MJO对华南前汛期降水的影响及其可能机制

利用站点降水资料、实时多变量MJO(Madden-Julian Oscillation)指数、向外长波辐射(OLR)资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,采用合成分析方法研究了MJO对华南前汛期降水的影响,并讨论其可能机制。结果表明,（1） 在MJO不同位相,华南前汛期降水异常有明显的差异,并且这种差异随滞后时长而发生变化。第2～3位相和第6～7位相分别是影响华南前汛期降水的典型“湿位相”和“干位相”。（2） 华南前汛期降水对MJO的响应需要一定时间,滞后时长约为1～2候。（3） MJO活跃(受抑)对流可通过激发Rossby波影响华南前汛期降水。当MJO活跃(受抑)对流中心位于赤道印度洋附近时,非绝热加热作用激发的Rossby波到达并影响华南地区,华南地区出现水汽供应的增强(减弱),从而促进(抑制)华南前汛期降水。     

MJO对广西汛期降水的影响

利用1979—2012年中国753站地面气象观测站4—9月降水日资料和NCEP/DOE高度场、风场,温度场再分析Ⅱ格点日资料,基于实时多变量MJO指数研究MJO对于广西汛期(4—9月)降水的影响。根据MJO的8个不同位相使用逐日资料进行合成分析,结果表明:MJO对于广西汛期降水有显著影响。当MJO活跃中心位于西印度洋时,副高加强西伸,广西低层西南风增强,大量来自南海和孟加拉湾的水汽在广西上空辐合,广西汛期降水增强;当MJO活跃中心东移靠近西太平洋时,副高减弱东退,偏南暖湿气流向广西输送的水汽减少,其辐合减弱,广西汛期降水减少。     

基于REOF分析的广东前汛期降水趋势的区域特征

采用旋转经验正交展开(REOF)方法,对广东48站前汛期降水标准化距平场进行客观分区,在此基础上对各区区域平均前汛期降水的长期演变趋势进行了讨论。结果表明:广东省前汛期降水量场可以划分为4个区域,即粤东区、粤中区、粤西北区以及雷州半岛区。该4区前汛期降水量线性趋势不显著,年代际变化特征明显。进入21世纪以来,除雷州半岛区降水持续减少外,其余各区出现明显增加。而20世纪90年代以来粤东区和粤中区旱涝发生更为频繁。     

广东前汛期暴雨水汽输送异常变化特征

利用1979—2011年广东省86个测站的地面观测逐日降水资料及NCEP-DOE第二套分析资料,分析广东前汛期及其各月暴雨的水汽输送来源及其异常特征,诊断持续性暴雨过程水汽输送异常随赤道MJO活动的变化。结果表明,从多年气候平均场来看,广东前汛期（4—6月）水汽输送来源主要有孟加拉湾经中南半岛向华南输送（即西南支输送）、源于热带西太平洋随副热带高压边缘气流经南海地区向北输送（即东南支输送）和源于青藏高原西南侧伴随南支西风气流的向东输送（即西支输送）。广东前汛期降水异常变化的水汽输送异常来源与气候平均来源有所不同,前汛期暴雨的水汽输送异常主要是东南支、西支输送的输送异常以及源于我国中低纬度地区随偏北异常气流向南的水汽输送（简称北支输送）异常这三方面,其中北支输送异常主要加强广东区域的水汽通量辐合。暴雨水汽输送异常存在月际变化,西支和北支输送异常是4月、5月、6月暴雨的共同点,另外,5月暴雨还包括西南支、东南支输送异常,6月暴雨则包括东南支输送异常。各月持续性暴雨（持续3 d或以上的暴雨）与非持续性暴雨的水汽输送异常有所不同,4、5、6月东南支水汽输送异常,持续性暴雨比非持续性暴雨明显偏强。6月广东持续性暴雨的西南支水汽输送异常随MJO活动产生一定的变化,在MJO第4、5、6、7位相（8、1、2、3位相）,西南支水汽向华南输送偏强（弱）。赤道MJO活动影响西南支水汽输送强度的物理过程,主要是通过改变大气经向热力对比来影响孟加拉湾西南季风强弱变化,从而使该支气流流向华南的水汽输送发生变化。      

太平洋SSTA对广东前汛期极端降水事件影响的机制分析

利用国家气候中心提供的1960-2004年太平洋SSTA和广东省23个台站逐日降水资料,采用SVD方法对太平洋SSTA和广东省极端降水事件进行了时滞耦合,着重分析了太平洋SSTA对广东前汛期降水的影响机制.结果表明:太平洋SSTA变化与广东前汛期极端降水事件的变化有着显著的相关关系.热带西太平洋是影响广东前汛期极端降水事件的关键区,如果该海域前期秋季SSTA为正异常,次年前汛期高层盛行异常偏南风,而低层盛行异常偏北风,使得前汛期达到广东地区的水汽偏少,造成前汛期极端降水事件偏少,而异常冷年正好相反.赤道中东太平洋也是影响广东前汛期极端降水事件的关键区,该海域前期秋季SSTA处于正异常时,次年前汛期500 hPa高度场表现为WP遥相关型(太平洋西部遥相关型),这样从秋季到次年前汛期西太平洋高压偏强,次年前汛期广东东部及南部地区容易受副高控制,极端降水事件呈偏少趋势,广东偏北区域容易受副高西北侧暖湿气流和北方冷空气交汇影响,极端降水事件有偏多倾向,而异常冷年正好相反.     

6月MJO对广东降水调制与直接影响系统的联系

利用1979—2008年广东省86个测站逐日降水资料及NCEP-DOE第2套分析资料等,提出影响广东500 hPa环流系统的判别方法,分析6月赤道MJO (季节内振荡) 活动对广东降水的调制作用随中低纬度环流型的变化。结果表明:强MJO第3位相广东出现强降水的概率最高,是8个位相中唯一强降水等级出现日数超过弱降水日数的位相。在直接影响广东的5种500 hPa环流系统 (包括西风槽、西风浅槽、平直西风或高压边缘、副热带高压、热带低压槽) 中,西风槽类型影响时,赤道MJO对广东降水的调制作用最强,其他环流类型影响时,MJO的调制作用很弱。广东在西风槽影响下,当处于MJO第3位相 (第6位相) 时,降水距平百分率达到最高 (低)。MJO对广东降水的调制作用随中低纬度环流系统的变化,主要是环流系统之间的不同配合导致降水所需的动力上升条件和水汽输送条件的相互配合发生变化造成的。     

广东前汛期异常旱涝的大气环流特征

用1957～1999年广东省19个代表站4～6月降水资料和500hPa高度场资料，着重分析和讨论了广东省前汛期异常旱、涝年的同期和前期500hPa合成平均场的主要差异,以及前期关键月、关键区的特点，为广东省前汛期异常旱、涝的预测提供判别依据。     

MJO对我国东部春季降水影响的分析

利用澳大利亚气象局的MJO(Madden-Julian Oscillation)指数,通过位相合成及对比分析研究了MJO对我国东部春季降水的影响.研究表明,当MJO传播至中东印度洋时,我国长江中下游地区的春季降水为正异常,当其进一步东传至中南半岛-印尼群岛一带时,我国华南地区的春季降水为正异常,而在其他活动阶段不利于我国东部的春季降水.对比分析表明,MJO的活动主要通过引起大尺度环流异常、对流层中低层涡度及水汽输送的异常,进而对我国东部春季降水产生明显的影响.     

广东汛期降水的时空分布特征

利用国家气候中心提供的1963～2002年广东地区23个台站的逐日降水量和NCEP／NCAR的再分析资料,分析了广东汛期降水主要时段（4～9月）的时空变化特征。结果表明：广东汛期降水量在近40年的时间里存在着微弱上升趋势,广东地区汛期降水存在较明显的年际变化特征;汛期降水量自南向北、由东到西北逐渐减少,并存在5个分区,即北部区、西南部区、中部区、西部区和东部区;广东地区全汛期和前、后汛期在EOF主要的模态变化上基本一致,而在其他模态的变化上与后汛期的变化更为接近。这是由于广东地区跨度大,地形对广东汛期降水空间分布的影响表现突出。     

Impacts of the MJO in the Indian Ocean and on the Western Australian coast

The large sea surface temperature variations induced by the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) on the northwest shelf of Australia and the remote influence of the MJO on the subtropical Western Australian coast are explored using the POAMA Ensemble Ocean Data Assimilation System reanalyses (PEODAS) for the period 1980–2010. The focus here is during the November–April extended summer season when the impacts of the MJO on and along the west coast of Australia are greatest. The MJO is well known to force equatorial Kelvin and Rossby waves in the Indian Ocean, and these are well depicted in the PEODAS reanalyses. When the downwelling Kelvin waves (forced by the westerly-convective phase of the MJO) reach the Indonesian region at the eastern boundary of the Indian Ocean, a coastally trapped Kelvin wave appears to propagate southeast along the Indonesian coastline. At the same time, the suppressed convection/easterly phase of the MJO arrives in the eastern Indian Ocean, with increased heat flux into the ocean due to reduced latent heat flux and increased insolation. The coastally trapped Kelvin waves do not appear to get onto the Western Australian coast. Rather, the increased heat flux and Ekman-induced downwelling onto the northwest (NW) coast in the suppressed/easterly phase of the MJO drive an increase in sea surface temperature on the NW Australian shelf. The piling up of warm water and associated sea level rise on the NW shelf is then communicated down the Western Australian coast as a coastally trapped wave, resulting in an increase in the Leeuwin current. Thus we conclude that the MJO signal in sea level along the west coast of Australia does not result from transmission of equatorial waves onto the Western Australian coast, but rather a southward-propagating coastal trapped wave that is directly forced on the NW shelf through Ekman-induced vertical advection and surface heat fluxes in the easterly phase of the MJO. Additionally, subtropical coastal sea level variability is reinforced locally via a teleconnection of the MJO to the local meridional wind off the southwest Australian coast. Considering the capability to predict the MJO to about 4 weeks lead time plus the 2 weeks taken for the MJO signal on the NW shelf to influence sea level at Fremantle, the use of MJO forecasts in management of the Western Australian marine environment should be considered for future application.     

广东冬季寒害对香蕉产量的影响

广东丰富的气候资源有利于香蕉生产的发展,但冬季寒害仍可使香蕉生产遭受重大损失,即使冬季最温暖的粤西南亦难幸免。阐述了广东香蕉寒害发生的情况,对几次突出的冬季寒害及其危害进行分析。严重影响广东香蕉主产区的寒害虽然平均约5年左右一遇,但是20世纪90年代寒害出现较频繁,加上反季节种植的春夏蕉由于经济效益较高,种植面积迅速扩大,使得其抽蕾或花芽分化在冬季,造成香蕉遭受寒害的几率增大,对香蕉产量影响很大。为此,广东香蕉生产的发展要重视寒害、风害及市场变化带来的风险,必须因地因时制宜,合理布局,搞好防灾减灾。     

碳交易政策的经济影响:以广东省为例

通过构建广东省两区域动态模型,对广东省碳交易及其他政策措施进行定量评估,分析实施可调控总量的碳交易政策机制对广东省及参与交易部门的经济影响。研究结果表明,按照减排情景到2015年广东完成19.5%的碳强度下降目标,相比基准情景,GDP将减少0.7%;按照强减排情景到2015年将完成20.5%的碳强度下降目标,相比基准情景GDP将减少0.9%;如果在强减排情景的基础上实施碳交易政策,GDP相对基准情景减少0.8%,到2015年实施碳交易政策可减少GDP损失约90亿元,说明广东建立碳排放权交易机制能够发挥支持经济发展和节能减碳双赢的作用。     

Impacts of Previous Winter Kuroshio SSTA on Summer Rainfall in China

1. IntroductionAs well known, Kuroshio is a famous and strongwest boundary current in the North Pacific. It trans-fers enormous energy from the low latitudes to themid-high latitudes and releases huge heat flux to theatmosphere above (Hsiung, 1985). The variation ofKuroshio exerts great influence on weather and cli-mate in East Asian.During 1950-60s, Lü (1950, 1964) found that thewestern North Pacific SSTA had a close relation withsummer rainfall in China. In the 1970s, evidencesshowed…     

诱发江西滑坡的降水特征分析

滑坡是江西最严重的地质灾害，在自然灾害中仅次于洪涝灾害和旱灾。滑坡的形成除与地质条件有关外，降雨和人类的工程活动是很重要的诱发因素。通过分析大量的滑坡资料和气象(雨量)数据，研究和探讨了滑坡的发生与降水特征之间的关系，发现滑坡的发生与近3天内的降水强度、过程降水总雨量、降水的持续时间等关系十分密切。建立了一个用日综合雨量预测滑坡发生的数学统计模型，并对江西2002年3次重大滑坡过程进行了检验，效果良好．     

地表潜热通量对四川地区降水影响的数值分析

本文利用中国科学院大气物理研究所LASG（IAP）的区域暴雨模式AREM,对2007年7月四川地区的天气过程进行数值试验和分析,结果表明采用不同的地表参数化方案模拟的地表潜热通量在地形复杂的高原东部边坡地带的差异最大,直接导致该区域降水模拟的显著偏差,这一结果同时表明四川盆地降水和地表潜热通量之间有着密切的关系。通过对敏感性试验结果的分析,表明局地下垫面水汽通量是通过改变低层大气的层结结构来影响降水的强度和主要降水时段的。     

陕西省降水量变化的区域特征分析

根据陕西省1951—2000年的降水量资料,采用旋转主因子分析方法,对冬季、夏季和年降水量场进行客观分区。陕西省可划分为3个子区域：陕北区、关中陕南西部区和陕南区。在此基础上,研究了陕西省降水量变化的区域特征和年代际变化以及长期趋势特征。结果表明,陕西省过去50年降水量有显著的北少南多特征,而且陕北区降水量的减少趋势远大于关中陕南西部区,陕南区在夏季和冬季降水量还略有增加。     

Possible Impacts of the Arctic Oscillation on the Interdecadal Variation of Summer Monsoon Rainfall in East Asia

The influences of the wintertime AO (Arctic Oscillation) on the interdecadal variation of summer monsoon rainfall in East Asia were examined. An interdecadal abrupt change was found by the end of the 1970s in the variation of the AO index and the leading principal component time series of the summer rainfall in East Asia, The rainfall anomaly changed from below normal to above normal in central China, the southern part of northeastern China and the Korean peninsula around 1978. However,the opposite interdecadal variation was found in the rainfall anomaly in North China and South China.The interdecadal variation of summer rainfall is associated with the weakening of the East Asia summer monsoon circulation. It is indicated that the interdecadal variation of the AO exerts an influence on the weakening of the monsoon circulation. The recent trend in the AO toward its high-index polarity during the past two decades plays important roles in the land-sea contrast anomalies and wintertime precipitation anomaly. The mid- and high-latitude regions of the Asian continent are warming, while the low-latitude regions are cooling in winter and spring along with the AO entering its high-index polarity after the late 1970s. In the meantime, the precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau and South China is excessive, implying an increase of soil moisture. The cooling tendency of the land in the southern part of Asia will persist until summer because of the memory of soil moisture. So the warming of the Asian continent is relatively slow in summer. Moreover, the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean which are located southward and eastward of the Asian land, are warming from winter to summer. This suggests that the contrast between the land and sea is decreased in summer. The interdecadal decrease of the land-sea heat contrast finally leads to the weakening of the East Asia summer monsoon circulation.     

Potential vorticity aspects of the MJO

Considering linearized motion about a resting basic state, we derive analytical solutions of the equatorial β-plane primitive equations under the assumption that the flow is steady in a reference frame moving eastward with a diabatic forcing resembling a Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) convective envelope. The solutions are analyzed in terms of potential vorticity (PV) dynamics. Because the diabatic source term for PV contains a factor βy, the diabatic heat source is ineffective at generating a PV anomaly at the equator but maximizes the PV response near the poleward edges of the heat source. In this way a moving heat source can produce two ribbons of lower tropospheric PV anomaly, a positive one off the equator in the northern hemisphere and a negative one off the equator in the southern hemisphere, with oppositely signed PV anomalies in the upper troposphere. Associated with these PV anomalies are geopotential anomalies that are shifted several hundred kilometers poleward. In the lower troposphere these zonally elongated geopotential anomalies resemble ITCZ trough zones, which demonstrates the close connection between the MJO wake dynamics and the formation of double ITCZs.To demonstrate that the MJO wake response can be described by simple PV dynamics, we propose an invertibility principle relating the PV to the streamfunction, which in turn is locally related to the geopotential. This equatorial invertibility principle accurately recovers the balanced wind and mass fields found in the MJO wake in the primitive equation model. However, while the invertibility principle highlights the ability of simple PV dynamics to accurately describe the flow in the wake of an MJO convective envelope, it also clearly illustrates the inability of such dynamics to describe the Kelvin-like flow pattern ahead of the convection.