降雨及库水位联合作用下秭归八字门滑坡稳定性预测

针对三峡库区库水位调控方案和极端降雨情况,对秭归县八字门滑坡稳定性分析设置了10种计算工况,采用SEEP/W软件模拟该滑坡在降雨入渗及库水位联合作用下的暂态渗流场,并利用SLOPE/W软件,将暂态孔隙水压力分布用于该滑坡的极限平衡分析中,确定不同工况下（不同降雨强度）的滑坡稳定性系数,据此采用降雨量对该滑坡进行失稳预测。研究认为：150 mm/d以上的降雨量对该滑坡影响较大,降雨入渗具有滞后性;在相同的降雨量情况下,1 d的降雨强度比5 d的连续降雨对滑坡体的稳定性影响更明显;在水位从175 m降至145 m的过程中,临界雨量为100 mm/d时,滑坡就可能失稳;水位从145 m升至175 m的过程中和175 mm稳定水位时,当临界雨量为200 mm/d时,滑坡才可能失稳,即水位骤降过程中滑坡失稳概率大。不同工况下的滑坡土体含水率分析结果表明,降雨影响的主要是上部土体,下部土体含水率受控于地下水位,即降雨更容易引起浅层滑坡与局部滑坡     

连续降雨作用下非饱和土边坡的稳定性分析

在边坡稳定性研究中,吸力的影响经常被忽略。基于非饱和土的渗流理论,利用数值分析方法研究了一个由于连续降雨导致的非饱和土边坡失稳的工程实例。研究结果表明:非饱和土的吸力对于维持边坡稳定具有重要影响,而吸力与降雨频率、降雨量、降雨时间、蒸发量等密切相关。对于工程实践而言,吸力的监测对于维持土坡稳定具有重要意义。     

非饱和-非稳定渗流条件下的边坡临界滑动场

受季节性降雨或水库运行的影响,岸坡外水位及坡内孔隙水压力场的变化较大,不利于岸坡的稳定性。在水位变化过程中,利用非饱和-非稳定渗流有限元计算得到孔隙水压力场,基于非饱和土的渗流和抗剪强度理论,对水位变化过程中的边坡临界滑动场法进行改进,提出可考虑水位变化与岸坡非饱和-非稳定渗流过程的边坡临界滑动场数值模拟方法。将改进后的水位变化过程中的边坡临界滑动场法分别应用于黏土、粉土岸坡在水位升降过程中的稳定性分析,研究了水位升降速率及基质吸力对岸坡稳定性的影响,并揭示了边坡在水位变化过程中的稳定性变化历程。研究表明,该方法计算结果合理、可靠,更适用于涉水边坡的稳定性计算,且岸坡稳定性变化历程受水位升降速率、基质吸力等多种因素共同影响,只有在考虑非稳定渗流的基础上同时考虑基质吸力的作用才能正确得出水位变化过程中岸坡稳定性变化规律和实质。     

降雨作用下煤系土路堑边坡稳定分析

基于掌握的降雨气象资料,利用非饱和瞬态渗流有限元程序对开挖后和风化后两种情况下的煤系土路堑边坡进行了降雨入渗坡体渗流场数值计算和分析。依据非饱和土力学强度理论,基于Morgenstern-Price方法,调用不同降雨时间的渗流计算结果,对两种情况下煤系土路堑边坡的瞬态稳定性进行了计算和分析。研究结果表明,水分在风化煤系土路堑边坡体内的渗透迁移对路堑边坡稳定性和最危险滑动面有时空影响;在煤系土路堑边坡降雨入渗和稳定性分析中考虑风化层较为合理。     

Geotechnical Facets of Active Sediments and its Bearing on Natural Hazards and Mitigation Measures: An Approach on Sediments of the Nubra Valley (Ladakh), Trans-Himalaya,India

Slope stability has been identified as a major obstacle to construction in the rapidly developing countries of Indonesia and Malaysia. In these countries, slope failure has been identified as one of the most commonly occurring natural disasters, leading to financial losses and deaths. Slope failure is often related to prolonged rainfall events where rainfall infiltration increases pore water pressure, reducing soil strength. This failure mechanism will accelerate with the existence of cracks, which are usually caused by differential settling, drying and shrinking of soil, and associated construction activities, among other causes. The existence of cracks on slopes usually provides an easy pathway for rainfall infiltration into soil, allowing rain to infiltrate to deeper layers than in the absence of cracks. The moisture content in deep layers is therefore higher in cracked slopes than in slopes without cracks. To address this issue, we investigated the effects of cracks on slope stability when subjected to rainfall. The influence of crack location, depth, size, and direction on pore water pressure distribution and slope stability was studied by imposing different rainfall intensities. Analysis of seepage and stability were conducted using the GEO STUDIO 2007 softwares SEEP/W and SLOPE/W. Results suggested that pore water pressure and slope stability were influenced by the existence of cracks. Analysis showed that slope factors of safety decreased sharply when cracks were located adjacent to the slope crest, as compared to when cracks were located in the middle of the slope. Furthermore, slope factors of safety decreased with increasing crack depth. Pore water pressure and slope factors of safety decreased further when slopes were subjected to small rainfall intensities for long periods, as compared to when slopes were subjected to high rainfall intensities for short periods. The present study shows that study of cracks should be an integral part of the slope stability analysis.     

Incorporating hydro-mechanical coupling in an analysis of the effects of rainfall patterns on unsaturated soil slope stability

Rainfall-induced landslides can cause loss of life and damage to property, infrastructure, and the environment. Rainfall patterns affect the pore-water pressure of unsaturated soil slopes, and are related to the slopes’ stability. Four rainfall patterns were chosen to represent natural rainfall patterns for an examination of rainfall infiltration into soil slopes using numerical models incorporating coupled water infiltration and deformation in unsaturated soils. Our analysis showed that rainfall patterns play a significant role in the distribution of the pore-water pressure in soil slopes, and influence the slope stability. The pore-water pressure profile of soil slopes and the factor of safety are affected by the ratio of rainfall intensity and the coefficient of permeability. The depth and shape of the shallow sliding plane of the landslide is closely related to the rainfall pattern; moreover, the results showed a correlation between the factor of safety of the slope and the rainfall intensity. This relationship can be described by a dimensionless rainfall intensity. The nonlinear relationship can be used to estimate the slope stability resulting from rainfall infiltration when the hydro-mechanical coupling in unsaturated soil slopes is considered.     

降雨入渗下强风化软岩高填方路堤边坡稳定性研究

降雨入渗是影响边坡稳定性、导致边坡失稳的最主要和最普遍的环境因素。强风化软岩用于高填方路堤填土边坡时,填土的压实度直接影响路堤土的渗透性和强度。利用饱和与非饱和渗流有限元模拟降雨入渗时高填方路堤的暂态渗流场,将计算得到的暂态孔隙水压力分布用于边坡的极限平衡分析,并考虑基质吸力对非饱和土抗剪强度的影响。探讨降雨强度、持时和压实度对边坡稳定性的影响。研究表明,强风化软岩用于高填方路堤压实度不能低于90 %;当暴雨强度为200 mm/d时,边坡就会失稳。其成果将为高填方路堤边坡防护设计提供科学依据。     

雨水入渗对非饱和土坡稳定性影响的参数研究

很多国家和地区的斜坡失稳与雨水入渗有密切关系。通过参数分析研究可以深化对这种关系的认识和理解,因而对滑坡灾害的预测和预防有重要意义。针对香港地区一种典型非饱和土斜坡,用有限元法模拟雨水入渗引起的暂态渗流场,然后将计算得到的暂态孔隙水压力分布用于斜坡的极限平衡分析。计算中采用延伸的摩尔－库伦破坏准则以便考虑基质吸力对抗剪强度的贡献,研究了降雨特征、水文地质条件及坡面防渗处理等因素对暂态渗流场和斜坡安全因数的影响。数值模拟结果表明：降雨强度、降雨历时和雨型对暂态渗流场及斜坡稳定性有明显的影响;土体的渗透系数,尤其是渗透系数各向异性的影响特别显著;斜坡中相对隔水层的存在以及斜坡防渗护面的效果等因素的影响均不容忽视。     

基于FLAC3D平台的边坡非饱和降雨入渗分析

为研究降雨入渗条件下三维边坡渗流场的变化过程,在全面研究FLAC3D软件渗流分析模块功能及算法的基础上,通过编写FISH函数完善了FLAC3D软件的非饱和渗流计算功能。基于降雨入渗机制的分析,编写了降雨入渗及停雨出渗边界的FISH函数,实现边坡三维降雨入渗过程的模拟。通过降雨条件下算例边坡的饱和非饱和渗流场变化过程的数值计算,研究了降雨入渗引起的边坡暂态饱和区变化过程,并与已有研究成果进行对比分析,从而验证了自编FISH函数实现边坡三维非饱和渗流计算结果的正确性。研究成果表明,文中提出的边坡三维非饱和降雨入渗分析是可行的,同时也为三维边坡非饱和渗流场的研究提供了一条有益的途径。     

Response parameters for characterization of infiltration

Rainwater infiltration is of particular interest with respect to slope stability hazard management. The process of rainfall infiltration into unsaturated soil is complex due to the number of soil parameters involved and the random nature of moisture flux boundary conditions. In this paper, the effect of rainfall intensity on infiltration is investigated through the use of finite element seepage modeling for a 5 m high soil column subjected to various rainfall intensities. The numerical modeling study identified three response parameters that can be used to describe one-dimensional infiltration into an unsaturated soil. The response parameters are the depth of wetting front, the matric suction reduction depth, and the sectional infiltration rate. The practical application of the rainfall response parameters in slope stability analysis is illustrated.     

膨胀土边坡非饱和渗流及渐进性破坏耦合分析

膨胀土边坡受降雨影响产生膨胀变形,是典型的非饱和土多场耦合问题。为探究降雨入渗对其渐进性破坏的失稳过程,基于饱和-非饱和渗流理论、膨胀土弹塑性本构关系和应变软化理论,利用应变软化模型、FLAC3D二次开发平台和内置FISH语言,提出了一种综合考虑非饱和渗流、膨胀变形和应变软化的多场耦合数值分析法。结合工程实例,通过该方法探讨了降雨入渗条件下膨胀土边坡非饱和渗流、位移响应及渐进性破坏的变化规律。结果表明:膨胀变形和应变软化受控于非饱和渗流的时空分布,对边坡位移响应过程影响显著,也易导致饱和-非饱和分界带形成剪应力集中区。膨胀土边坡渐进性破坏由局部破坏转变为整体性失稳,其塑性破坏区首先随悬挂型暂态饱和区的变化向坡内扩展,雨后逐渐形成第二条由坡脚向坡顶扩展的滑动带,呈现出多重滑动性和后退牵引式的破坏特征。     

Deformation response regularity of Liujiaba landslide under fluctuating reservoir water level condition

Due to the periodic rising and falling of the reservoir water level, the rock–soil body of bank slope is constantly changing between the saturated and unsaturated status, which changes the limit equilibrium condition of the slope body, resulting in a large number of dormant landslide reactivation and new landslide generation after water impounding operation of the three gorges reservoir. Based on the long-term monitoring data of pore-water pressure, water content, reservoir water level, rainfall and landslide deformation, the deformation response regularity of Liujiaba landslide under the fluctuating reservoir level combined scenario is studied in this paper. The results show that the landslide deformation is mainly in the lower section affected by the fluctuation of the reservoir water. The slide deformation appears in the mid-early stage of the water level declining and during the running of 175 m water level. The deformation is gradually increasing from a slowly to rapidly stage, then slows down and gradually reduces to a relative stopped state. Considering that the variation of the saturation line in the landslide will be influenced by the water level fluctuation rate, the SEEP and SLOPE modules are used with Geo-studio software for the fluctuant reservoir level and response pattern of landslide deformation analysis. The study can be provided as a reference for landslides study of debris aggradational landslide.     

侵入岩脉风化壳对中林村残积土滑坡渗流场和稳定性的影响

岩脉侵入是一种普遍的地质现象,侵入岩脉及其风化壳对斜坡的渗流场和稳定性具有重要影响,但目前国内外在该方面的研究鲜见报道。我国东南沿海约50×104 km2的白垩系火山岩地层中广泛分布侵入岩脉及其风化壳,改变了该地区残积土斜坡的失稳机制。以浙江省文成县中林滑坡为对象,研究花岗岩脉风化壳对其渗流场和稳定性的影响。中林滑坡主要由凝灰岩及其残积土组成,后部有侵入的花岗岩脉及其残积土,利用室内土柱试验获取降雨作用下两种残积土渗透性质的差异,利用不同含水率下的直剪试验获取非饱和抗剪强度参数;利用Geo-studio软件中的Seep/W模块反演土柱降雨试验,获取两种土体的非饱和渗透参数;接着将上述参数应用于中林滑坡的渗流场模拟,获取降雨入渗下坡体的渗流场;将渗流场耦合到坡体稳定性计算中,获取了坡体的稳定性变化曲线及最危险滑面。结果表明,降雨通过侵入岩脉风化壳快速入渗,并顺着基覆面向凝灰岩残积土区侧向渗流,导致侵入区与原始斜坡的交界处以及基覆面附近的地下水位快速升高,孔隙水压力迅速增大,斜坡在该位置最易变形破坏,且失稳深度远大于普通的浅层残积土斜坡,可达6～10 m。该研究成果可为东南沿海地区有岩脉侵入的残积土斜坡的稳定性评价与防治设计提供理论依据。     

降雨入渗影响下边坡中的非饱和渗流特性

为了分析降雨入渗影响下非饱和土坡渗流特性,利用自制降雨模拟系统和实时监测系统,对降雨诱发非饱和土坡失稳过程进行全方位、多参量的实时监测,研究不同降雨条件下,不同坡度、不同压实度边坡坡体不同位置雨水入渗率和湿润峰的实变规律.结果表明:降雨入渗条件下,陡坡和高压实度土体不利于雨水入渗,而缓坡和低密实度土体入渗率变化快;实际土体吸力和含水量实时变化规律不同步,提出试验湿润峰概念,含水率（吸力）湿润峰点可按含水率（吸力）实时曲线的过渡区和雨后残余含水率（吸力）的线性交叉点确定;考虑单向吸湿或脱湿路径下土体含水率和吸力具有唯一对应关系,含水率湿润峰点与吸力湿润峰点的绝对值时差即为形成湿润峰所需时间;对比湿润峰实测值与Lumb半经验值散点分布规律,基于Lumb湿润峰深度计算公式提出非线性修正表达式.      

辽西黄土陡坡的冲刷破坏机制

以70°辽西黄土陡坡为例,在降雨强度为2.7 mm/min条件下对边坡坡面冲刷破坏特征进行了室内物理试验模拟。试验发现：随着降雨的持续坡面水流能量不断增加,致使侵蚀强度增强;边坡的侵蚀方式从试验初期的片蚀,到中期的细沟侵蚀,最后演化为坡顶部的切沟侵蚀和坍塌。基于试验成果,采用SEEP/W程序对降雨条件下边坡降雨入渗规律进行数值模拟,发现在降雨过程中坡顶部所产生的水头压力最大,随高度降低呈减小趋势;运用PFC2D颗粒流软件从微观角度对坡体土颗粒运动情况进行模拟,结果发现位于坡顶的颗粒最先被径流冲刷带走,且下落速度很快。经对比表明：数值模拟结果和物理模拟试验现象基本一致,可为进一步研究黄土边坡冲刷破坏规律提供参考。     

非饱和土渗流及其参数影响的数值分析

基于一维的Richards方程,考虑van Genuchten提出的土-水特征曲线和水力传导系数的表达式,采用差分方法进行求解,研究该土-水特征曲线对孔隙水压力分布的影响,分析该模型四个参数θs、θr、α和n对孔隙水压力分布的作用特征。结果表明经验参数α和n对孔隙水压力分布产生显著的影响。α影响土-水特征曲线的位置和水力传导系数斜率,其值越大,基质吸力越滞后,孔隙水压力分布弯曲度随着α值的增大而明显;n决定土-水特征曲线的斜率,其值大意味着基质吸力易消散。计算分析显示θr值变化引起孔隙水压力分布微弱的差异,这差异随着时间的增长而增大;饱和含水量θs对孔隙水压力分布也产生不小的影响,随θs的降低孔隙水压力消散减慢。     

Comparative analysis of contributing parameters for rainfall-triggered landslides in the Lesser Himalaya of Nepal

In the Himalaya, people live in widely spread settlements and suffer more from landslides than from any other type of natural disaster. The intense summer monsoons are the main factor in triggering landslides. However, the relations between landslides and slope hydrology have not been a focal topic in Himalayan landslide research. This paper deals with the contributing parameters for the rainfall-triggered landslides which occurred during an extreme monsoon rainfall event on 23 July 2002, in the south-western hills of Kathmandu valley, in the Lesser Himalaya, Nepal. Parameters such as bedrock geology, geomorphology, geotechnical properties of soil, and clay mineralogy are described in this paper. Landslide modeling was performed in SEEP/W and SLOPE/W to understand the relationship of pore water pressure variations in soil layers and to determine the spatial variation of landslide occurrence. Soil characteristics, low angle of internal friction of fines in soil, medium range of soil permeability, presence of clay minerals in soil, bedrock hydrogeology, and human intervention were found to be the main contributing parameters for slope failures in the region.     

Numerical model and flume experiments of single- and two-layered hillslope flow related to slope failure

A hillslope flow model is developed considering 3D saturated and unsaturated flow of water during rainfall events. A finite difference-based numerical model of hillslope flow processes is developed. Four different experiments are done to see the effects of a single- and double-layered soil in pore-water pressure dynamics and slope failure. Results from the numerical model are verified with experimental results. The numerical and experimental values of the pore-water pressure and moisture contents are in good agreement. The results show that the hillslope heterogeneity caused by multiple layers of soil has greater influence on hillslope pore-pressure dynamics and slope failure patterns. The depth of slope failure shows high dependency on layering characteristics of the soil slope and pattern of rainfall. The proposed model provides a perspective on failure mechanism of a single- or double-layered slope under rainfall infiltration.     

水库蓄水过程中堆积体边坡瞬态稳定性分析

由现场试验结合Fredlund和Xing方法确定了堆积体的非饱和渗透性函数分布曲线。根据概化的地质模型,建立了非饱和渗流分析的有限元模型,模拟得到蓄水过程中不同时刻坡体中孔隙水压力的分布。把暂态孔隙水压力的分布和非饱和土强度理论应用到普遍极限平衡法（GLE）中,进行了库水上升过程中边坡瞬态稳定性分析。结果表明,库水上升过程中,坡体整体稳定性是下降的,而在受库水变动影响的局部区域,其稳定性系数随着库水位的上升表现出先减小后增大的趋势,即存在一个危险水位,在一定条件下,可能会诱发坡体下部局部区域失稳。     

降雨作用对欢喜坡冰水堆积体斜坡稳定性的影响研究

为研究降雨对岷江上游冰水堆积体斜坡稳定性的影响, 本文以欢喜坡为例, 基于现场降雨模拟试验, 完成渗透、含水量及抗剪强度等一系列试验, 运用SEEP/W模块和SLOPE/W模块进行耦合, 以分析降雨强度和降雨历时对该类型冰水堆积体斜坡稳定性的影响, 研究结果显示:(1)欢喜坡冰水堆积体黏土矿物含量高达50%以上, 饱和后含量可达85%以上; 角砾土具有孔隙发育、级配不良的特点, 双环渗透试验与降雨试验结果具有较好的一致性, 综合确定角砾土渗透系数为1.315×10-3 cm·s-1, 属中-弱透水介质。(2)角砾土天然状态下抗剪强度较高, 含水率对其抗剪强度影响明显, 从天然到饱和状态, 黏聚力c衰减率明显高于内摩擦角φ, 黏聚力c衰减可达64.4%, 而内摩擦角φ仅降低22.5%;(3)在一定降雨强度条件下, 斜坡体稳定性系数随降雨持时的增加不断降低; 降雨持时相同时, 降雨强度越大, 坡体稳定性降低幅度越大, 但稳定性出现陡降的时间拐点提前。