Experimental study on grain size and soluble salt of saline soil in western Jilin Province, China

Western Jilin Province is a typical seasonal frost region, and is also one of the severest salinization areas of China. In this study, we aim to examine the saline soil in Da'an and Wukesong areas, western Jilin Province, and mainly analyze the granulometric composition and distribution of salt in soil profiles. Four sampling sites, two in Da'an and two in Wukesong respectively, are chosen for study. The granulometric composition, especially silt and clay content change in different sites and soil depths are analyzed. Analysis of total and components of soluble salt shows that the surface soil is weak carbonate saline, in which the main cation is Na⁺ and the main anion is HCO₃^-. The total amount of soluble salt presents a decreasing tendency with increasing depth. The comprehensive analysis of granulometric composition and soluble salt shows that the clay content and soluble salt content present similar variation tendency with an increase of depth.     

Experimental research on physical properties of saline soil subgrade filler in Chaerhan region

In order to improve the engineering stability of saline soil of high chloride content in the Chaerhan salt lake region, six typical characteristics saline soil samples were selected, and tests on their...     

Basic properties of saline soil in Da'an, western Jilin, China

This paper studied the basic properties of saline soil at different depths of a sampling site in Da'an, China, through field reconnaissance and laboratory analysis. A series of experiments which comprised the analyses of grain size distribution, mineral composition, soil physical properties, soluble salt concent, pH, organic content and cation exchange capacity were conducted. Through these experiments, the distribution rule of each property and their causes are discussed. These results could provide a fundamental base for the study of moisture migration.     

南疆盐渍土路基盐-冻胀变形综合防治技术研究

盐渍土盐-冻胀变形对新疆南疆地区的道路路基造成了不同程度的破坏,尤其对南疆新建城市阿拉尔市和图木舒克市的城市道路造成了严重的变形破坏.根据南疆盐渍土工程性质及盐-冻胀变形试验研究结果,作者总结提出了"一个加强、两个严格、三个注重"的盐渍土路基盐-冻胀变形综合防治原则和"五步骤"综合防治技术与工程措施,在南疆阿拉尔市胜利...     

塔里木沙漠公路防护林土壤微生物活性研究

对不同立地类型、不同生长年限、不同季节、不同树种的防护林土壤微生物数量及区系组成进行研究,分析了土壤微生物与土壤环境因子的相关关系,结果表明:咸水灌溉条件下塔里木沙漠公路防护林和人工绿地建成后,土壤结构和养分状况得到改善,微生物活性大幅度提高;土壤微生物区系组成中,细菌占绝对优势,放线菌次之,真菌最少;表层微生物数量远多于下层土壤;林地外围距林缘近的土壤微生物活性较强,3m以外微生物数量已接近流沙地微生物量;各类土壤微生物分布具不同的季节性规律,且不同立地类型防护林土壤微生物分布差异明显;随造林年限的增加,防护林的改土作用更加显著。土壤微生物分布与土壤养分含量和土壤pH值显著相关。     

盐土和碱土土壤无机CO2通量的分离

干旱区盐碱土无机CO₂通量是一个崭新、独特的科学现象,打破了土壤CO₂通量完全来自于有机源的假设;然而,盐碱土无机CO₂通量在土壤CO₂通量和全球碳循环中的重要性还缺乏分离和量化的依据,因而存在很大的不确定性。通过采用高压灭菌的方法,将盐土和碱土的土壤无机CO₂通量从土壤CO₂通量中分离。结果表明：高压灭菌方法并不改变土壤的理化性质,并通过土壤有机CO₂通量与温度的关系验证了分离方法的有效性,从而为盐碱土无机CO₂通量的分离、量化和评估提供了一个可靠有效的方法。盐碱土的土壤无机CO₂通量是土壤CO₂通量的重要组分,土壤无机CO₂通量的分离对精确解析干旱区盐碱土生态系统的碳循环是必要的;对盐碱土土壤无机CO₂通量的研究,将促进对干旱区盐碱土土壤CO₂通量和全球碳循环的理解。     

Biological improvement of saline alkali soil reference system: A review

This work presents a reference system overview to improve the efficiency of biological improvement of saline-alkali soil developed during the last thirty years, ranging from connotation, general methods and species, soil desalination, soil structure, soil organic content, microbial flora, enzyme activity, yield and economic benefits. The reference system presented is divided into three main groups: suitable varieties, suitable cultivation measures, and a comprehensive evaluation system.There has been a lot of research on biological improvement of saline alkali soil, but these studies are very fragmented and lack a comprehensive standard system. Also, there is a lack of practical significance, particularly with regard to optimal species, densities and times of sowing for particular regions. On the other hand, the corresponding cultivation measure is very important. Therefore, a reference system plays an important role to the effect of biological improvement of saline alkali soil.     

成水滴灌下塔里木沙漠公路防护林土壤盐分分布特征分析

对塔里木沙漠公路防护林地进行实地取样分析,研究咸水滴灌条件下土壤盐分变化规律及其离子分布特征.试验采用5个矿化度水平的咸水灌溉处理:29.70(1号井),25.90(2号井),20.99(8号井),16.95(14号井)和5.75 g·L-1(18号井).试验结果表明:咸水滴灌对土壤盐分含量和离子组成有显著影响,土壤积盐程度随灌溉水矿化度的增大而加剧,土壤盐分组成以C1-、Na+和SO42-为主;不同盐分离子在土壤剖面上的分布特征不同,C1-、Na+、Mg2+和SO42-四种离子的分布较一致,在垂直滴头向下方向浓度最低,远离滴头径向浓度逐渐增大,Ca外和HCO3-在剖面上的分布存在明显的不一致性,在水平方向上远离滴头HCO3-离子浓度向上层聚集,Ca2+则表现为向下层淋溶.研究结果对极端干旱区高矿化度咸水的合理开发利用及防护林的可持续发展具有理论意义和应用价值.     

Constitutive models and salt migration mechanisms of saline frozen soil and the-state-of-the-practice countermeasures in cold regions

A series of saline soil-related problems, including salt expansion and collapse, frost heave and thaw settlement, threaten the safety of the road traffic and the built infrastructure in cold regions. This article presents a comprehensive review of the physical and mechanical properties, salt migration mechanisms of saline soil in cold environment, and the countermeasures in practice. It is organized as follows:(1) The basic physical characteristics;(2) The strength criteria and constitutive models;(3) Water and salt migration characteristics and mechanisms; and(4) Countermeasures of frost heave and salt expansion. The review provides a holistic perspective for recent progress in the strength characteristics, mechanisms of frost heave and salt expansion, engineering countermeasures of saline soil in cold regions. Future research is proposed on issues such as the effects of salt erosion on concrete and salt corrosion of metal under the joint action of evaporation and freeze-thaw cycles.     

Latitudinal distribution of soil CO2 efflux and temperature along the Dalton Highway,Alaska

In this paper, we investigate spatial variations in soil CO₂ efflux and carbon dynamics across five sites located between 65.5°N and 69.0°N in tundra and boreal forest biomes of Alaska. Growing and winter mean CO₂ effluxes for the period 2006–2010 were 261 ± 124 (Coefficients of Variation: 48%) and 71 ± 42 (CV: 59%) gCO₂/m², respectively. This indicates that winter CO₂ efflux contributed 24% of the annual CO₂ efflux over the period of measurement. In tundra and boreal biomes, tussock is an important source of carbon efflux to the atmosphere, and contributes 3.4 times more than other vegetation types. To ensure that representativeness of soil CO₂ efflux was determined, 36 sample points were used at each site during the growing season, so that the experimental mean fell within ±20% of the full sample mean at 80% and 90% confidence levels. We found that soil CO₂ efflux was directly proportional to the seasonal mean soil temperature, but inversely proportional to the seasonal mean soil moisture level, rather than to the elevation-corrected July air temperature. This suggests that the seasonal mean soil temperature is the dominant control on the latitudinal distribution of soil CO₂ efflux in the high-latitude ecosystems of Alaska.     

咸水灌溉对塔里木沙漠公路防护林植物生长的影响

通过不同矿化度成水造林实验和对塔里木沙漠公路防护林工程沿线不同矿化度水灌溉林地进行定位调查,选取成活率、株高、冠幅、地径、地上生物量及结实状况等反映造林苗木生长状况的常规指标,分析了不同矿化度成水灌溉对乔木沙拐枣(Calligonum arborescons)、梭梭(Haloxyloammodendron)和多枝柽柳(...     

Deformation properties of chloride saline soil under action of a low-temperature environment and different loads

To find the deformation properties of chloride saline soil under the influence of a low temperature environment and different loads,two types of chloride saline soil were selected and their deformation process was tested in the laboratory and analyzed during the cooling process in the sensitive cryogenic temperature range.The research results show that high-chloride-salt saline soil underwent little volume change under the no-load condition during the cooling process.Under staticload and dynamic-load conditions,different degrees of settlement deformation occurred;throughout the entire cooling process,another chloride saline soil with a high proportion of sulfate salt underwent volume expansion under no-load and static-load conditions.Under the no-load condition,a certain degree of settlement deformation occurred.Deformation properties were evaluated at different time points during the cooling process for two kinds of chloride saline soil.Finally, deformation characteristics of chloride saline soil were analyzed from the perspective of salt type and crystallization variation under the action of a low-temperature environment and different loads.     

Chemical composition of saline and subsaline lakes of the northern Great Plains,western Canada

The northern Great Plains of Canada stretch from the Precambrian Shield near Winnipeg, Manitoba, westward for ∼1,700 km to the Rocky Mountains foothills. This vast region of flat to gently rolling terrain contains a very large number of salt lakes. Major ion chemical data on ∼500 of them are available. Although the average brine (salinity, 37 ppt) is a Na⁺−SO₄ ²⁻ type of water, the lakes exhibit a wide range of salinities and ionic compositions. This diversity is confirmed by Q-mode cluster analysis; it identified thirteen major water chemistry types. Most ions display distinct trends, both spatially and with increasing salinity. All dissolved components increase with increasing salinity, but at different rates. The relative proportions of Ca²⁺ and HCO₃ ⁻+CO₃ ²⁻ ions show a strong decrease with increasing brine salinity, whereas SO₄ ²⁻ ions increase with increasing salinity. The ionic proportions of Na⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺ and Cl⁻ exhibit no significant relationship with salinity. R-mode factor analysis of the lake water chemistry, combined with selected environmental parameters, identifies groundwater composition, climate, and the elevation of the lake within the drainage system as most important in controlling brine chemistry and salinity on a regional basis. Variability in source of ions, reaction processes and products are undoubtedly key factors in helping to explain brine chemistry of an individual basin or variation from a local perspective, but these factors are generally poorly understood and not quantified on a regional basis. Palliser Triangle Global Change Project Contribution Number 3.     

To the issue of stabilization of permafrost soil subgrade

This paper summarizes an analysis of consequences of railway subgrade construction and maintenance solutions in northern areas of the Russian Far East. An idea of the natural long-term stabilization of the subgrade-base geotechnical system is presented. Proposals to improve the decision-making of construction and engineering solutions are formulated.     

Zooplankton distribution and abundance in saline lakes of British Columbia,Canada

Zooplankton in saline lakes of the Southern Interior Plateau of British Columbia were collected on three occasions: mid-May and early August, 1990, and in late July, 1991. Salinities ranged from 2.6 to 45.8 g L⁻¹. Of the 17 lakes examined, 13 were hyposaline (∼-20g L⁻¹), four, mesosaline (20–50 g L⁻¹) and none, hypersaline (>50 g L⁻¹). pH ranged from 8.7 (Three Mile) to 10.7 (Goodenough), with values <9.6 in 10, and <9.0 in only three lakes. Lakes with high pHs had high bicarbonate-carbonate alkalinities. Thirty one species of zooplankton occurred: Protista (1), Rotifera (13), Anostraca (2), Cladocera (7), Ostracoda (1) and Copepoda (7). Sixteen species were restricted to hyposaline waters, with seven found only in salinities of ≤5 gL⁻¹. Two species (Diaptomus connexus, Artemia franciscana) were restricted to mesosaline waters of salinity >35 g L⁻¹. Eurysaline species includedBrachionus plicatilis, Hexarthra fennica, Limnocythere staplini, Artemia franciscana andDiaptomus connexus. Most species were abundant in 1+ lakes, but six species always had low populations.B. plicatilis, Hexarthra polyodonta, A. franciscana, Limnocythere staplini, Daphnia similis andD. connexus had densest populations in one or more of the three most saline lakes, viz. Long, Goodenough and Three Mile. Cladocerans other thanD. similis (Alona sp., Ceriodaphnia quadrangula, Daphnia pulex) were usually abundant in lakes of low salinity (<5 g L⁻¹).Diatomus sicilis, present in all except the three most saline lakes, also occurred in abundance in ten of these lakes.Moina hutchinsoni andH. polyodonta were present in both hyposaline and mesosaline lakes, but, more importantly, tended to occur only at higher pH values (>pH 9.4) but not in all such lakes. These can be regarded as alkaline-saline species. Sorensen’s Coefficient of Community Similarity was used to compare communities in Alberta-Saskatchewan and British Columbia. It was low (0.37). A comparison restricted to just Cladocera gave a slightly higher value, 0.44, but a comparison of Copepoda gave a value of 71 per cent similarity between the regions. Multiple regression analyses using pH, TDS and K regressed on species richness for all samples accounted for only 41 per cent of the variance. However, when the analysis was seasonally restricted (May), and thus to a limited chemical range, 47 to 77.5 per cent of the variance was accounted for by these three variables.     

Zooplankton distribution and abundance in saline lakes of Alberta and Saskatchewan,Canada

Zooplankton collections were made during 1985, 1986, 1988 and 1989 from 17 lakes in Saskatchewan and 3 in Alberta. Salinity ranged from 2.8 to 269 g L⁻¹ (total filtrable residue). A total of 35 species was present in four taxa: Anostraca (3 species), Cladocera (11), Copepoda (7) and Rotifera (14). Species richness was greatest at salinities <7 g L⁻¹ (15–16 species). Lakes with salinities between 7 and 100 g L⁻¹ generally had 6–8 zooplankton species, while the most saline lakes (>100 g L⁻¹) had 2–5 species. The largest concentrations of zooplankton occurred at <30 g L⁻¹, but some species (Brachionus plicatilis, Hexarthra polyodonta, Artemia franciscana, Diaptomus connexus) were abundant at salinities >50 g L⁻¹. Eurysaline species included the rotifersAsplanchna girodi (3–111 g L⁻¹),Brachionus plicatilis (13–146) andKeratella quadrata (2.8–103).Artemia franciscana (33–269—but absent from Big Quill Lake, 49–82),Daphnia similis (3–104).D. connexus (9–82),Diacyclops thomasi (3–72), andCletocamptus albuquerquensis (17 to 126—but never abundant in the plankton). About half the species were restricted to hyposaline waters (3–20 g L⁻¹), but some (Hexarthra fennica, Moina hutchinsoni, Hexarthra polyodonta) occurred only at intermediate salinities. The latter two species were also only present at high pH values (>9.2). There was a trend of decreasing species richness with increasing salinity. TWINSPAN classification of 94 lake samples (six parameters) based on zooplankton species abundances yielded a dendrogram with 14 ‘indicator’ species characteristic of seven lake groups related partly to a salinity gradient, but with other environmental factors such as water column depth, pH, Secchi disk transparency, water temperature and month sampled also influenced lake separation. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A02GG004 00002     

Salinity effects on soil organic carbon and its labile fractions, and nematode communities in irrigated farmlands in an arid region, northwestern China

The effects of salinity on soil organic carbon(SOC) and its labile fractions including microbial biomass carbon(MBC) and easily oxidation organic carbon(EOC),basal soil respiration,and soil nematode community in the Fluvents,an oasis in an arid region of northwestern China were investigated.Five sites were selected which had a salinity gradient with different groundwater table from 1.0 m to 4.0 m.Soils were sampled at the 0–20 cm plough layer from 25 irrigated fields of five sites and electrical conductivity was measured in the saturation paste extracts(ECe).Soils were categorized into five salinity levels:(1) non-saline,(2) very slightly saline,(3) slightly saline,(4) moderately saline,and(5) strongly saline according to the values of ECe.The results show that SOC and total nitrogen concentration,cation exchange capacity(CEC),and the concentrations of labile organic fractions(MBC,EOC),and basal soil respiration decreased significantly with increasing ECe.The relationships between ECe and MBC,EOC and basal soil respiration were best described by power functions.Slight and moderate salinity had no significant impact on soil nematode abundance,but excessive salt accumulation led to a marked decline in soil nematode community diversity and abundance.Soil salinity changed soil nematode trophic groups and bacterivores were the most abundant trophic groups in salt-affected soils.Further study is necessary to identify the response of soil microbial processes and nematode community dynamics to soil salinity.     

塔里木沙漠公路沿线不同立地类型风沙土的理化性质研究

通过对塔里术沙漠公路沿线不同立地类型风沙土物理、化学性质特征进行了初步研究，结果表明：沙漠公路沿线的风沙土，机械组成以极细砂粒和细砂粒为主；pH值均在8～9之间，为中性偏碱性；盐分含量具有显著差异，空间变异性大；养分和有机质含量较少，并未表现出明显的变化；微量元素（Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn）的有效含量普遍偏低，尤其是Mn、Cu、Zn处于极低水平。     

植被恢复不同阶段下喀斯特土壤微生物群落结构及活性的变化——以云南石林景区为例

为了探讨植被恢复对喀斯特土壤生化特性的影响,对云南石林景区植被恢复演替下土壤养分、微生物群落结构及活性进行了比较研究。结果表明,相对于裸露地,植被恢复显著地提高了土壤养分、微生物量碳、微生物活性、微生物商、细菌种丰富度及基因多样性;相对于对照原始林,植被恢复演替下土壤总有机碳、总氮、微生物量碳、基础呼吸和诱导呼吸的恢复程度分别为32%～83%、36%～70%、54%～89%、58%～82%和35%～51%;对照林与植被恢复演替下土壤细菌群落结构之间的相似性遵循如下趋势:裸露地(稀)草地灌丛。总体上,自然恢复方式(草地和灌丛)提高土壤质量效果优于人工恢复方式(柏树林);从裸露地到稀草地恢复过程中,土壤质量提高尤为迅速,为退化喀斯特土壤生态系统进一步恢复改善了条件。     

黑河绿洲区耕作影响下的土壤粒径分布及其与有机碳的关系

选取黑河绿洲区典型土壤类型为研究对象,分析耕作对土壤粒径分布及其与土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳、惰性有机碳关系的影响。结果显示：非耕地（灰钙土、灰褐土、栗钙土）转变为耕地后,改变了10～50μm粗粉粒、50～250μm细砂粒、250～1000μm粗砂粒的含量,对〈5μm的粘粒含量影响小。而风沙土变为耕地土壤后,土壤颗粒出现了细化现象。土壤粒径分布的变化也波及到了土壤颗粒与有机碳的关系,耕地与非耕地中存在异同点。相同之处在于,以50μm作为分界点,土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳、惰性有机碳与〈50μm的粉粒、粘粒土壤颗粒含量呈正相关,与〉50μm的砂粒呈负相关。不同之处为：耕地中土壤有机碳仅与5～10μm、10～50μm、50～250μm有关;非耕地中土壤有机碳与〈1μm、1～5μm、5～10μm、10～50μm、50～250μm、250～1000μm的含量有关。分析表明,耕作是引起土壤活性有机碳增加及土壤有机碳与土壤粒径之间的关系发生变化的内在原因。