Phosphorus forms and bioavailability of lake sediments in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River

Forms of phosphorus in sediments from 25 lakes in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River were analyzed by the sequential extraction procedure. Contents and spatial distrubution of algal available phosphorus (AAP) in sediments of Lake Taihu, the third largest freshwater lake of China, were also studied. Relationships between phosphorus forms in sediment and macrophytes coverage in sample sites, as well as phosphorus forms in sediments and chlorophyal contents in lake water were discussed. Exchangeable form of phosphorus (Ex-P) in surface sediments was significantly positive correlative to total phosphorus (TP), dissolved total phosphorus (DTP) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) contents in the lake water. Bioavailable phosphorus (Bio-P) contents in sediments from macrophytes dominant sites were significantly lower than that in no macrophyte sites. In Lake Taihu, Ex-P content in top 3 cm sediment was highest. However, content of ferric fraction phosphorus (Fe-P) was highest in 4–10 cm. Bioavalilble phosphorus (Bio-P) contents in surface sediments positively correlated to Chlorophyll a contents in water of Lake Taihu with significant difference. Therefore, contents of Bio-P and AAP could be acted as the indicators of risks of internal release of phosphorus in the shallow lakes. It was estimated that there were 268.6 ton AAP in top 1 cm sediments in Lake Taihu. Sediment suspension caused by strong wind-induced wave disturbance could carry plenty of AAP into water in large shallow lakes like Lake Taihu.     

长江中下游湖泊沉积物氮磷形态与释放风险关系

运用聚类分析、主成分分析和相关矩阵的统计分析手段,对长江中下游湖群共18个湖泊的沉积物氮磷释放风险以及湖泊沉积物、间隙水和上覆水中氮磷形态以及其他相关地球化学参数进行分析。草型和藻型湖泊的环境差异是造成氮磷释放风险的主要原因。氮磷释放风险与铁磷、藻类可利用磷、总氮、总磷、上覆水氮磷含量、间隙水氮含量、孔隙度和有机质含量间的关系最为密切。决定磷酸盐释放风险的主要形态磷是藻类可利用磷和铁磷,其他形态磷或者含量较低或者不易被转化释放,对磷酸盐释放风险影响较小。有机磷含量对磷的释放风险没有直接决定作用,但它与有机质含量间呈显著正相关。     

The nutrient forms, cycling and exchange flux in the sediment and overlying water system in lakes from the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River

This paper is a review of research works concerning the nutrient transportation, transformation and exchange between water, sediment and biota in the lakes from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River conducted in the context of project entitled "The Processes and Mechanism of Lake Eutrophication in Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River". All the lakes from this area are shallow lakes. According to the typical lake site research, the lakes from the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River have a higher baseline of nutrition in the history. Normally the trophic status of these lakes can be categorized into medium-trophic or eutrophic. Human activities have been enhanced during the last decades, which speed up the lake eutrophic process. Lake eutrophication control needs to reduce not only the external nutrient inputs from watershed but also the internal loading from the sediments. Investigations revealed that the lake sediments in this area are considerablly high in nutrition in which at most about 30% of phosphorus exists in the form of bio-available in the sediment. The surface sediment will exert great effects on the nutrient exchange between water-sediment interface via adsorption and release of nutrient. The nutrient release from the sediment in these shallow lakes is mainly in two ways, i.e. in the undisturbed condition the nutrient is released through diffusion created by the nutrient gradient from sediment to overlying water; whereas in disturbed condition, the nutrient release is determined by the hydrodynamic forcing intensity and the sediment resuspension. Metallic elements such as the iron, manganese and aluminium and the aerobic-anaerobic ambience will affect the release of nutrients. The disturbed release will increase the total nutrients in the water column significantly in the short period. At the beginning of sediment resuspension, the dissolved nutrient concentration will increase. This increase will be damped if the ferric oxide and aluminium are rich in sediment because of the adsorption and flocculation. This means that the lakes have capability of eliminating the nutrient loadings. Investigations for the lakes from middle and down stream of Yangtze River have suggested that most lakes have the self-cleaning capability. Dredging the control of the internal loading, therefore, is only applicable to the small lakes or undisturbed bays which normally are situated nearby the city or town and rich in organic materials in the sediment. In addition, the strong reduction condition and weak aeration of these lakes and bays make these small lakes and bays release much more bio-available nutrient and without much self-eliminating capability. Moreover, eutrophication induced algal bloom in these lakes will change the pH of water, which further induces the increase in the nutrient release. In turn, the increase in nutrient release promotes the growth of phytoplankton and results in severe algal bloom. For the heavily polluted water, research suggests that the biomass of bacteria and alkaline phosphatase activity will be higher corresponding to the higher concentration of nutrients, which accelerates the nutrient recycling between water, sediment and biota. Quick recycling of nutrient, in turn, promotes the production and biomass growth of microorganism and leads to more severe eutrophication. Further research work should focus on the nutrient transformation mechanism and the effects of microbial loop on the eutrophication.     

长江中下游湖泊沉积物生物可利用磷分布特征

利用化学提取方法对太湖6个样点,巢湖4个样点和龙感湖3个样点的表层沉积物和沉积物柱样进行了生物可利用磷(BAP)测定．北太湖表层沉积物的平均含量为259．5mg／kg,而西部湖区平均含量为114 6mg／kg,湖心区平均含量为40．6 mg/kg,而东太湖平均含量为50．7 mg／kg,呈显著北高南低的特点．巢湖西部湖区表层沉积物的BAP平均含量为 254．2 mg／kg,而东部湖区BAP含量降低为101．9mg／kg．龙感湖表层沉积物BAP平均含量为67．8 mg／kg．显著表明污染程度较高的湖区沉积物的BAP相应较高．BAP在沉积物中随深度呈指数降低,显示生物可利用磷在沉积作用下向稳定的非活性磷转化．夏季沉积物中的BAP由于生物活性的增强向溶解态活性磷转化过程增强,显示为较低的BAP含量．BAP 含量与水体溶解态活性磷呈正相关关系,且该相关性在BAP含量较低的样点好于高BAP的样点．     

长江中下游湖泊大型底栖动物群落结构及多样性

2007年10月至2008年4月,对长江中下游地区四种不同类型(草型、天然养殖、施肥养殖以及城市湖泊)的10个湖泊的大型底栖动物群落结构和多样性进行研究,并分析其与水体营养状态之间的关系.研究结果表明,不同类型湖泊底栖动物的密度、生物量、多样性及特征种类均存在显著差异.草型湖泊具有最高的生物量和多样性,但密度最低,其特征种类为腹足纲动物.天然养殖湖泊生物量也较高,物种多样性处于中间水平,特征种类为河蚬、寡鳃齿吻沙蚕及苏氏尾鳃蚓.施肥养殖湖泊和城市湖泊底栖动物密度较高,并呈现出最低的物种多样性,特征种类主要是耐污能力较强的颤蚓类和摇蚊科幼虫.相关性分析表明湖泊营养状态指数与底栖动物密度呈显著正相关,而与生物量呈显著负相关,说明随着营养水平的增加,底栖动物群落逐渐被小个体的耐污种类所主导.Margalef丰富度指数及Pielou均匀度指数与营养状态指数亦呈显著负相关,反映目前长江中下游湖泊随营养水平增加底栖动物群落趋于简单化的演替趋势.     

Changes in the patterns of inorganic nitrogen and TN/TP ratio and the associated mechanism of biological regulation in the shallow lakes of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

The changes of NH3-N, NO3-N, NO2-N and TN/TP were studied during growth and non-growth season in 33 subtropical shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. There were significant positive correlations among all nutrient concentrations, and the correlations were better in growth season than in non-growth season. When TP>0.1 mgL-1, NH3-N increased sharply in non-growth season with increasing TP, and NO3-N increased in growth season but decreased in non-growth season with TP. These might be attributed to lower dissolved oxygen and low temperature in non-growth season of the hypereutrophic lakes, since nitrification is more sensitive to dissolved oxygen and temperature than antinitrification. When 0.1 mgL-1>TP>0.035 mgL-1, TN and all kinds of inorganic nitrogen were lower in growth season than in non-growth season, and phytoplank-ton might be the vital regulating factor. When TP<0.035 mgL-1, inorganic nitrogen concentrations were relatively low and NH3-N, NO2-N had significant correlations with phytoplankton, indicating that NH3-N and NO2-N might be limiting factors to phytoplankton. In addition, TN/TP went down with decline in TP concentration, and TN and inorganic nitrogen concentrations were obviously lower in growth season than in non-growth season, suggesting that decreasing nitrogen (especially NH3-N and NO3-N) was an important reason for the decreasing TN/TP in growth season. The ranges of TN/TP were closely related to trophic level in both growth and non-growth seasons, and it is apparent that in the eutrophic and hypertrophic state the TN/TP ratio was obviously lower in growth season than in non-growth season. The changes of the TN/TP ratio were closely correlated with trophic levels, and both declines of TN in the water column and TP release from the sediment were important factors for the decline of the TN/TP ratio in growth season.     

长江中下游地区湖泊沉积物杀生剂污染特征及生态风险

杀生剂作为抑菌活性成分,广泛应用于药物、个人护理品、食品、农业及其他多种领域中。大量杀生剂会直接或者随污水处理厂出水进入地表水环境中,威胁人体健康和生态安全。本研究通过对长江中下游地区61个湖泊进行调查,共检出11种杀生剂,包括5种杀菌剂、1种防污剂、3种尼泊金酯类防腐剂和2种消毒剂,总浓度达103 ng/g。其中,多菌灵和尼泊金甲酯的检出率大于50%,分别为100%和96.2%。多菌灵和尼泊金甲酯的平均浓度分别为（1.79±2.76）和（11.4±8.19） ng/g,其他杀生剂的平均浓度均低于1.0 ng/g。与国外许多河流湖泊相比,长江中下游地区湖泊沉积物中杀生剂污染处于中等偏低水平,总杀生剂浓度的平均值为（16.7±14.5） ng/g。氟康唑、咪康唑、三氯生和三氯卡班可能主要来自生活污水,多菌灵和涕必灵主要来自面源污染。尼泊金酯类防腐剂在沉积物中的分布特征与沉积物总有机碳含量密切相关。采用风险商值法对湖泊沉积物中杀生剂的生态风险进行了评价,发现多菌灵、尼泊金甲酯和三氯卡班在部分采样点具有高风险。有必要重点关注高风险污染物和高风险区域,并采取适当的措施来减少杀生剂对湖泊生态环境...     

长江中游湖泊表层沉积物多环芳烃的分布、来源特征及其生态风险评价

为明确长江中游地区湖泊沉积物中多环芳烃（PAHs）的分布特征、来源及其生态风险,于2018年7月采集了该地区12个湖泊的表层沉积物样品.采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）测定了沉积物中16种PAHs的含量.结果表明：12个湖泊沉积物中均检测出16种优控PAHs,PAHs的总含量在572.7~1766.2 ng/g （dw）之间（均值为976.5±285.0 ng/g （dw））.武汉市东湖沉积物中PAHs含量最高,达到1634.8±111.4 ng/g （dw）.与国内外其他地区湖泊沉积物相比,长江中游地区湖泊沉积物中PAHs含量高于国内偏远地区的抚仙湖、青海湖及博斯腾湖,低于东部地区的巢湖、太湖及美国经济工业发达地区的湖泊.根据单体PAH的聚类分析结果,12个湖泊可以分成3种类型,类型1主要以低环为主,占比为64.04%±7.02%,类型2低环和中高环分布相对平均,分别为50.76%±5.17%和49.24%±5.17%,类型3低、中、高环分布相对平均,占比分别为35.35%±3.56%、26.17%±0.45%和38.48%±3.84%.综合该区域PAHs的分布特征及异构体比值法与主成分分析法的结果表明,类型1湖泊沉积物中PAHs主要来源为煤炭、木材等生物质的燃烧源;类型2和类型3湖泊沉积物中PAHs主要来源为煤炭、木材等生物质的低温燃烧以及机动车等燃烧汽油、柴油的尾气排放和工业炼焦等化石燃料的高温燃烧源.沉积物中PAHs与总有机碳（TOC）之间显著的相关性表明,沉积物中TOC含量是影响长江中游湖泊沉积物中PAHs归趋分布的主要因素.长江中游流域湖泊沉积物中PAHs的RQ_NCs值均小于800,且RQ_MPCs值大于1的风险商值法生态风险评价结果表明,长江中游流域湖泊表层沉积物中PAHs整体呈中等风险水平.     

长江中下游浅水湖泊沉积物腐殖质组分赋存特征

应用化学方法,对长江中下游浅水湖泊表层沉积物有机质含量、腐殖质组成及结合形态进行了研究.结果表明:①长江中下游浅水湖泊11个沉积物的有机质含量变化较大.在0.98%-11.0%之问波动.污染程度重的沉积物中有机质含量均较污染程度轻的高.其有机质的分布特征与沉积物污染程度和湖泊周边的人类活动有关.②腐殖质组成中,胡敏酸(...     

长江中下游浅水湖泊悬浮颗粒物吸收系数测定方法探讨

对两种水体悬浮颗粒物吸收系数测定方法及相关计算进行对比研究.通过长江中下游湖泊典型藻类的实验室培养,利用T方法和T-R方法分别对藻类颗粒物、藻类泥沙混合悬浊液进行吸收系数测定.通过颗粒物光谱吸收系数与叶绿素a之间的相关性关系,对比了两种方法的测量稳定性.通过对不同比例的藻类和无机悬浮颗粒物(ISS)的混合悬浊液进行分析,获得了不同浊度水体悬浮物吸收光谱的变化情况.结果表明,在纯藻或者泥沙含量较少的水体进行颗粒物吸收系数光谱测定时,T方法和T-R方法均可以采用,并且均具有较高的测定精度.然而,在泥沙含量相对较高的浑浊水体,应尽量选取T-R方法进行颗粒物吸收光谱的测定,以提高测定精度.长江中下游浅水湖泊由于底泥易受风浪影响发生再悬浮,因此在颗粒物吸收系数光谱测定中,当水体中ISS含量超过30 mg/L时,应选择T-R方法.     

天津于桥水库沉积物磷赋存特征及其环境意义

研究天津于桥水库沉积物中磷形态的空间分布特征和垂直分布特征对了解水源型水库富营养化现状及其过程具有重要的现实意义.利用抓斗式采泥器及柱状采泥器分别采集表层沉积物样品及柱状沉积物样品,采用Psenner提出的连续提取法对沉积物磷形态进行分级测定,揭示整个水库沉积物各形态磷的空间分布特征以及不同区域垂直方向上的分布规律.结果表明:于桥水库表层沉积物总磷(TP)含量为303.7~997.8 mg/kg,各形态磷含量大小顺序依次为:钙结合态磷(Ca-P)铁结合态磷(Fe-P)残渣态磷(Res-P)铝结合态磷(Al-P)有机态磷(Org-P)可交换态磷(Ex-P).表层沉积物中Fe-P、Al-P、Ca-P与TP含量由东至西逐渐递减,主要受到黎河河水夹带的外源性磷输入的影响;Res-P含量由东至西逐渐递增,与活性磷的分布规律相反,表明水库下游比上游的水质更好.垂直分布上,南部区域底层与表层沉积物相差不大,说明从1960s以来磷的沉积量就比较大;西部区域沉积物中Fe-P和Org-P含量较高,随深度的增加有明显降低的趋势;中心区域的各形态磷和TP含量均较低,且随着深度增加逐渐降低,现阶段沉积物中的磷以滞留为主,释放潜力较小.     

Experimental study on phosphorus release from sediments of shallow lake in wave flume

Influence of wave on sediment resuspension and nutrients release from sediments, collected from Lake Taihu and Lake Chaohu, was studied in flume experiments. Under strong-wave conditions, concentrations of suspended solids (SS), total phosphorus (TP) and dissolved total phosphorus (DTP) in overlying water were increased significantly following the sediments re-suspension. During the experiments on sediments of Lake Taihu and Lake Chaohu, TP concentrations increased 6 times and 3 times, and DTP concentration increased 100% and 70% more than it in presuspension, respectively. Concentration of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) of experiment on sediment of Lake Taihu increased 25%. During the massive sediment suspension, the dissolved phosphorus in pore water and much of the phosphorus adsorbed by the sediment particles were released into overlying water. The phenomena in this wave flume experiment are quite similar to the situation observed in situ of Lake Taihu. The critical wave stresses of sediment re-suspension are nearly equal. The change of concentrations of SS, TP, and SRP was the same as that in situ situation. This study showed that concentrations of TP and SRP in lake water could be increased significantly by wave disturbance. Phosphorus release was significantly enhanced by wave disturbance at the beginning of massive sediment re-suspension, but decreased later.     

鄱阳湖沉积物中磷的赋存形态及分布特征

利用分级提取法对鄱阳湖沉积物进行了磷形态的分级提取和测定,系统研究了沉积物中磷的赋存形态及分布特征.结果表明,鄱阳湖表层沉积物中磷的赋存形态主要包括铁磷(Fe-P)、钙磷(Ca-P)、铝磷(Al-P)、可溶性磷(DP)等无机磷(IP)及有机磷(OP),各形态磷的空间分布基本具有从河口地区监测点向湖区监测点方向升高的趋势,垂向分布上总磷及各形态磷含量随深度增加而降低.表层沉积物(0-2cm)中总磷含量为578.36-813.55mg/kg,主要由无机磷组成,无机磷中以Fe-P含量最高,最大值达350.24mg/kg,占总磷的40%以上,Ca-P、Al-P含量相当,约占总磷含量的20%左右,而以DP的含量最低,含量在5%以下.有机磷含量约占总磷含量的15%左右.另外,沉积物中TP含量与Fe-P、Al-P、Ca-P及OP均具有较好的相关性,且OP含量与Fe-P、Al-P也具有较好的正相关关系,而与Ca-P的相关性较弱.     

镧改性膨润土对浅水湖泊水体磷浓度和沉积物磷形态的影响

分析湖泊沉积物磷形态的变化是揭示控制沉积物磷释放机理的关键.本研究分析了暨南大学南湖加镧改性膨润土前后水体磷浓度和沉积物磷形态变化,以探讨镧改性膨润土对削减水体磷浓度的效果.结果显示,镧改性膨润土添加后,上覆水磷浓度波动较大,总体呈下降趋势;至60 d时,水体总磷、颗粒态磷、总溶解磷和溶解性反应磷分别比添加前下降了45.1%、44.1%、48.2%和85.3%;沉积物中的弱结合态磷和氧化还原敏感性磷含量减少,更稳定的磷灰石结合态磷和残渣磷含量增加,而金属氧化物磷和有机磷含量变化较小.本研究表明镧改性膨润土能改变沉积物磷形态,使活性磷转化为稳定的磷形态,从而提高沉积物对磷的滞留能力、降低湖水磷含量,改善水质.     

长江中下游地区湖泊硅藻-总磷转换函数

硅藻转换函数的研究为湖泊环境指标的定量重建提供了有效途径．在长江中下游45个湖泊水质和表层沉积硅藻调查的基础上,利用典型对应分析方法开展了表层硅藻与营养态指标的关系研究．15个水质指标中总磷解释了硅藻数据的最大变率,是影响硅藻种群分布的最重要最显著的环境变量．通过对不同加权平均回归方法的比较,选择了反向还原加权平均回归与校正方法建立了研究区硅藻一总磷转换函数模型．依据刀割法统计检验,该模型提供了较低的推导误差（RMSEPjack=0．157）．在删除异常样品后,该硅藻一总磷转换函数的推导能力明显增强,实测值与推导值的回归相关系数大大提高（R^2jackk=0．82）,推导误差（RMSEPjack=0．12）也较原来降低了近21％．该转换函数同世界上其它区域的硅藻-总磷模型相比具有更强的推导能力．长江中下游地区硅藻-总磷转换函数的建立,为今后开展研究区内不同营养类型湖泊营养本底的定量重建奠定了基础,可望为湖泊治理参考目标的制定提供有效的技术支撑．     

长江中下游典型湖泊营养盐历史变化模拟

湖泊营养盐变化在自然条件下受到气候水文因素控制,同时受到湖泊生态系统生物群落作用和反馈.作为动力机制探讨,本文试图基于水文和生态动力学方法,分别构建气候-流域水文作用于湖泊营养盐的外源模式和湖泊生物群落作用于湖泊营养盐的內源模式.针对长江中下游典型湖泊,经过控制实验和率定,发现营养盐模拟与观测数据在时间序列上达到90%百分位的正相关,因此用来模拟1640 1840 A.D.期间的营养盐演变历史.研究表明:(1)模拟的湖泊营养盐变化与沉积钻孔揭示的历史营养盐变化基本一致,沉积记录与模式模拟的7个湖泊的营养盐变化均显著相关;(2)气候因素是湖泊营养盐历史演变的主控因子,来自于湖泊生物群落的反馈作用贡献约占40%;(3)在温度和降水因子的驱动下,湖泊营养盐历史变化主要受降水控制,在极端干旱时期,60%的营养盐变化同步响应于降水变化.同时,面积在400 km2以下的湖泊营养盐对气候变化的响应比2000 km2以上的大湖更为敏感.研究结果对长江中下游湖泊营养状态的长期变化机理认识和趋势控制提供科学依据.     

长江中下游典型浅水湖泊表层水体微塑料时空分布特征——以湖北保安湖为例

以湖北保安湖为研究对象,分别于2021年4、7、10月和2022年1月采集表层水样,测定水体中微塑料丰度、粒径、形状、颜色和类型,探究浅水型湖泊表层水体中微塑料的时空分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明,保安湖表层水体微塑料的年平均丰度为(16.20±2.23)items/L。微塑料丰度呈现明显的季节性差异,其中夏季(采样时间7月)平均丰度最低,为(1.40±0.09)items/L。在所有微塑料颗粒中,粒径0.064～1 mm占比最大,为82.57%;黑色和无色微塑料占主导地位,占比分别为36.16%和21.31%;纤维状微塑料分布最广泛,占比达40.01%;聚乙烯(PE)和低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)是最主要的微塑料类型,两者之和占比达46.05%,其次为聚苯乙烯(PS,占比17.2%)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET,占比8.33%)和聚乙酸乙酯(PVAC,占比8.31%)。统计分析表明,微塑料丰度与湖水水质无显著相关关系。该研究揭示了长江中下游地区典型浅水湖泊微塑料分布现状,为评估类似湖泊微塑料潜在污染风险提供了科学依据。     

综合营养状态指数(TLI)在夏季长江中下游湖库评价中的局限及改进意见

综合营养状态指数(TLI)在中国湖库富营养化评价中应用非常广泛.对于该指数的各分项指标,基于叶绿素a的评估结果是富营养化风险的直接体现,是最终指示;而基于理化指标(总氮、总磷、透明度和高锰酸盐指数)的评估结果是间接指示.如果两者TLI评估结果存在显著差异,则说明基于理化参数的TLI评估结果低估或者高估了实际富营养化水平和相关风险.本文针对长江中下游湖库的基于水质理化指标和基于叶绿素a的TLI结果是否匹配的问题开展了调查分析.结果表明,对于非通江浅水湖泊而言,基于总氮、总磷、高锰酸盐指数的TLI评估结果均低估了富营养化水平和相关风险;对于通江浅水湖泊而言,基于总氮、总磷和透明度的TLI评估结果高估了富营养化水平和相关风险,而基于高锰酸盐指数的结果低估了富营养化水平;对于深水水库,基于总氮的TLI指数评估结果高估了富营养化水平,而基于总磷、透明度和高锰酸盐指数的结果低估了富营养化水平.上述水质理化指标和叶绿素a评估结果不匹配的原因为以下两点:第一,部分物理化学指标失去了对富营养化风险(叶绿素a)的指示意义,如通江浅水湖泊的总氮、总磷、透明度和高锰酸盐指数以及深水湖泊的总氮;第二,部分富营养化理化指标和叶绿素a原有关系发生错位,比如对于深水湖泊总磷对叶绿素a的响应比TLI指数构建所采用的关系更加敏感.针对TLI理化指标评估在长江中下游湖库应用中存在的问题提出如下改进建议:1)结合长时间序列历史数据,基于分位数回归等方法构建特定湖泊的叶绿素a和理化参数的响应关系,开发“一湖一策”的评估公式;2)根据换水周期和湖泊面积水深比对进行湖泊分类,建立特定湖泊类型的叶绿素a和理化参数的响应关系,构建“一类一策”的评估公式;3)在富营养化评估结果中应分别量化富营养化状态参数(营养盐水平)和富营养化风险参数(叶绿素a)以及两者比值,但生物指标是富营养化评估的最终指示.现阶段我国富营养化评价和管理多为“全国一策”,可能很难满足经济高效的管理需求.因此,本研究所建议和综述的“一类一策”和“一湖一策”的湖泊富营养化评估方法对未来的湖泊生态管理可能具有重要意义.     

三十年来长江中下游湖泊富营养化状况变迁及其影响因素

为弄清长江中下游通江/历史通江湖泊富营养化现状、成因及修复策略,对该区域27个大型湖泊和水库开展了4个季度的水质调查,并结合部分湖泊1988-1992年及2008年两个时段富营养化调查成果,分析近30年来长江中下游地区大型湖泊富营养化关键指标变化的特征及其驱动因素.结果表明,目前该区域绝大多数湖泊处于富营养水平,较1980s有明显加重,浮游植物叶绿素a及总磷是最主要的营养状态指数贡献因子;湖泊的富营养化状况与湖泊的江湖连通状况、换水周期等流动性状况、渔业养殖及管理、流域纳污、治理强度等人类活动方式和强度密切相关;与历史调查结果相比,氮、磷的增幅相对较小,而有机质污染程度明显加重、浮游植物叶绿素a浓度大幅增高,表明营养盐之外的其他因素,如水文节律的变化、江湖阻隔、不合理的渔业养殖活动等,对该区域湖泊的富营养化问题加剧、浮游植物生产力增高起到更为重要的作用.因此,从治理途径和策略上来看,增加湖泊的流通性、恢复部分湖泊的自然水文波动节律、优化湖泊渔业管理、提升湖泊流域营养盐的有效截留能力、实施湖泊生态修复工程是控制长江中下游湖泊富营养化、提升区域湖泊生态质量的关键.     

古生态记录揭示的长江中下游太白湖生态系统稳态转换过程

长江中下游浅水湖泊在过去百年内受到强烈的人类活动影响,生态系统状态发生显著的变化,服务功能逐渐丧失.为了更科学有效地管理浅水湖泊,当前迫切需要了解湖泊的生态系统转变过程.以长江中下游典型富营养化浅水湖泊太白湖为例,结合历史资料和监测数据,基于铅铯同位素重建年代序列,利用粒度、地化指标和沉积物中硅藻群落的时间序列数据,对太白湖过去百年间生态系统转变进行分析.基于T检验的STARS法检测硅藻群落的结果显示,有2个稳态转换分别发生在1950s末和1990s末.1950s末太白湖硅藻群落代表的生态系统状态发生了显著突变,这主要归因于由于建闸筑坝造成的水文条件和营养条件的改变;1990s期间的湖泊生态系统整体转变则是由长期营养输入和渔业活动加强导致的生态系统弹性损失引起的.讨论了不同阶段太白湖生态系统主要要素间反馈机制在水文条件改变和营养富集影响下的变化,加深了对人类活动干扰下太白湖生态系统结构变化过程的理解,为建立浅水湖泊系统动力学模型提供基础.