近距离煤层开采水害防治技术研究

东滩煤矿三采区计划开采2、3煤层,该区具有断层裂隙发育、向斜轴部易积水、2煤层与3煤层间距较小等特点,充水条件相对复杂,回采工作面受水害威胁较严重。为确保矿井安全生产,在分析矿井三采区地质及水文地质条件的基础上,对含水层富水性进行了分析,认为2、3煤层顶板砂岩含水层和3煤层底板砂岩含水层均为极弱至中等富水性含水层;根据已有资料对2、3煤层底板等高线进行了分析,对煤层开采后采空区积水进行了预测;得出了三采区开采2、3煤层充水含水层为2、3煤层顶部砂岩及3煤层底板砂岩,涌水形式以工作面顶板来水为主,采后采动裂隙是回采工作面充水的主要通道,在此基础上,进行了工作面涌水量预计,并制定了工作面开采综合防治水措施。     

鄂尔多斯盆地北部深埋煤层工作面涌水量预测方法

鄂尔多斯盆地北部侏罗纪深埋区中生代地层以河流相沉积为主,呈分阶段的多旋回演化特点,导致煤层顶板含隔水层交替分布;由于地表大部分为毛乌素沙漠,降水入渗补给系数大,第四系松散层储水能力强,充足的补给水源造成煤层顶板直接充水含水层富水性较强,其中最主要的充水含水层为七里镇砂岩,以七里镇砂岩为关键层,将煤层至七里镇砂岩概化为一个直接充水含水层。承压水井大降深抽水时,当井中水位低于含水层顶板,井附近的含水层会出现无压水流区,形成承压–无压水井,采用分段法计算流向井的流量,包括无压水区和承压水区。实际工作面回采过程中,井中水位已降低至煤层底板;传统的承压–无压水井公式假设条件为井径较小(≤m级),而实际工作面回采过程中,随着覆岩导水裂隙带对七里镇砂岩关键充水含水层的破坏,导致整个煤层顶板形成巨大的采空区疏水井(102~103 m级),且该采空区疏水井半径逐渐增大,传统公式适用性不高。基于《地下水动力学》中的承压–无压水井公式,结合鄂尔多斯盆地北部深埋煤炭开采过程中采空区疏水井演化过程,建立适合于深埋区开采扰动下的采空区疏水井承压–无压水公式;以葫芦素煤矿首采工作面为研究对象,利用地质勘探和井下揭露获得的相关水文地质参数,计算葫芦素煤矿首采工作面回采过程中涌水量。结果表明:工作面回采初期,由于导水裂隙带未充分发育,尚未沟通七里镇砂岩,此阶段实际涌水量偏小;中后期导水裂隙带发育至七里镇砂岩,涌水量计算值与实际值较为接近,证明深埋煤层工作面涌水量计算公式可较准确地预测研究区工作面回采过程中的涌水量。本次建立的深埋工作面涌水量计算公式,广泛适用于我国西部侏罗纪煤田区,可为深埋煤田区煤炭资源安全开采提供科学的水害防治依据。      

蒙陕深埋矿区工作面涌水量全生命周期演化规律

蒙陕深埋矿区属于新开发矿区,煤炭开采扰动下水文地质特征仍不清楚,基建和生产过程中发生了多种类型的水害问题,其中工作面回采过程中和回采结束后的涌水变化特征研究处于空白,给井下排水系统设置和防治水工作开展增加了难度。为查清工作面回采前后的全生命周期涌水量演化规律,开展顶板含水层分布、导水裂隙带发育、涌水量变化等方面的实测研究。结果表明：煤层顶板地层均属于河流/河湖相沉积,空间上呈含隔水层互层状展布,隔水层的主要岩性为泥岩、砂质泥岩;受控于鄂尔多斯盆地伊陕斜坡的单斜构造,含煤地层高程在蒙陕接壤区最低,其顶板侏罗纪煤系含水层属于区域性地下水滞流区。煤层顶板地层在中生代沉积旋回作用下,发育了3层直接充水含水层,其中直罗组七里镇砂岩(Ⅰ号含水层)距离3-1煤层顶板77.4～109.4 m,呈富水强、水压高的特点;导水裂隙带实测高度为103.4 m,裂采比18.8,工作面回采过程中导水裂隙带将发育至Ⅰ号含水层。工作面回采前期,随着导水裂隙带向上发育沟通不同含水层,采空区涌水量呈阶段性增加,工作面回采至300 m左右,采空区涌水出现第一个峰值;工作面回采中后期,导水裂隙带持续周期性发育,导致顶板含水层...     

东欢坨矿顶板涌水条件与工作面水量动态预测

针对开滦东欢坨矿开采煤₈诱发的顶板涌(突)水问题,首先采用五个物理场的多源地学信息复合研究方法对煤₈顶板充水含水层进行了富水性综合分区。此外,在充分分析煤₈至顶板充水含水层间岩段的岩性特征基础上,将据《煤矿安全规程》计算出的导水裂隙带发育高度进行了全方位的岩性场定性校正,并编制了煤₈回采冒落安全性分区图。在此基础上,耦合叠加分析煤₈回采冒落安全性分区和其顶板充水含水层的富水性分区结果,对东欢坨矿煤₈回采顶板涌(突)水条件进行了综合评价,提出了A、B、C、D、E5个不同涌(突)水特征的分区划分方案。最后运用目前国际上先进的地下水流水质模拟评价的Visual Modflow专业软件系统,建立了三维可视化渗流模型,并对待采的2086、2188B回采工作面涌水量进行了动态实时预测。      

浅谈充水复杂残采区水害防治技术

本文分析了残采区老塘、老硐充水原因,提出了上行布置工作面、缩小工作面垂高、下机巷布置泄水眼、上微倾回采等防治水害的技术措施.实践表明,采用这套措施效果良好,这可为今后类似水文地质条件下的煤层开采,提供借鉴.     

彬长矿区亭南煤矿207工作面综合防治水技术

陕西彬长矿区亭南煤矿207工作面为二盘区第五个回采工作面,采用综采放顶煤回采工艺。回采前工作面采用采前预疏放、回采过程中采用向相邻采空区打煤泥水,低位泄水和面后排清水以及仰采范围内采用阶梯式放水等综合措施,彻底解决工作面回采期间的水害问题。通过对亭南煤矿207工作面综合防治水技术应用研究,积累了复杂条件下工作面防治水技术经验。     

高水位异常区综采工作面综合防治水技术

高水位水文异常区综采工作面开采时受水害威胁较大,为了保证安全开采,必须采取有效的综合防治水措施。通过在东欢坨井田2286工作面回采前对该类工作面进行综合防治水技术研究,利用施工专用泄水巷道、直流电法勘探、打钻探放以及回采期间应用针对性的防治水技术,确保了这种特殊条件下大水工作面的安全回采。实践证明,该系列综合防治水技术对其他类似水文地质条件下综采工作面的安全开采具有一定的借鉴意义。     

高水位异常区综采工作面综合防治水技术

高水位水文异常区综采工作面开采时受水害威胁较大,为了保证安全开采,必须采取有效的综合防治水措施。通过在东欢坨井田2286工作面回采前对该类工作面进行综合防治水技术研究,利用施工专用泄水巷道、直流电法勘探、打钻探放以及回采期间应用针对性的防治水技术,确保了这种特殊条件下大水工作面的安全回采。实践证明,该系列综合防治水技术对其他类似水文地质条件下综采工作面的安全开采具有一定的借鉴意义。      

861^—1工作面出水机理分析

从861-1工作面地质及水文地质条件出发,通过导水裂隙带高度计算、水质化验确定该面生产的充水因素为来自上部松散层底部的四含水,并对四含的沉积特征,富水规律进行了评价。依据现场实测资料和工作面回采过程中水量变化及涌出形式分析,总结出该面的出水机理受富水性差异、构造影响、采动矿压和采煤进度控制,并针对性地提出了相应的防治水措施。     

铜川玉华煤矿顶板离层水突水机理与防治

陕西铜川玉华煤矿一盘区1418工作面,回采期间发生多次突水事故,对煤矿的正常生产和人员的生命安全构成严重威胁。从本井田地质和水文地质资料入手,分析了工作面突水的背景、水源、通道等,得出洛河组下段砂岩裂隙含水层水为离层空间充水的主要水源,煤层采动后形成的导水裂隙带为主要的导水通道。通过理论分析和模拟研究覆岩移动破坏规律,分析确定导水裂隙带发育过程和离层空间可能发育的位置,离层水形成、发展及突水过程,从而总结出玉华井田1418工作面顶板离层水突水机理,为矿井后期实现安全高效生产提出切实有效的防治水措施打好基础。      

大气水—地表水—土壤水—地下水相互转化关系的试验研究

本文重点研究了有作物条件下不同供水农田的“四水”相互转化,突出了有作物条件下降水入渗、潜水蒸发的差异性,土壤水在农业生态环境中的重要性,为水资源多目标开发,探索新路子。     

水资源(环境)承载力的研究进展

概述了水资源(环境)承载力的概念、特征、量化评价方法及其总体研究的进展。强调了系统研究水资源(环境)承载力的重要现实意义。指出了当前研究中的不足,以及有待进一步研究的问题。     

供水管井设计出水量的确定

论述了管井出水能力的概念及确定管井出水量的理论依据。科学合理的出水量设计和避免过量抽水,是确保管井良好运行、延长管井使用寿命的关键。并以孟加拉国Barapukuria电厂水源地为例,对管井出水量的设计方法进行了详细说明。      

Effect of Zob-Ahan effluent water on ground water quality

Even though, application of industrial effluent water may alleviate the irrigation water shortage in dry regions such as Iran, but uncontrolled discharge into environment and agricultural land may cause unirreversible harmful damage to environments. Therefore, application of industrial effluent water should consider the environmental consequences such as soil, ground water and food contamination. In this study the effect application of Zob-Ahan effluent water for irrigation water and seepage from evaporation ponds on the chemical composition of surrounding well-water were seasonally investigated from April to March in 2003. The water from the selected well was sampled and analyzed for pH, EC, nitrate, hardness, TSS, TDS, and cations including Na^＋, Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋, anions including SO4^2-, CO3^2-, HCO3^-, Cl^-, and heavy metals including Pb, Cd, Cu, Fe, Cr, Mn, Co, and Zn . The results were compared with standard levels for ground water resources, irrigation water, and direct human consumption. The result shows that the ground water in the vicinity of effluent water application fields and evaporation ponds is contaminated and the concentrations of NO3, Cl and Fe are higher than standard permissible levels for ground water resources. For irrigation or discharge into absorption well the heavy metal concentrations of Cu, Cr, Co, and Fe are limiting.     

水汽场中气液态水质量比的确定方法

包气带中裂隙岩体含水量无法用仪器或者实验的方法获取,也无法用理论方法计算,而这部分水对生态复绿和文物保护等的影响不容忽视。为了解决这一问题,确定岩体内气液态水的质量比（α）是关键。在岩体、气态水和液态水组成的开放系统中,当系统内相对湿度达到100%,系统达到局域平衡态。根据热动力学平衡理论,此时系统内气液态水的密度和质量都相等,即液态水和气态水的质量之比为一常数。因此,为了求取α值,文章设计了室内试验,通过对有效试验数据的分析,获取计算α经验公式。试验研究表明:质量比α跟温度t呈指数函数关系;当气态水达到饱和时,液态水的质量远大于气态水的质量。此研究不仅为定量评价包气带中岩体内水汽含量提供一种计算方法,同时对探讨包气带中岩体内气液态水转化规律具有十分重要的参考价值。     

Arsenic contamination of ground and pond water and water purification system using pond water in Bangladesh

This paper, firstly, shows the distribution of arsenic-contaminated groundwater in Samta village. This village, which is in Jessore district in Bangladesh, was chosen as a model village for investigating the mechanism of groundwater contamination. 90% of the tube wells in this village had arsenic concentrations above the Bangladesh standard of 0.05 mg/l. Tube wells with arsenic concentrations of over 0.50 mg/l were distributed in the southern part of the village with a belt-like shape from east to west. Secondly, groundwater distribution is discussed with respect to its flow and the high arsenic zone (As≥0.50 mg/l) agrees well with the drifting zone of the groundwater. Furthermore, arsenic-free water supply systems suitable for a small area in the village have been developed. A pond sand filter (PSF) system which purifies pond water is discussed in this paper. Prior to the construction of the PSF, the water quality in ponds was examined for arsenic levels. The inflow of drainage from the tube wells was found to be the major cause of arsenic contamination of pond water. The PSF installed in Samta is working very well and produces a good quality of treated water.     

13071采煤工作面突水水源分析与治理技术

通过对含煤地层薄层灰岩含水层长观孔、奥陶系灰岩含水层长观孔、斜风井采空区老空水的水位观测及突水水质的化验,认为告成煤矿13071工作面的突水水源主要为薄层灰岩水,斜风井老空水、奥陶系灰岩水有少量参与.其导水通道是工作面内底板存在的贯通裂隙带,通过采用以疏为主,其他为辅的治理方案,煤矿恢复了工作面的正常生产.     

General ground water geochemistry of Hellas using bottled water samples

Sixty-one still bottled water samples, representing 41 locations, were collected from Hellas for the purpose of studying the geochemistry of ground water. Since, the dominating lithology comprises limestone, dolomitic limestone, marble, and mafic–ultramafic rocks (ophiolites), the dominant major ions in Hellenic bottled waters are Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, CO₃²⁻ and HCO₃⁻, and are, thus, classified in the Ca²⁺–Mg²⁺–HCO₃⁻ hydrochemical facies. The source aquifers of Hellenic bottled water are apparently continuously replenished by fresh water. Comparison of values of Ca, Mg, K, Na, Cl⁻, HCO₃⁻, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, pH and electrical conductivity, displayed on bottle labels with those of this study, has shown that there is a fairly good correlation between the two data sets, suggesting that the geochemistry of source aquifers is relatively stable over time, at least from 1998 to 2008.     

生态及环境需水量研究进展与前瞻

论述了国内外有关生态、环境需水研究的进展情况,包括研究内容、定量计算方法及其研究成果等。在此基础上,指出目前生态、环境需水研究领域存在的主要问题,从理论和实践两个方面,提出了生态、环境需水今后需进一步研究的课题。     

Assessing water quality using water quality index and multivariate analysis

Groundwater is increasingly gaining significance as the main solution to the water supply problems in Ghana, especially in the rural areas. This study was conducted to determine which factors play significant roles in the hydrochemistry of groundwater from the southern Voltaian formation. Conventional graphical and multivariate statistical methods were used. The study reveals three main factors controlling the hydrochemistry. Silicate mineral weathering and reverse cation exchange are the most important processes affecting the hydrochemistry of groundwater at this part of the formation. Interpolation maps created from factor scores suggest that these processes are the most pervasive, recording high scores almost everywhere in the study area. Carbonate mineral weathering is the second most important process in the hydrochemistry. This study finds that carbonate mineral weathering in the area is probably facilitated by carbonic acid rather than sulfuric acid. Chemicals from agricultural activities constitute the third most important process influencing groundwater quality in the area. Eighty samples were used to calculate water quality indices, WQI, which were in turn used to classify groundwater from the study area. Over 98% of the samples fall within the “Excellent” and “Good” categories, suggesting that groundwater from the southern Voltaian formation is generally acceptable for drinking purposes.