渤海—鲁西地区白垩-早第三纪裂谷活动——火山岩的地球化学证据

渤海—鲁西地区的白垩早第三纪火山岩在渤海东部主要沿郯庐断裂带呈北北东向分布,在渤海西部和鲁西地区主要沿北西向断裂带分布。白垩纪火山岩以安山岩类为主,早第三纪以玄武岩类为主,玄武岩浆源于富集型地幔,即富集轻稀土和大离子亲石元素,但明显亏损Yb、Ni和Cr等元素。火山岩的Sr和Nd同位素初始比值结果表明白垩纪的火山岩来源于Ⅱ型富集地幔,而早第三纪火山岩来源于接近原始地幔的略富集型地幔。这可能由于早第三纪岩石圈大规模伸展减薄,致使上地幔深部的亏损型物质上涌参与岩浆活动,与富集型地幔混染的结果。     

大兴安岭哈拉哈河-绰尔河第四纪火山岩地幔源区与岩浆成因

哈拉哈河-绰尔河第四纪火山地处重力梯度带上的大兴安岭中段。火山岩主要类型为钠质系列碱性橄榄玄武岩。火山岩大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素相对富集,轻重稀土分异程度弱((La/Yb)N=8～12),稀土元素和微量元素配分曲线与大同碱性玄武岩平行,总体上表现出与OIB相似的特征。在Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成特征上表现出亏损地幔的特点(εNd=4.8～5.9),接近MORB的源区范围。哈拉哈河-绰尔河第四纪火山岩岩浆由轻稀土富集的石榴子石二辉橄榄岩低程度(8%～15%)部分熔融产生,火山岩高MgO(>9%)、Ni(>200×10-6)和Mg#(60～70),表明它们是较原始的岩浆,岩浆上升过程经历了橄榄石和辉石为主的弱分离结晶作用,没有受到地壳物质明显混染。区域伸展作用引发软流圈地幔上涌是哈拉哈河-绰尔河第四纪火山的岩浆成因。     

宁芜火山岩的地球化学特征及其意义

宁芜早白垩世火山岩由中基性成分组成，与碱性玄武岩比较，火山岩贫Ti,Fe，富K和LREE，Na2O/K2O近似等于1，在SiO2-K2O图中龙王山组的全部和大王山组的大部落入橄榄玄粗岩区域，属于橄榄玄粗岩系列，为富集LILE和水的地幔部分熔融的产物。宁芜火山岩产于板内环境，富钾质岩浆的形成可能与软流圈地幔上涌和岩石圈的伸展－减薄或裂谷作用有关。宁芜火山岩富集大离子亲石元素，亏损高场强元素，Ti,Nb(Ta)具负异常。宁芜火山岩底部的龙王山组和主体大王山组具有不同的地球化学特征：与大王山组相比，前者更富Rb,Ba,K，而相对贫LREE（La,Ce,Nd),Eu,Sr,Isr较高，εNd(t)较低。由于龙王山组层位低，大王山组层位高，不可能解释为分离结晶作用的结果，而只能说明在火山岩喷发的早期阶段（龙王山组），岩浆穿过陆壳上升过程中与围岩发生过混染作用，从围岩中带入较多的K、Rb,Ba等大离子亲石元素，从而使得Isr较高和εNd(t)较低。龙王山组SiO2-K2O不具相关性也说明陆壳混染的影响。至宁芜火山岩喷发的极盛时期（大王山组），岩浆与围岩的混染程度降低，Isr和Nd(t)值更接近岩浆的初始组成。据了解，在长江中下游地区有许多晚中生代的埃达克质岩出露，埃达克质岩来自加厚的陆壳底部，需要很高的温度才能使下地壳基性岩发生部分熔融。宁芜一带火山岩的大规模喷出，表明在早白垩世初期该区地幔处于十分活跃的状态，可能有大量橄榄玄粗质岩浆底侵到下地壳底部，烘烤下地壳使之熔融形成埃达克质熔浆。     

川西丹巴地区新元古代变质玄武岩成因及构造意义

对扬子地块西缘康滇裂谷北段的丹巴变质玄武岩进行了系统的岩石学、元素-Nd同位素地球化学研究,结果表明该岩石为碱性玄武岩,样品相对富MgO、富TiO2,Mg#值介于0.51～0.59之间.稀土总量较高,轻重稀土分馏较明显,Th、Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf和LREE等不相容元素富集,Y和HREE明显亏损,地球化学特征与洋岛玄武岩(OIB)类似.岩浆形成于板内裂谷环境,起源于类似OIB的地幔源区,并在上升过程中受到了大陆岩石圈地幔(SCLM)物质不同程度的混染,同时还可能有少量下地壳物质的混染.样品在岩石化学上表现出地幔柱岩浆作用的痕迹,很可能与导致Rodinia超级大陆裂解的新元古代地幔柱事件有关.     

东非裂谷系统(EARS)地幔柱成因的新生代火山作用地球化学标志

本文应用岩浆岩地球化学图解对东非裂谷系统(EARS)火山岩的岩石地球化学数据进行处理,重点回顾和讨论埃塞俄比亚大裂谷(MER)、阿法(Afar)盆地及肯尼亚裂谷火山作用的构造环境和地幔柱成因。MER火山岩的岩石类型具双峰式火山岩套特征,以高Ti的大陆溢流玄武岩(CFB)-大陆洋岛玄武岩(OIB)-流纹岩系列为主,缺少中性岩,是来自地幔柱岩浆分异的结果,与板块俯冲作用无关。阿法(Afar)盆地和红海为CFB-MORB系列。肯尼亚裂谷(KR)及埃塞俄比亚大裂谷最南端图尔卡纳盆地只见以大陆OIB,缺乏流纹岩。EARS是一个主动型地幔柱,由地幔上涌冲击地壳底部而成,其火山岩以富集常量元素Ti、Fe和Mg,富集高场强元素Nb、Ta和相容元素V、Cr、Co和Ni为特征。绝大多数EARS火山岩的Nb/Zr0.04和Ta/Hf比值0.1,在地球化学-构造环境判别图上落在板内火山岩的范围内(大洋板内和地幔柱),集中在Nb/Zr0.15和Ta/Hf比值0.3范围内的火山岩样品可能为主动地幔柱成因。根据La/Nb、Ce/Pb和Ba/La比值,地幔柱成因的MER火山岩可分为受地壳混染地幔和未受地壳混染的原始地幔两种类型。La/Nb(≤1)、Ce/Pb(30~50)、Ba/Nb比值(10)和La/Yb≤12是来源于未受地壳混染原始地幔的重要判别标志。地球化学证据(微量元素,Sr-Nd-Pb-He同位素)表明,MER-阿拉伯-也门地幔柱起源于深部核-幔边界的HIMU。MER-Afar的前裂谷和同裂谷火山岩(50-12 Ma)具有高的3He同位素标志(R/Ra比值16.4)说明其非洲板块之下存在一个深藏的地幔岩浆源深度大于670 km,位于石榴子石-尖晶石橄榄岩过渡带(图6b、c、d)。MER-Afar大火山岩省及其最南端图尔卡纳湖和肯尼亚地体(克拉通,改造的克拉通边缘和活动带)深部地壳底部之下的HIMU地幔可能是导致裂谷型的OIB和CFB异常发育的岩浆源区,而Afar洼地(吉布提)、红海和亚丁湾形成于后裂谷期(5~0 Ma)的MORB和亏损LREE玄武岩则归因于HIMU、富集地幔(EM1-EM2)与DM混合地幔源的熔融,其岩浆源区位地壳拉张减薄带之下的尖晶石橄榄岩区。     

内蒙古喀喇沁早白垩世橄辉云煌岩岩筒

探寻地幔物质上涌的通道口，是大陆岩石圈研究所感兴趣的，它将为人们提供更多的岩石圈深部信息。本文报道的是在内蒙古喀喇沁黑龙潭火山颈中发现的橄辉云煌岩，其K-Ar同位素年龄为124Ma。火山活动明显受到中生代构造活动控制。火山岩的元素地球化学特征反映岩浆来自富集地幔，在源区存在陆壳的混染作用。     

海南岛石炭纪双峰式火山岩及其板块构造背景

海南岛西部的石炭纪火山岩为一套大洋拉斑玄武岩-流纹斑岩的双峰式火山岩。玄武岩中的不相容元素和稀土元素的丰度和比值,以及稀土分配模式与大陆裂谷的拉斑玄武岩的地球化学特征一致,说明海南岛晚古生代裂谷作用的存在。玄武质岩浆来源于地幔深部,演化程度较低,受下地壳物质混染。流纹质岩浆不是玄武岩浆结晶分异产物,而是受裂谷区高热流影响,由陆壳部分熔融形成。     

中国东南沿海中-新生代玄武岩微量元素和Nd-Sr-Pb同位素研究

本文对中国东南沿海不含幔源包体的中生代玄武岩和含幔源包体的新生代玄武岩进行了微量元素和Nd-Sr-Pb同位素对比研究。中生代玄武岩呈Ta、Nb和Hf负异常,低Ce/Pb、Nb/U比值和高La/Nb比值,与岛弧火山岩和陆壳岩石的微量元素特征相类似,说明在岩浆生成和上升过程中,幔源组分受到了陆壳组分的混染。新生代玄武岩呈Ta、Nb正异常和Pb负异常,高Ce/Pb、Nb/U比值和低La/Nb比值,与海岛玄武岩(OIB)相类似,Nd-Sr同位素成分与夏威夷玄武岩类似,因而它们未受明显的陆壳混染。143Nd/144Nd与206Pb/204Pb之间的负相关关系和87Sr/86Sr与206Pb/204Pb之间的正相关关系说明本区新生代玄武岩起源于中等亏损程度的软流圈地幔,并与EMII富集地幔组分发生了混合。     

广西涠洲岛晚新生代玄武岩地幔源区及岩浆成因

涠洲岛作为我国最年轻的第四纪火山岩岛,其火山活动表现出多期、多旋回和多喷发中心的特征,但其地幔源区特征和岩浆成因依然存在争议。本文对涠洲岛玄武岩开展了详细的矿物学和全岩主、微量元素及Sr-Nd-Pb同位素研究,以揭示其地幔源区特征和岩浆成因。涠洲岛玄武岩主要为碱性玄武岩,在岩浆上升过程,几乎未受到地壳物质的混染,经历了橄榄石和单斜辉石的分离结晶作用。轻稀土(LREE)富集、重稀土(HREE)亏损,轻、重稀土强烈分馏((La/Yb)N=14.42～28.64),Nb、Ta明显正异常,显示出与洋岛玄武岩(OIB)相似的微量元素和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素特征。Sr-Nd-Pb同位素比值变化较均一,且呈现出亏损地幔端元(DM)与富集地幔端元(EM2)的二元混合趋势。其中,EM2端元可能源于海南地幔柱。Sr/Sr*(1.21～2.36)和Eu/Eu*(1.01～1.11)正异常,指示源区存在再循环辉长岩洋壳组分。结合已有的地震层析成像结果和岩石地球化学数据,得出南海及周缘地区的晚新生代玄武岩的形成受控于海南地幔柱。伴随着海南地幔柱的上升,再循环的辉长岩洋壳经部分熔融与地幔橄榄岩反应生成石榴石辉石岩(贫硅辉石岩),石榴石辉石岩和未反应的地幔橄榄岩混合部分熔融形成涠洲岛玄武岩。     

广东三水盆地火山岩: 地球化学特征及成因--兼论火山岩性质的时空演化和南海形成的深部过程

位于中国东南部的三水盆地、珠江口盆地、雷琼半岛和北部湾地区广泛分布新生代火山岩。火山岩的形成时间具有从内陆向沿海变新的特点,早第三纪三水和珠江口盆地火山岩具有由玄武岩与粗面岩-流纹岩构成的双峰式特点。其中玄武岩和粗面岩的微量元素和稀土元素的配分形式相似,富集大离子亲石元素并且有相似的εNd(T)同位素组成(2.34～6.4),说明它们来自相同的地幔源区,为同源岩浆演化的产物。玄武岩和粗面岩经历了不同的结晶分异过程,其中玄武岩在较深部岩浆房中经历橄榄石和单斜辉石为主的分离结晶作用,而粗面岩则是在浅部岩浆房中由玄武岩浆分异形成的过渡性岩浆再经过强烈的钾长石和斜长石、以及磷灰石的结晶分异形成的。晚第三纪珠江口盆地和北部湾火山岩、雷琼半岛第四纪火山岩则由碱性和拉斑玄武岩构成。这些火山岩的形成时间和地球化学和同位素特征表明它们经历了连续的软流圈地幔上涌和部分熔融过程,受控于自晚中生代以来的地幔柱构造。南海的形成是地幔柱活动引起的地幔上涌和大陆裂解作用的结果。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.