春夏季青藏高原与伊朗高原地表热通量的时空分布特征及相互联系

伊朗高原和青藏高原热力作用对东亚区域气候具有重要影响。基于1979—2014年欧洲中心ERA-interim月平均再分析地表热通量资料,分析了春、夏季青藏高原与伊朗高原地表热通量的时、空分布特征以及春、夏季青藏高原与伊朗高原地表热通量的关系。结果表明,春、夏季青藏高原与伊朗高原地表热通量在季节、年际和年代际尺度上具有不同的时、空分布特征。对于青藏高原,春、夏季地表感热呈西部大东部小、地表潜热呈东部大西部小;地表感热在春季最大且大于地表潜热,地表潜热在夏季最大且大于地表感热。在年际时间尺度上,春、夏季青藏高原地表热通量异常的年际变化在东、西部不一致,青藏高原西部,地表感热与地表潜热有较强的负相关关系。青藏高原地表感热异常具有很强的持续性,当春季地表感热较强（弱）时,夏季高原地表感热同样较强（弱）。青藏高原东部与西部地表热通量的年代际变化有明显差异,春（夏）季青藏高原东部地表感热呈显著的年代际减弱趋势,1998（2001）年发生年代际转折,由正异常转为负异常;而青藏高原西部地表感热在春季则有显著的增大趋势,2003年发生年代际转折,由负异常转为正异常。青藏高原东部地表潜热仅在春季为显著减弱趋势,2003年出现年代际转折,由正异常转为负异常;青藏高原西部地表潜热在春、夏季都有显著减弱趋势,年代际转折出现在21世纪初,由正异常转为负异常。对于伊朗高原,春、夏季地表热通量的空间分布在整个区域较一致,地表感热在夏季最大,地表潜热在春季大、夏季小,但各季节地表感热都大于地表潜热。相对于青藏高原地表感热,伊朗高原地表感热在各月都更大。在年际时间尺度上,春、夏季伊朗高原各区域地表热通量异常的年际变化较一致;地表感热与潜热有很强的负相关关系;伊朗高原地表感热、潜热异常都具有持续性,当春季地表感热（潜热）通量较强（弱）时,夏季地表感热（潜热）通量同样较强（弱）。伊朗高原北部与南部地表热通量的年代际变化存在差异。其中,春、夏季伊朗高原北部地表感热（潜热）呈显著增强（减弱）趋势,在20世纪末发生了年代际转折,春、夏季北部地表感热（潜热）由负（正）异常转为正（负）异常。而伊朗高原南部春、夏季地表热通量无显著变化趋势,但春季地表感热、潜热与夏季地表感热同样在20世纪末存在年代际转折,地表感热（潜热）由负（正）异常转为正（负）异常。春、夏季两个高原地区地表热通量的关系主要表现为:就春季同期变化而言,伊朗高原地表感热与青藏高原西部地表感热具有同相变化关系,与青藏高原东部地表感热具有反相变化关系,伊朗高原地表潜热与青藏高原东部地表潜热具有同相变化关系;就非同期变化而言,春季伊朗高原地表感热与夏季青藏高原东部地表感热存在反相变化关系。      

东亚副热带西风急流与地表加热场的耦合变化特征

利用NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料，采用奇异值分解方法分析200 hPa纬向风场与东亚地表加热场的空间耦合变化特征，揭示影响东亚副热带西风急流位置及强度变化的加热关键区域。研究结果表明，冬季西太平洋黑潮暖流区是表面感热、潜热通量场的大值区，其加热强度主要影响东亚副热带西风急流的强度变化，当加热增强（减弱）时，急流加强（减弱）。热带和副热带地区地表加热的反相变化对应纬向风的整体一致变化，且影响关键区在热带地区， 这种耦合分布型主要体现为年代际的变化特征。夏季，海陆感热加热差异主要影响中低纬纬向风的变化，而影响急流位置南北移动的加热关键区位于阿拉伯海及印度半岛北部，这种加热分布体现感热的局地性变化，可能与高原大地形分布有关。由于夏季降水的不均匀性，潜热加热与200 hPa纬向风场的耦合关系较为复杂。通过分析加热异常年的环流形势差异发现，对流层中上层经向温差对地表加热场异常变化的响应是导致高层纬向风变化的原因，这种地面加热变化导致高层温度场及流场的响应可通过热力适应理论得到较好的解释。     

夏季青藏高原地表能量变化对高原低涡生成的影响分析

利用1986-2015年夏季一日4次的ERA-Interim再分析资料,统计分析了近30年来夏季青藏高原地表感热、潜热通量以及高原低涡的时空分布特征,同时选取夏季高原低涡生成的关键区,利用相关性分析,合成分析等方法探讨了夏季高原地表感热、潜热通量与高原低涡生成频数之间的可能联系。结果表明,从时间变化特征来看,1986-2015年夏季高原低涡共出现915次,其中关键区内共出现697次,占总数的76. 18%,且其出现次数呈明显的下降趋势,在关键区内,30年间地表感热通量总体呈下降趋势,而潜热通量则呈较弱的上升趋势;从空间变化特征来看,低涡生成的关键地区恰好对应于地表感热通量平均值的较大值区以及地表潜热通量平均值的较小值区。当处于夏季高原低涡偏多年和偏少年时,关键区内地表能量的分布有明显差异:当关键区内地表感热通量偏强时,容易产生高原低涡;而当关键区内地表潜热通量偏强时,则不易产生高原低涡。     

北太平洋海气界面湍流热通量的年际变化

本文采用美国伍兹霍尔海洋研究所客观分析海气通量项目提供的1958～2006年月平均的湍流热通量及相关气象场数据, 利用EOF分析、小扰动方法、线性回归、相关分析等方法研究了北太平洋海气界面湍流热通量年际变化的时空特征、 影响因子及其与大气环流的关系。结果表明, 北太平洋湍流热通量的年际变化在冬季最为显著。我国东部海域及其向中东太平洋的延伸部分为冬季潜热通量和感热通量年际变化的关键区。冬季潜热通量的年际变化在副热带太平洋和菲律宾海域主要受风速变化影响, 在北太平洋的高纬和低纬海域尤其是赤道中太平洋主要受比湿差变化影响, 而冬季感热通量的年际变化在整个北太平洋都主要受海气温差变化影响。受大尺度环流影响, 异常低压中心的东 (西) 侧海气比湿差和海气温度差偏小 (偏大), 所以异常低压中心的东 (西) 侧潜热输送和感热输送偏弱 (偏强)。     

南海地区热通量的时空变化特征

本文利用美国 NCEP1958-1998 年高斯网格月平均再分析资料,分析了南海及周边地区(0～20°N,100～125°E)热通量(包括潜热通量和感热通量)的时空变化,结果表明该潜热通量、感热通量具有明显的季节转换特征.南海中部海区是潜热通量、感热通量季节变化最剧烈的关键区,南海季风对潜热、感热输送均有影响,并且蒸发潜热输送大于感热输送.EOF 分析表明,风速对潜热、感热输送贡献较大,另外气温和相对湿度对潜热输送有贡献,而水温与气温差对感热输送有贡献.整个南海地区潜热通量、感热通量具有明显的年际变化特征,潜热通量存在5～8 a 以及 2 a 左右的周期振动,而感热通量只有 5～8 a 的周期振动.     

中国北方干旱区感热及潜热的异常特征

通过对1949—1999年逐月NCEP／NCAR感热通量和潜热通量再分析资料的分析，发现在我国北方干旱区感、潜热通量的年际变化存在着2～3个敏感区，分别位于西北和华北及内蒙一带。其中以东部的华北—内蒙区最为显著。代表上述两个地区通量的平均年际变化表明，在20世纪60年代后期，感、潜热通量存在一个突变；进入70年代以后，上述两个地区的感热通量保持在一个较高的水平上，潜热通量的变化则呈现出相反的变化。     

南亚高压强度的年代际变化及可能原因分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和NOAA ERSST海温资料,对夏季南亚高压的年代际变化特征及其可能机制进行了分析。结果表明,南亚高压由弱到强的年代际转折发生在1970年代末,或者说南亚高压强度在1978年前后发生了年代际突变。对南亚高压偏弱和偏强两个阶段的对比分析表明,大气环流(包括风场、温度场和垂直运动场等)的异常形势和特征显著不同,几乎是相反的。夏季地表潜热通量异常的分析说明,夏季高原(特别是高原西北部)的地表热通量异常对南亚高压强度的年代际变化有重要影响;相对而言,地表感热通量异常可能对南亚高压强度的年代际变化起更重要作用。夏季热带印度洋海温的全区一致型模态在1970年代末也发生了明显的年代际变化,与南亚高压强度的年代际异常有很好的一致性,表明夏季热带印度洋海温一致型模态异常对南亚高压年代际变化有影响。      

基于Noah-MP陆面模式的青藏高原地表感热和潜热通量分布及变化特征

利用中国区域高分辨率数据集作为大气强迫场,驱动修改了热力学粗糙度参数化方案后的NoahMP陆面模式进行了2000-2018年青藏高原地区陆面过程模拟。用野外观测资料校验模拟结果后,分析了地表感热通量（SH）、潜热通量（LH）的分布及变化特征。结果表明,模式能较合理模拟高原地表感热和潜热通量。高原的中、西部为地表感热和潜热通量的年际变率较大区域。模拟的高原中、西部地区感热通量强于东部地区,且绝大部分区域的感热通量是有增强趋势的。对于整个高原,感热通量从2002年前后呈较明显的增强趋势。总体上,四个季节的平均感热都有较明显的增强,特别是在2010年以后。潜热通量在高原东部地区强于中、西部地区。潜热通量的年际变率相对于感热通量的变率要小。中部地区潜热呈减弱趋势,西部和东部都有弱的增强。对于整个高原,潜热通量在2000-2018年呈弱的增强趋势。其中,2000-2003年潜热通量是增强的,2003-2015年呈减弱趋势,主要因素为在夏季潜热通量的减弱。     

中国西南地区地表感热和潜热通量时空变化特征

基于1979—2017年ERA再分析资料地表潜热和感热通量数据,采用经验正交函数(EOF)和功率谱方法对中国西南地区地表感热和潜热通量时空变化特征进行分析。结果表明:(1)中国西南地区,春季感热通量比夏季大;而潜热通量则是夏季大、春季小。春夏季感热通量在2000年以后有明显减弱;而春夏季的潜热通量从2000年以后显著增强。(2)春季感热通量主要存在3种模态空间型,表现为东西反向、全区一致和"-+"偶极子分布;夏季感热通量主要存在2种模态空间型,表现为空间分布一致型。相应的时间系数表征了夏季感热通量显著的年代际变化特征。春季潜热通量存在3种模态空间型,主要表现为全区一致、东西反向和由中心向外递减分布;夏季潜热通量主要存在2种模态空间型,主要表现为全区一致型和由西北向东南呈梯形逐步增强的趋势。相应的时间系数表征了潜热通量显著的年际和年代际变化特征。(3)春夏季感热通量主要有3 a左右的年际变化和10 a以上的年代际变化特征,且年代际变化信号强于年际变化信号。春夏季潜热通量主要存在10 a以上的年代际变化特征。     

中美半干旱区地表能量通量变化特征比较

为了更为全面的认识中美半干旱区域陆气交换过程中地表能量水分循环机制,选取分别位于亚欧大陆和北美大陆上2个不同的典型半干旱区(中国北方半干旱带和北美半干旱区)作为研究区域,从地表通量交换的分析入手,以期全面深入认识半干旱区气候变化的物理机制和特点,进一步分析认识其干旱化趋势。结果表明,感热通量冬季最小,夏季次之;高净辐射、低土壤含水量的季节感热通量一般较高。在40°N以北的测站,降水较多的季节潜热通量较大。1979-2008年30年间,中国东部、东北部的半干旱地区气候变干,且在年代际尺度上可能具有持续干旱化趋势;北美各站点感热通量的长期变化趋势与温度变化的趋势相符,潜热通量和降水有较好的一致性,但站点并没有一致的变干或变湿趋势。中美半干旱区感热的年际变化和趋势明显受温度和平均土壤含水量的影响。潜热通量的年际变化和降水呈正相关,同时也受到温度变化的影响。     

Interdecadal Variations of the Western Pacific Subtropical High and Surface Heat Flux over East Asia and Their Relationship

The interdecadal variation of intensity of the western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH) during the period 1951-2001 is studied by using data from the National Climate Center(NCC),China Meteorological Administration.The characteristics of the circulations at 500 hPa and the surface heat flux over East Asia are also analyzed based on the NCEP/NCAR monthly reanalysis data.The results reveal that the WPSH and the circulations exhibit interdecadal variations around 1978,with enhancing intensities.The interseasonal persistence of the WPSH intensity alters correspondingly to some extent,which is more significant during 1978-2001 than during 1951-1978.The surface heat flux over East Asia also displays a remarkable interdecadal variation,which leads that of the WPSH intensity.The key variation areas of the surface sensible heat flux(SSHF) are mainly located over the eastern and western Tibetan Plateau around the late 1960s.However,the difference of the SSHF between the eastern and western Plateau exhibits a change in the mid 1970s,close to the time of the abrupt climate change of the WPSH intensity.The SSHF of the Plateau stably increases in the west and decreases in the east before the mid-late 1960s,while it stably increases in the east and decreases in the west after the mid-1970s.On the other hand,the key variation area of the surface latent heat flux(SLHF) is mainly situated over the West Pacific(WP),where the SLHF anomaly in spring changes from positive to negative in the south before 1978,but from negative to positive in the north after 1978;while in summer it turns from positive to negative all over the WP after 1978.The interdecadal variation of SLHF in both spring and summer corresponds well to the interdecadal variation of the WPSH intensity in the same season.The notable correlation between the WPSH intensity and SSHF(or SLHF) maintains without any change although each of these qnantities varies on the interdecadal scale.     

An Investigation of the Formation of the Heat Wave in Southern China in Summer 2013 and the Relevant Abnormal Subtropical High Activities

In the summer of 2013, an unprecedented heat wave was experienced over a vast area of southern China. The great areal extent, duration, and strength of this high temperature are very rare. For the 2013 hot spell, the major and direct influence mostly came from the anomaly of the western Pacific subtropical high （WPSH）. The abnormally strong and stable WPSH was associated with specific surrounding circulations. The eastward extension of a stronger Qinghai-Xizang high favored the westward extension of the WPSH. The weaker cold air activity from the polar region led to the northward shift of the WPSH and helped it to remain stable. In the tropics, the western segment of the ITCZ was abnormally strong in the period, and supported the maintenance of the WPSH from the south. In addition, the interdecadal variation of the WPSH provided a decadal background for the anomaly variation of the WPSH that summer.     

Interdecadal Change of the Northward Jump Time of the Western Pacific Subtropical High in Association with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation

In this paper, the northward jump time of the western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH) is defined and analyzed on the interdecadal timescale. The results show that under global warming, significant interdecadal changes have occurred in the time of the WPSH northward jumps. From 1951 to 2012, the time of the first northward jump of WPSH has changed from "continuously early" to "continuously late", with the transition occurring in 1980. The time of the second northward jump of WPSH shows a similar change, with the transition occurring in 1978. In this study, we offer a new perspective by using the time of the northward jump of WPSH to explain the eastern China summer rainfall pattern change from "north-abundant-southbelow-average" to "south-abundant-north-below-average" at the end of the 1970 s. The interdecadal change in the time of the northward jump of WPSH corresponds not only with the summer rainfall pattern, but also with the Pacific decadal oscillation(PDO). The WPSH northward jump time corresponding to the cold(warm) phase of the PDO is early(late). Although the PDO and the El Nino–Southern Oscillation(ENSO)both greatly influence the time of the two northward jumps of WPSH, the PDO’s effect is noticed before the ENSO’s by approximately 1–2 months. After excluding the ENSO influence, we derive composite vertical atmospheric circulation for different phases of the PDO. The results show that during the cold(warm)phase of the PDO, the atmospheric circulations at 200, 500, and 850 h Pa all contribute to an earlier(later)northward jump of the WPSH.     

SEASONAL PERSISTENCE OF THE WEST PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE SURFACE HEAT FLUX ANOMALY

This paper investigates the interannual variation of the West Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) intensity based on the data compiled by the Chinese National Climate Center. Monthly reanalysis data from National Centers for Environmental Prediction and National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) are also used to study the lead-lag relationship between WPSH intensity and surface heat flux anomalies. The three major findings are as follows: First, WPSH intensity presents good seasonal persistence, especially from winter to the ensuing summer. Persistence is more significant after 1977, especially from spring to summer, and from summer to autumn; persistence of anticyclonic anomalies are significantly better than cyclonic anomalies. Second, surface heat flux tends to present opposite anomalous patterns between the strong and weak years of the WPSH intensity, which is especially valid at the latent heat flux over the ocean. Simultaneous correlations between surface heat flux and WPSH intensity in each of the seasons are marked by similar key areas. Finally, surface heat flux from the preceding winter of a strong summer WPSH is quite similar to strong spring WPSH, but the positive anomalies over the northwest Pacific and south of Japan are notably stronger. The situations in the weak years are similar except for those over the northwest Pacific: winter surface heat flux shows negative anomalies for a weak spring WPSH, but positive anomalies for a weak summer WPSH. It is suggested that surface heat flux in the previous winter plays an important role in maintaining the WPSH intensity in the ensuing spring and summer.     

Interannual and interdecadal variations of the South Asian and western Pacific subtropical highs and their relationships with Asian-Pacific summer climate

In this study, interdecadal and interannual variations of the South Asian high (SAH) and the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH), as well as their relationships with the summer climate over Asian and Pacific regions, are addressed. The variations of SAH and WPSH are objectively measured by the first singular value decomposition (SVD) mode of geopotential heights at the 100- and 500-hPa levels. The first SVD mode of summertime 100- and 500-hPa geopotential heights represents well the relationship between the variations of SAH and WPSH. Both SAH and WPSH exhibit large interannual variability and experienced an apparent long-term change in 1987. The WPSH intensifies and extends westward when SAH intensifies and extends eastward, and vice versa. The India?CBurma trough weakens when WPSH intensifies. The changes in SAH and WPSH at various levels are linked to broad-scale increases in tropical tropospheric temperature and geopotential height. When SAH and WPSH strengthen, monsoon flow becomes weaker over eastern Asia. In the meantime, precipitation decreases over eastern South China Sea, Philippines, the Philippine Sea and northeastern Asia, but increases over China, Korea, Japan and the ocean domain east of Japan. Similar features are mostly found on both interdecadal and interannual timescales, but are more evident on interannual timescale.     

Interdecadal Change in Extreme Precipitation over South China and Its Mechanism

Based on the daily precipitation data taken from 17 stations over South China during the period of 1961--2003, a sudden change in summer extreme precipitation events over South China in the early 1990s along with the possible mechanism connected with the anomalies of the latent heat flux over the South China Sea and the sensible heat flux over the Indochina peninsula are examined. The results show that both the annual and summer extreme precipitation events have obvious interdecadal variations and have increased significantly since the early 1990s. Moreover, the latent heat flux over the South China Sea and the sensible heat flux over the Indochina peninsula also have obvious interdecadal variations consistent with that of the extreme precipitation, and influence different months' extreme precipitation, respectively. Their effects are achieved by the interdecadal increases of the strengthening convection over South China through the South China Sea Summer Monsoon.     

中国北方秋雨与热带中太平洋海表冷却的关系

本文利用1951～2011年中国160站降水、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和NOAA延长重建海表温度 (NOAA extended reconstructed SST) 资料,研究了中国9月北方秋雨的年际变化特征及其成因,并用ECHAM5大气环流模式开展了数值试验,最后对2011年9月历史罕见秋雨进行了分析。研究发现,中国北方秋雨有明显的年际和年代际变化,19世纪60年代到1980年代中期,北方秋雨偏多,1950年代、1980年代后期和1990年代秋雨偏少。北方秋雨与西太平洋副热带高压的西伸有密切联系,北方秋雨偏多时,副热带高压偏西偏强,有利于偏南风向北输送水汽并在中国北方辐合。西太平洋副热带高压的加强西伸与热带中太平洋的海表冷却密切有关,偏低的热带中太平洋海表温度(CTSSTI)使其上的对流活动受到抑制,热带西太平洋对流异常旺盛,在西北太平洋出现异常反气旋,加强东亚—西北太平洋的EAP波列,引起西太平洋副热带高压明显西伸,导致秋雨偏多。反之,热带中太平洋海表偏暖,副热带高压偏弱偏南,秋雨偏少。2011年9月北方秋雨的环流异常及成因与统计分析和数值模拟结果基本一致。     

增温停滞背景下黑潮与湾流区域潜热通量年代际趋势变化差异及其成因分析

本文使用美国伍兹霍尔海洋研究所发布的客观分析海气通量项目数据集及日本海洋科学技术中心的Ishii次表层温盐数据,利用经验正交函数分析方法、小扰动展开、线性回归、海水热力学方程2010等方法,主要研究在增温停滞背景（1979～2000年,升温阶段;2001～2013年,停滞阶段）下,北半球两支西边界流区域即黑潮及其延伸区域（简称黑潮区域）和墨西哥湾流区域（简称湾流区域）海表潜热通量的年代际趋势转变和影响因子,以及内部热含量的年代际变化。结果表明,两支西边界流在增温停滞背景下都发生了年代际尺度的趋势反转,而反转的时间节点以及前后的反转趋势都不相同:黑潮区域潜热通量年代际趋势于2001年左右由正转负;而湾流区域潜热通量年代际趋势于1993年左右由负转正。其影响因子在前后阶段也有不同:通过影响海表饱和比湿进而影响海气比湿差,海表温度是影响黑潮区域全时间段以及湾流区域1993～2013年时间段潜热通量变化的主要因素;而风速通过直接的影响以及对空气湿度的影响也会对潜热通量变化产生间接影响,主要在湾流区域的1979～1992年时间段体现。黑潮及湾流区域0～1000 m海水热含量的年代际变化同样存在差异:黑潮区域表层热含量年代际变化同混合层一致;湾流区域表层热含量年代际变化同深层相异,而表层以下的变化较为一致;两个区域的深层热含量变化都体现了增温停滞的现象,黑潮区域可能存在下层至上层的影响;而湾流区域可能存在上层至下层的影响。黑潮与湾流区域表面的差异可以归结为海洋与大气因素的影响差异,而内部热含量年代际变化的垂直差异可能归结为两区域的结构差异。增温停滞对两区域的变化影响显著,而区域的变化可能存在对增温停滞的反馈。     

Rossby波和热带对流活动对2010年6月梅雨发生前后我国东部两次强降水过程的影响

基于574台站的逐日降水资料及NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,在比较2010年梅雨期前后(6月7—11日和18—22日)我国东部两次强降水过程的大尺度环流型差异的基础上,从Rossby波活动通量及热带对流活动探讨了这两次强降水过程的异同。结果表明,相同之处在于:两次强降水过程期间中高纬度地区都存在Rossby波向下游传播,中纬度地区呈现双阻型式,低纬度地区西太平洋副热带高压(以下简称西太副高)强度偏强、西伸脊点位置偏西。不同之处在于:1)第一次降水过程中Rossby波的波源位于北欧地区附近,贝加尔湖地区为低槽,使得冷空气南下到36°N左右;同时孟加拉湾活跃的对流系统使西太副高加强西伸到95°E左右,冷暖空气交汇,导致强降水发生;2)第二次降水过程中Rossby波的波源位于北欧地区和中西伯利亚地区附近,东亚地区的低槽较第一次过程明显加深,有利于冷空气到达长江中下游地区(30°N左右),西太平洋暖池地区活跃的对流系统使得西太副高加强西伸到90°E左右,冷暖空气在长江中下游及其以南地区交汇,导致强降水发生。