶段,石英中发育含子晶多相包裹体(NaCl子晶)和富气相包裹体,均一温度为210~410℃,盐度集中在34.24%~52.04%NaCleqv和5.23%~13.99%NaCleqv两个区间内,该阶段成矿流体发生减压沸腾作用,使得Cu、Mo、Au大量沉淀,根据NaCl-H2O体系P-T相图压力估算,B脉的形成压力大约为15~48MPa,形成深度为0.56~1.78km。D脉形成于成矿晚阶段,石英以发育大量富液相包裹体为特征,均一温度为223~303℃,盐度集中在3.53%~11.71%NaCleqv范围内,该阶段成矿流体以中-低温、低盐度的岩浆热液与大气降水的混合流体为主,流体压力也降低到15MPa,形成深度不超过0.56km。宝兴厂矿床热液流体演化总体趋势为:由早阶段的高温、中-高盐度的岩浆热液向成矿晚阶段中-低温、低盐度的岩浆热液+大气降水混合流体转变。     

Trace element geochemistry of magnetite from the giant Beiya gold-polymetallic deposit in Yunnan Province,Southwest China and its implications for the ore forming processes

The Beiya gold–polymetallic deposit is one of the largest gold deposits in China and is considered to be a typical porphyry-skarn system located in the middle of the Jinshajiang–Ailaoshan alkaline porphyry metallogenic belt. Massive magnetite is widespread in the Beiya ore district but its genesis is still the subject of debate. Five representative magnetite types are present in the Beiya deposit, namely magmatic magnetite (M1) from the ore-related porphyry, disseminated magnetite (M2) from the early retrograde alteration, massive magnetite (M3) from the early quartz-magnetite stage, massive magnetite (M4) from the middle quartz-magnetite stage and magnetite (M5) from the late quartz-magnetite stage. Compared with the M1 magnetite, the magnetites from stages M2 to M5 are depleted in Ti, Al and high field strength elements, implying a hydrothermal origin, distinct from the magmatic accessory magnetite in the ore-related porphyry (M1). The concentrations of cobalt in the hydrothermal magnetites decrease gradually from M2 to M5, and can be used to discriminate the magnetite types. The Al + Mn and Ti + V contents of the successively precipitated magnetite grains (M2–M5) suggests that the ore forming temperature decreased from M2 to M4, but increased from M4 to M5, possibly as the result of a new pulse of magma entering the chamber, which may have triggered the gold mineralization. The V content in the hydrothermal magnetite suggests that the oxygen fugacity increased from M2 to M4 but decreased as soon as the sulfides entered the system (M5).     

Halogen elements as indicator of deep-seated orebodies in the Chadong As–Ag–Au deposit, western Guangdong, China

Halogen elements play an important role in the metallogenesis of metallic ore deposits and are involved in the whole process of remobilization, transport and precipitation of metallic elements. However, with the exception of fluorine, which, as a component of fluorite and mica minerals, can be occasionally concentrated in ores, Cl, Br and I are hard to enrich in the ores. Investigations have found that the halogen elements tend to diffuse toward country rocks with the development of hydrothermal alteration in the process of their involvement in metallogenesis, especially during the post-ore stage when extensive halogen diffusion halos over orebodies would be formed. Such halogen element diffusion halos over the Chadong As–Ag–Au deposit extend as widely as 200 m. The largest diffusion extent is for I and the diffusion halos of Br are most noticeable 50–130 m away from the orebodies. In areas of ore exposure and the strongly altered zone, the Cl, Br and I contents are close to those of the strata with a V-shaped distribution pattern in the periphery of the mining district. Comparatively speaking, in going away from the altered zone, the major metallic elements Au and Ag in the deposit tend to decrease suddenly to their normal contents in the strata. This variation feature of halogen elements can be used as geochemical indicators for exploring concealed orebodies at depth. In the Chadong ore deposit, halogen element anomalies can be used to predict concealed orebodies at the depth range of 0–200 m.