泉州湾表层沉积物元素特征及其地球化学意义

根据2008年泉州湾调查采集的样品,测定了泉州湾表层沉积物中常量元素和微量元素的含量,采用相关分析和因子分析进行元素组合特征的研究,讨论了它们的分布趋势、相互关系和主要来源,并探讨了其地球化学意义．元素相关分析结果表明,泉州湾表层沉积物常量元素与微量元素含量的相关性明显,表层沉积物成分以SiO2和Al2O3为主,其含量的最高值分别达78．39％和22．02％（m／m）,其中SiO2与大部分常量元素、微量元素的含量呈负相关,而Fe2O3、MgO、Cu、Co、Ni、Rb、Pb与Al2O3含量之间呈强正相关．元素因子分析表明,泉州湾表层沉积物的物质来源主要有陆源和生物源2种,以陆源的为主．     

广利河口北潮滩重金属分布特征及评价

基于广利河口北潮滩45个表层沉物和2个岩心柱样重金属、粒度、TOC数据,分析了广利河口北潮滩沉积物重金属分布规律及其来源,采用内梅罗综合指数法进行质量评价。结果表明:Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、Hg、As 7种元素含量低于国家一类标准;在空间分布特征上,距岸一定范围内数值相对较高,主要受沿岸余流作用的影响;就来源而言,Cr元素明显为广利河注入,表层、Z1和Z2沉积物粒度对重金属的控制作用有明显差异;研究区内Cr和As污染指数最高,Cu污染指数变化最大,综合污染指数呈"哑铃状"分布,靠近现代黄河口和广利河口各高值相对较高。目前广利河口北潮滩重金属含量没有到达污染的程度,但有向轻度污染发展的趋势。     

山东半岛南部海域表层沉积物主要元素分布特征及影响因素

通过对山东半岛南部海域147个表层沉积物样品和周边入海河流46个表层沉积物样品进行粒度与元素地球化学测试,系统地研究了主要地球化学元素含量及分布特征,探讨了其影响因素。结果表明:研究区表层沉积物常量元素SiO2、CaO、K2O含量低于我国近海海域平均值,Al2O3、MgO、TFe2O3含量高于我国近海海域平均值,微量元素中重金属含量均高于我国近海海域平均值。表层沉积物粒度、周边入海河流和人类活动是影响元素地球化学分布的主要原因。     

辽东湾北部海域沉积物重金属环境质量和污染演化

基于取自辽东湾北部海域表层沉积物和岩心样品,利用XRF等方法对沉积物中的重金属含量进行系统的测定,结合137 Cs、210Pb年代测定,分析了研究区表层沉积物中重金属分布特征、环境质量状态以及重金属污染历史。结果表明:辽东湾表层沉积物重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Hg含量高值区主要分布在葫芦岛附近海域,并且呈现由近岸向远岸递减的趋势;辽东湾海域部分站位表层沉积物已经受到重金属污染,轻度和重度污染率为34.5%,清洁率为65.5%,重度污染站位集中在葫芦岛附近海域;辽东湾沉积物中重金属污染大致出现在1975年,于1997年达到最大,随后,重金属污染开始明显减少。辽东湾沉积物中重金属分布及演化特征与沿海社会经济发展和国家环境保护政策有着密切的联系。     

洋浦港近岸海域沉积物中重金属含量分布特征及污染评价

以2011年洋浦港近岸海域表层沉积物的调查资料为基础,选择2种评价方法(地积累指数、潜在生态危害指数)来了解该区域沉积物中重金属含量的分布特征、污染状况并进一步分析评价。结果表明,洋浦港近岸海域沉积物重金属含量相对远岸海域明显增高,可能已受到陆源污染的影响;洋浦港附近海域表层沉积物重金属含量都符合海洋沉积物质量一类标准,大部分海域沉积物属无污染,仅部分样点沉积物中Cd、Pb受中度污染;洋浦港附近海域重金属潜在生态危害较国内其它港区轻,不存在重金属潜在生态危害,典型重金属潜在生态危害大小顺序依次为Pb、Hg、Cd、Cu、Zn。     

互花米草对江苏潮滩沉积和地貌演化的影响

江苏潮滩面积大,岸滩冲淤动态变化复杂.人工引种互花米草对江苏海岸潮滩沉积地貌演化有较大影响,主要体现在影响潮滩沉积速率、物质分布及潮水沟地貌系统的发育等方面.根据定点站位不同年代的高程数据,分析Pethick-Allen模型在江苏潮滩盐沼的适用性;在现场采集柱状样并在室内进行137Cs分析,根据分析结果及前人研究结果,利用P-A模型分析计算江苏潮滩不同时期的沉积速率,结果表明互花米草的引种加快了潮滩沉积速率,它使潮滩沉积地貌演化脱离了原来的渐进函数关系.在选择的典型断面上采集表层底质样,在激光粒度仪上进行粒度分析,结果表明,互花米草易使细颗粒沉积物沉积,大米草滩和盐蒿滩表层沉积物主要来自潮水沟输送.根据野外调查并结合遥感分析,互花米草滩内潮水沟宽深比小,密度大,水道稳定,有别于光滩或大米草滩的潮水沟形态.     

套子湾现代沉积物元素地球化学特点及环境意义

通过对胶东半岛套子湾底质表层沉积物中元素地球化学及粒度特点进行分析,发现因为气候原因,Al2O3、SO3、K2O、MgO、SiO2、P2O5、TiO2、Sr不易流失而保存在沉积物中,使它们在湾底沉积物中的含量略高于中国浅海沉积物中的含量;而Cu、Rb、Pb、As、Zn的含量远高于中国浅海沉积物中的含量,与人类排入套子湾的各类污水有关;Ba的含量也较高,主要是因为胶东半岛和辽东半岛提供大量含Ba的载体在套子湾沉积的缘故;多数元素在近岸河流入海口处的含量为最高或接近最高,港口和近岸河流排污对此有很大贡献。CaO、Na2O在底质沉积物中表现出往海的方向,CaO的含量升高,Na2O的含量降低,与其在海水和淡水中的不同性质有关。除此以外,分析还表明,元素含量分布还受湾底水动力的影响。     

日照近海表层沉积物中重金属分布特征及其生态风险评估

根据日照近海13个站位表层沉积物粒度和重金属含量测试结果,分析了研究区表层沉积物粒度和重金属含量分布特征,采用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评估了研究区重金属污染状况和潜在生态风险,探讨了重金属的来源和控制因素。结果表明,研究区表层沉积物可分为粉砂、粉砂质砂、砂质粉砂等3种类型,沉积物类型主要呈大致平行岸线的条带状分布,由岸向海依次为粉砂 砂质粉砂 粉砂质砂。研究区表层沉积物中Cr、Zn、Pb、As、Cu、Cd、Hg等重金属的平均含量由高到低依次为45.5、21.8、16.4、8.5、4.8、0.113、0.11 μg/g。从空间分布特征来看,Cr、Cu、Zn和Pb高值区主要出现在付疃河口近岸和研究区中西部海域,Cd和As高值区位于研究区中东部海域。污染状况评估显示,Cr、Cu、Zn、As未出现污染;Cd轻度污染,个别站位达到中度污染,Hg、Pb部分站位呈轻度污染。潜在生态风险等级依次为：Cd＞Hg＞Cu＞As＞Pb＞Cr＞Zn,其中Cd和Hg表现为中生态风险,个别站位Cd为高风险危害。表层沉积物中Cu、Cr、Zn、Hg和Pb元素主要来源于陆源细粒物质的输入,Cd和As元素可能来源于钢铁冶炼、煤炭燃烧、农药、化肥以及海水养殖等。研究区表层沉积物中重金属空间分布主要受物源控制。     

长江北支口门圆陀角附近潮滩表层沉积物元素地球化学特征及物源意义

在圆陀角附近潮滩养殖区、盐沼区和光滩区共采集了22个表层沉积物样品,分析沉积物中19种元素含量及其分布,探讨圆陀角附近潮滩沉积物来源。研究结果表明,大部分常量和微量元素含量变化趋势较为一致(除Na、Ca、Ti、P和Sr元素外);常量和微量元素平均含量在不同采样区的大小顺序为:养殖区光滩区盐沼区。元素相关性分析和富集系数计算结果显示,圆陀角表层沉积物大部分元素来源较为一致,且平均含量与黄海沉积物元素平均含量接近,结合圆陀角附近沉积物粒径趋势、自西北向东南向延伸的沿岸沙坝、自北向南的沿岸流和辐射沙洲南翼恒大围垦大堤南侧的淤泥质潮滩沉积区综合分析认为,圆陀角附近潮滩沉积物主要来源于南黄海辐射沙洲南翼海区。     

连云港近岸海域沉积物特征与沉积环境分析

用Flemming三角图示法和210Pb测年法对连云港近岸海域的表层沉积物和柱状样进行了分析,研究了表层沉积物的粒度参数特征以及近岸沉积速率的变化。结果表明:连云港近岸海域表层沉积物主要为粘土质粉砂,粒度参数点落在Flemming三角图的Ⅲ区,表明沉积动力环境相对较弱。1986年西大堤建设后,近岸海域的沉积速率明显增加。西墅附近的沉积速率由0.56 cm/a增加到1.15 cm/a;港湾内侧快速沉积,过剩210Pb放射性活度未能测出,表明沉积时间短暂。沉积速率的这种变化反映了沉积动力环境的减弱。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.