多层错层砖砌体房屋抗震分析

本文根据典型的东西和南北错层单元模型,按不同的错层高度、不同收层情况和不同理置深度的实际房屋情况,分析建立了错层房层和相应的等效规整房屋模型,采用板壳单元,用有限元方法计算了这些模型的动力特征和在地震作用下的墙肢剪应力分布,经过对比分析得到了一些错层房屋墙应力的分布规律。根据错层房屋的受力特点,文中提出了相应的加强构造措施,结构布置要求和错层房屋的抗震计算模型等具体建议。     

汶川地震中极震区砌体结构教学楼典型震害分析

汶川8.0级大地震造成了巨大的损失,大量学校建筑遭受严重破坏,其中大部分是砌体结构教学楼。在此次地震中,极震区北川县擂鼓镇城区内的初中、小学和幼儿园等砌体结构教学楼的破坏极其严重,结构特征和震害现象十分典型。本文详细地介绍了擂鼓镇城区内5栋砌体结构教学楼的结构构造特点和震害现象特征,同时,总结归纳了砌体结构教学楼的典型震害并分析了震害原因;讨论并分析了建筑含墙率、开间大小、高宽比等因素对建筑的抗震能力的影响;通过结构易损性分析方法对教学楼在不同烈度下的破坏状态进行了计算,并与实际震害进行了对比分析;最后,为灾后教学楼的重建工作提出了建议。     

浅谈地震区砖混结构建筑中的构造柱

为了提高砖混结构建筑物的抗震能力，常用的方法是设置构造柱。叙述了在地履区设置构造柱的位置、方法、受力校的计算方法等。指出，在地震区设置构造柱可以有效地提高房屋的抗震能力。     

基于BP神经网络模型的多层砖房震害预测方法

针对传统的基于地震烈度的建筑物震害预测方法的不足,本文以地震动峰值加速度作为建筑物震害预测的地震动指标,结合几次大地震中多层砖房的震害实例,提出了一种基于BP神经网络模型的建筑物震害预测方法,模型的输入为反映结构抗震性能的各类物理参数,输出为给定地震动峰值加速度下建筑物破坏状态的概率。研究表明:基于BP网络模型的多层砖房的震害预测结果与震害实例的实际情况比较吻合,本文的思路和方法可推广于其他不同类型的建筑结构的震害预测。     

关于提高中小学砌体建筑抗震能力的讨论

利用汶川8.0级地震特大发生后作者在极重灾区——四川省广元市青川县参加首批房屋应急评估工作期间收集的房屋震害资料,分析了砌体结构的震害特点和震害原因,对提高中小学砌体建筑抗震能力进行研究,从概念设计与计算分析两个方面对现行抗震设计规范的若干条文进行了讨论,提出了验算砌体结构抗倒塌能力的建议。     

组合砌体房屋抗震性能试验研究及分析

对1／4比例的9层组合砌体房屋模型进行了拟静力试验，得到此类结构的有关抗震性能指标，在此基础上，对试验模型和原型房屋进行了非线性地震反应分析，探讨了此类房屋的动力反应特性，对组合砌体房屋的抗震能力作出了较为客观的评价，并对应采取的抗震措施提出了建议。     

汉中农村既有砌体房屋抗震加固技术研究

基于对汉中农村既有砌体房屋现状的调查了解,分析了汉中农村既有砌体房屋的建筑方式、建筑材料、建筑地段、灾后是否重建或修缮和房屋抗震设防状况等情况;查阅文献并检索出最新的提高农村砌体房屋抗震性能的四种抗震加固方法,比较这些加固方法的相关性能,从中优选出适合汉中农村既有砌体房屋现状、危险性等级、排危加固方法和加固目的的高性能水泥复合砂浆钢筋网加固法,并对如何提高农村新建砌体房屋的抗震性能给出了建议。     

Performance of masonry buildings during the Emilia 2012 earthquake

The earthquake sequence started on May \(20\) th 2012 in Emilia (Italy) affected a region where masonry constructions represent a large part of the existing building stock and the construction of new modern masonry buildings is a common practice. The paper is focused on the performance of common architectural configurations, typical for residential or business use. The large majority of old masonry buildings is made of fired clay bricks. The seismic performance of these buildings is particularly interesting since major past earthquakes in Italy affected areas with mainly stone masonry structures. Apart from examples showing systematic or peculiar structural deficiencies governing the vulnerability of several buildings, the overall seismic performance of these structures to repeated shaking, with PGA as large as 0.25–0.3 g was rather good, despite the major part of them were only conceived for carrying vertical loads. In fact, seismic design is mandatory in the area only since 2003. Modern low-rise masonry buildings erected after this date and incorporating seismic design and proper detailing resulted in most cases practically undamaged. The examples reported in the paper allow an evaluation of the superior performance of seismically designed modern masonry buildings in comparison to older ones.     

考虑震害因子耦合作用的砌体建筑群破坏概率模型研究

砌体建筑群在地震中往往破坏严重损失巨大,合理评估地震作用对不同种类砌体结构造成破坏的风险变得至关重要。传统基于后验概率的地震危险性分析方法忽略了砌体建筑个体差异性的影响,未深入考虑多种震害因子的耦合作用。本文以华南地区砌体建筑群为例,开发了一种集成概率方法来对城市砌体结构的破坏风险进行建模,考虑建筑年代、层数、使用用途和墙厚四类震害因子的耦合影响,采用(Kolmogorov-Smirnov)K-S检验,在设定地震动参数下选取Gaussian分布、Log-Normal分布、Gumbel分布和Beta分布四种概率分布对该地区砌体建筑物的破坏状态概率分布参数进行拟合。通过均方根误差(Root Mean Square Error)RMSE进行拟合优度评价,最终建立基于Gaussian分布和Log-Normal分布的砌体建筑物破坏联合概率模型。最后,以华南地区三个城市典型砌体建筑物为例进行实例对比验证,将基于本文建立的建筑破坏概率模型推算出的砌体建筑群震害矩阵与基于单体结构分析得到的震害矩阵进行对比,与理论值最大偏差为0.033 3。研究表明：本文构建的集成概率方法能够获得更加合理的城市砌体建筑...     

组合墙结构房屋抗震性能的振动台试验研究

通过三个组合墙模型房屋的振动台试验，分析了组合墙结构体系房屋的动力性能和抗震能力，比较了底一层和底两层框架组合墙房屋和普通组合墙房屋的抗震性能。结果表明，八层组合墙房屋的抗震能力远远超过设计能力，可用于八度地区，底框架组合墙房屋的抗震性能优于普通组合墙房屋，底两层框架组合墙房屋也优于底一层框架组合墙房屋。     

皖东北地区多层砌体校舍抗震调查与震害预测

基于皖东北地区多层砌体校舍抗震性能调查,结合汶川地震的震害,对皖东北地区中小学多层砌体校舍的特点、抗震能力进行阐述,运用易损性概率分析法对所调查的校舍进行震害预测,并提出了相应的防震减灾对策,以期为该地区校舍安全工程提供参考.     

基于灰关联与人工神经网络综合评价模型的多层砖房震害预测

结合几次大地震中多层砖房的实际震害资料,基于灰关联识别方法,解析了各影响因子对多层砖房抗震性能的影响程度。以反映结构抗震性能的各类物理参数作为输入数据,以给定地震动峰值加速度下建筑物破坏状态的概率作为输出数据,采用8-6-5层结构,建立了基于BP人工神经网络的非线性模型,并对震害样本进行了训练。结果表明:利用灰关联分析,可得出各因子对多层砖房抗震性能影响程度的大小排序,有利于实际的工程抗震设计;基于BP人工神经网络模型的多层砖房的震害预测结果与震害实例的实际情况比较吻合,其思路和方法可推广于其他不同类型的建筑结构的震害预测。     

Effect of out-of-plane behavior on seismic fragility of masonry buildings in Turkey

This study focuses on the evaluation of seismic safety of unreinforced masonry buildings in Turkey by using fragility curves generated for two behavior modes of load bearing walls: in-plane and out-of-plane. During generation of fragility curves, a force-based approach has been used. There exist two limit states in terms of base shear strength for in-plane behavior mode and flexural strength for out-of-plane behavior mode. To assess the seismic vulnerability of unreinforced masonry buildings in Turkey, fragility curves generated for in-plane behavior were verified by the observed damage during the 1995 Dinar (Turkey) earthquake and fragility curves generated for out-of-plane behavior were verified by the observed damage during the 2010 Elaz?? (Turkey) earthquake. The verification results reveal that the proposed fragility-based procedure can provide an alternative for the seismic safety evaluation of unreinforced masonry buildings in Turkey. Using this procedure, it becomes possible to investigate a large population of masonry buildings located in regions of high seismic risk in a short period of time. The obtained results are valuable in the sense that they can be used as a database during the development of strategies for pre-earthquake planning and risk mitigation for earthquake prone regions of Turkey.     

A simplified methodology for the seismic assessment of masonry buildings with RC slabs

The present paper aims to contribute to the knowledge concerning the seismic assessment of load bearing masonry buildings with reinforced concrete slabs. The final goal of the present research was to propose a simple, yet accurate, methodology to assess the seismic safety of existing masonry buildings. The methodology here presented was based on the so-called ICIST/ACSS methodology with major improvements such as the extension to load bearing masonry wall buildings and the consideration of the effects of one of the most common strengthening solutions for masonry walls, here referred to as reinforced plastering mortar, as well as the possibility of considering four levels of increasing refinement: global, by alignment, by wall panel and by wall element. An extended research was performed on the existing methodologies to evaluate the seismic structural risk of load bearing masonry buildings, briefly describing methodologies similar to the one proposed, namely all of those that have in common the fact that they are based in the physical comparison between the resisting and acting shear forces at all storeys and along the two orthogonal horizontal directions. A case study is presented to check the applicability of the proposed methodology. The case study showed that the proposed methodology is relatively simple to apply and has a sufficiently good accuracy when compared with alternative methodologies. The degree of refinement of the analysis (global, by alignment, by wall panel and by wall element) must be taken into consideration and successively more complex analyses may be required when the results of simpler analyses are inconclusive.     

江苏高邮、宝应MS4.9级地震现场震害调查与破坏原因研究

江苏高邮、宝应Ms4．9级地震在极震区造成了数10间农村民居不同程度和不同方式的破坏,出现人员伤亡。震后对地震灾害现场进行震害调查与破坏原因研究,典型的震害特征包括砖砌体、砖木和砖混结构房屋局部倾倒、墙体贯通开裂、房顶瓦片掀翻和烟囱倒塌等。农村民居遭到破坏的主要因素包括：选址不当、施工质量较差、砂浆强度不够、缺少圈梁和构造柱等。同时,分析了竖向地震作用和鞭梢效应等地震效应,讨论了砖砌体和砖混结构抗震设计的加固方法和改善抗震性能的构造措施等,为农村民居的抗震设防和减轻震害损失等提供参考。     

Seismic vulnerability assessment of historical urban centres: case study of the old city centre in Seixal, Portugal

The seismic vulnerability assessment of old masonry buildings is essential not only to buildings with recognised historical and heritage value but also to ordinary residential masonry buildings. This paper approaches the seismic vulnerability assessment of masonry buildings by applying a simplified methodology to the old city centre of Seixal in Portugal. The methodology adopted in this study was based on a vulnerability index used for the evaluation of damage and the study of loss scenarios on a large scale. Over 500 buildings were assessed using this methodology, and the results were analysed using an integrated Geographical Information System tool. The integration of the vulnerability and loss results could allow city councils or regional authorities to plan interventions based on a global view of the site under analysis, leading to more accurate and comprehensive risk mitigation strategies that support the requirements of safety and emergency planning.     

典型砖木结构农居地震弹塑性有限元分析

针对我国农居结构中比例最高的砖木结构,选取典型结构运用ABAQUS有限元软件进行模态和地震时程弹塑性分析。给出M0.5和M5两种砌筑强度砖木结构农居的前三阶特征周期和振型,并与经验周期公式值进行对比分析,提出后者存在的问题和修改建议。选取天津波作为地震动时程输入,分别计算不同峰值加速度下两种砖木结构农居弹塑性地震反应,给出相应的拉损伤云图,并对结构的破坏特征进行分析,给出结构抗震薄弱部位。结果表明,砌筑强度是决定结构抗震能力的关键因素之一。     

传统农居砌体抗剪性能试验研究

砖砌体结构是农村传统农居建筑的主要结构形式,如何精确评价其抗震能力具有重要的研究意义。目前既有传统农居中,20世纪80、90年代砖砌体结构仍是其重要的组成部分。为研究既有传统砖砌体结构的抗剪性能,首先对水泥砂浆、白灰砂浆、炉渣砂浆、黄泥砂浆4种典型砂浆开展抗压强度试验;然后对4种典型砂浆砌筑的砌体进行沿通缝抗剪强度试验,通过与传统老旧红砖砌体抗剪强度的平均值和公式值进行对比,对砌体抗剪强度计算公式进行修正后得到修正公式;最后对比修正值、标准值和设计值,对传统农居进行准确的砖砌体抗剪强度评估。本项研究主要为传统农居砖砌体结构的抗震性能评估、抗震加固以及抗震设计提供技术支持与科学依据。     

竖向变刚度约束砌体结构抗震能力研究

汶川8.0级特大地震发生时,前山断裂从彭州市白鹿中学两栋教学楼中间穿过,断层距离两栋教学楼仅数米,造成前楼严重破坏,破坏现象非常典型。该结构为外廊式单跨约束砌体结构教学楼,抗震设防烈度为7度,承重墙体的构造特点有别于当地的普通砌体结构,本文采用现场测试、震害考察和弹塑性地震反应计算分析等手段对该结构的抗震性能进行了详细的研究,旨在揭示具有这类构造形式的砌体结构在不同烈度影响场下的破坏特点和抗震能力,为指导今后砌体结构的设计和抗震规范的修改提供参考。     

Shake table testing of un‐reinforced brick masonry building test model isolated by U‐FREI

This paper presents a detailed study on feasibility of un‐bonded fiber reinforced elastomeric isolator (U‐FREI) as an alternative to steel reinforced elastomeric isolator (SREI) for seismic isolation of un‐reinforced masonry buildings. Un‐reinforced masonry buildings are inherently vulnerable under seismic excitation, and U‐FREIs are used for seismic isolation of such buildings in the present study. Shake table testing of a base isolated two storey un‐reinforced masonry building model subjected to four prescribed input excitations is carried out to ascertain its effectiveness in controlling seismic response. To compare the performance of U‐FREI, same building is placed directly on the shake table without isolator, and fixed base (FB) condition is simulated by restraining the base of the building with the shake table. Dynamic response characteristic of base isolated (BI) masonry building subjected to different intensities of input earthquakes is compared with the response of the same building without base isolation system. Acceleration response amplification and peak response values of test model with and without base isolation system are compared for different intensities of table acceleration. Distribution of shear forces and moment along the height of the structure and response time histories indicates significant reduction of dynamic responses of the structure with U‐FREI system. This study clearly demonstrates the improved seismic performance of un‐reinforced masonry building model supported on U‐FREIs under the action of considered ground motions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.