社区恢复力研究进展及其地理学研究议题

随着人口、资源与环境的矛盾日益加深,灾害已成为可持续发展的重要障碍。在这一背景下,恢复力成为推动社会经济系统可持续发展的新理念和新范式。恢复力研究的范式也由早期的生态恢复力逐渐转向社区恢复力的研究。现有的社区恢复力研究成果主要集中在概念内涵探索、影响因素识别、基于客观指标和基于行动者感知的社区恢复力测度等方面。迄今尚未形成公认的可接受的社区恢复力理论框架;对普通乡村社区研究较多,对特定资源依赖型社区恢复力研究较少;对突发性自然灾害对社区恢复力的影响研究较多,对其他灾害和危机对社区恢复力的影响研究较少;社区恢复力测度方法的适用性和科学性仍待加强;社区恢复力关键影响因素的作用机制仍需进一步探索。在此基础上,提出从地理学视角研究社区恢复力的主要议题,包括社区恢复力的形成机制及其区域差异、动态演变过程、影响因素的作用机理、基于人地关系的社区恢复力感知量表以及具有尺度效应的社区恢复力测度指数等。     

Borderland Lifeways in the American Exclave of Point Roberts,Washington

Point Roberts, Washington is a geographical anomaly that opens a window into the lived experience of borders. Created by the imposition of an antecedent geometric boundary on an undulating coastline, Point Roberts has transitioned from a resource extraction frontier to a summer tourist destination for Canadians to a transnational borderland that defies notions of the bounded state as the container for society. The community is defined by the international border, which both connects and isolates it. Point Roberts relies on a mixture of services from both countries and fills a unique transnational economic niche, reflecting the complementarity between rural and urban and the United States and Canada. Point Roberts is a hybrid borderland: a privileged exurb for U.S. citizens working in Vancouver, a U.S. service center for Canadians, and a seaside retirement community with pockets of isolation and neglect.     

中国生物质能产业发展面临的矛盾和挑战

本文在分析中国生物质能产业发展现状的基础上,认为当前中国生物质能产业发展受到资源家底不清、政策环境不完善和生态保护压力等因素制约,存在着产业发展总体水平低,产业体系不健全,生产成本高,产业技术水平低,行业发展无序等问题。结合这些问题,立足我国资源环境承载能力,适应市场需求变化和科技进步趋势,本文提出今后重点加强生物质能产业发展政策扶持,生物质能原料资源调查评估,生物质能转化利用技术开发和能源产业示范基地建设,以期促进生物质能产业健康快速发展。     

Example of a supradetachment basin within a pull-apart tectonic setting: Mormon Point, Death Valley, California

The geological features now exposed at Mormon Point, Death Valley, reveal processes of extension that continue to be active, but are concealed beneath the east side of Death Valley. Late Cenozoic sedimentary rocks at Mormon Point crop out in the hangingwall of the Mormon Point low-angle normal fault zone, a fault zone that formed within a releasing bend of the oblique-slip (right-normal slip) fault zone along the east side of Death Valley. The late Cenozoic sedimentary rocks were part of the valley when the low-angle fault zone was active, but during late Quaternary time they became part of the Black Mountains block and were uplifted. Rocks and structures exposed at Mormon Point are an example of the types of features developed in a releasing bend along the margins of a major pull-apart structure, and in this example they are very similar to features associated with regional detachment faults. The oldest sedimentary rocks in the hangingwall of the Mormon Point low-angle fault zone dip steeply to moderately east or north-east and were faulted and rotated in an extensional kinematic environment different from that recorded by rocks and structures associated with younger rocks in the hangingwall. Some of the younger parts of the late Cenozoic sedimentary rocks were deposited, faulted and rotated during movement on the Mormon Point low-angle normal fault. Progressively, strata are less faulted and less rotated. The Mormon Point low-angle normal fault has an irregular fault surface whose segments define intersections that plunge 18°-30°, N10°-40°W, with a maximum of 22°, N22°W that we interpret to be the general direction of slip. Thus, even though Death Valley trends north, movement on the faults responsible for its formation was at least locally north-northwest. Gouge and disrupted conglomerates along the faults are interpreted to have formed either as adjustments to accommodate space problems at the corners of blocks or along faults that bounded blocks during their displacement and rotation. The younger units of the late Cenozoic sedimentary rock sequence and the geomorphic surfaces developed on them are rarely faulted, not rotated, and overlap the Mormon Point low-angle faults. Active faults cut Holocene alluvium north of the late Cenozoic rocks and form the present boundary between Mormon Point and the Black Mountains. The distribution of active faults defines a releasing bend that mimics the older releasing bend formed by the Mormon Point low-angle fault zone. Rocks and structures similar to those exposed above the Mormon Point low-angle fault zone are probably forming today beneath the east side of Death Valley north-west of Mormon Point.     

Community Recovery Following the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Toward a Theory of Cultural Resilience

Culture plays an important role in communities’ abilities to adapt to environmental change and crises. The emerging field of resilience thinking has made several efforts to better integrate social and cultural factors into the systems-level approach to understanding social–ecological resilience. However, attempts to integrate culture into structural models often fail to account for the agentic processes that influence recovery at the individual and community levels, overshadowing the potential for agency and variation in community response. Using empirical data on the 2010 BP oil spill’s impact on a small, natural-resource-dependent community, we propose an alternative approach emphasizing culture’s ability to operate as a resource that contributes to social, or community, resilience. We refer to this more explicit articulation of culture’s role in resilience as cultural resilience. Our findings reveal that not all cultural resources that define resilience in reference to certain disasters provided successful mitigation, adaptation, or recovery from the BP spill.     

元谋旅游开发的SWOT和CIS分析

旅游形象是旅游者对旅游目的地的总体认识和评价。旅游形象承载着旅游的无形价值，是吸引游客的重要环节。区域旅游发展必须更加重视该地旅游形象的创意、设计和宣传。以云南省元谋县为例，运用SWOT、CIS等分析方法，对元谋旅游的优势、劣势、机遇和威胁进行全方位分析，探讨了元谋旅游的产品定位、市场定位和形象定位，构建了视觉、行为识别系统，提出元谋旅游未来发展的建议。     

MANAGING PLACE AND IDENTITY: THE MARIN COAST MIWOK EXPERIENCE

ABSTRACT. Group identity serves as a mechanism for claiming rights of control and access to land in the United States. Public land managers face myriad identity‐based claims to land in their care. Identity shapes claims that must appear valid within the strictures of a legal system created by a dominant culture to serve its interests. The very form of those systems—of which public lands are a large part—makes possible the expression of particular forms of identity. The story of the Coast Miwok community and the Point Reyes National Seashore suggests that geographical links among identity, landscape, and history are actively constructed through political work and rarely are as obvious as they first appear. Both the formal legal process of federal tribal recognition and restoration and the far less formal Coast Miwok claims to land at Point Reyes National Seashore teach important lessons about neotraditional identity‐based claims to public land.     

Research Approaches for Understanding,Enhancing, and Monitoring Community Resilience

The growing interest in the understanding of community resilience suggests a need for improving research approaches. This article reviews methods used to date, and suggests opportunities for expanding the range and efficacy of approaches used to understand, improve, and monitor the coupled social and ecological aspects of community resilience. We explore three potential foci: research approaches that enhance understanding of community resilience; those that help to improve community resilience through the research process; and the further development of methods to guide monitoring. Most studies have relied on mixed and multistaged methods, including in-depth interviews and case studies. We comment on the wide range of approaches used, and suggest others that could be valuable. There is particular scope for greater use of cumulative studies, historical or retrospective studies, participatory methods, and systems approaches, and a need for more methods that explore the coupling of social and ecological dimensions.     

Whiteness or Resilience? Placing Terror by Studying the Charleston,South Carolina Mother Emanuel Church Shooting

How do ideas of place support the development of racialized identities in times of terror violence? We situate this paper in the “deep” south via the shooting of 9 black churchgoers by a white supremacist. We explore how the community mobilized after the massacre, and in what ways it relied on ideas of place. While many claimed that the community exemplified resilience, we demonstrate a process of re-racialization. We analyzed local media to document place framing. This frame was recirculated in reporting of residents’ expressions about the tragedy. We conducted interviews with community leaders to deepen our understanding. We find that while place played a powerful role in the resilience narrative, the resilience was ultimately one of a city of whiteness. We advance several points: (1) whiteness adapts in times of terror; (2) place is important in the security studies; and (3) place also plays a role in attenuating fear.     

社区可持续发展指标体系研究——以上海崇明为例

本文探索了在专业人员指导下的小组参与方法建立符合中国国情的社区可持续发展指标体系。研究以上海崇明为例,分析了不同社会群体对可持续发展的认识和需求,比较了不同经济发展水平、不同社会背景和不同决策层面对可持续发展的不同关注点,提出由4个核心指标、7个扩展指标和5个附加指标构成的社区可持续发展指标体系,为其他地区制订可持续发展指标体系提供了参考,并有利于实施社区发展可持续性的评估。     

Gypsy Architecture: Houses of the Roma in Eastern Europe

Why is Ortley Beach, New Jersey, known as Superstorm Sandy's ground zero? This article employs qualitative vulnerability analysis to understand why vulnerability of second homes in Ortley Beach resulted in dune failure and slow rebuilding after Sandy. The second-home owners who largely make up the community in Ortley Beach are identified as the key vulnerable group. This group's lack of political representation and financial compensation after Sandy increased house damage and slowed rebuilding. Identifying the level of vulnerability of the majority group in a location is paramount to understanding how the community recovers from a disaster. Such identification can also aid in preparing communities, especially for types of disasters they have not yet encountered.     

经济地理学视角下的旅游发展理论演进

经济地理学是一门非常活跃和发展演化很快的学科.近30年来,经济地理学的发展演化带动了旅游发展理论的演变.回顾旅游发展理论研究的进展,依次有依附理论、生命周期理论、社区研究方法、福特主义、弹性专业化和全球商品链理论,这些理论在旅游方面的应用和研究,从时间和数量上都明显滞后于生产实践活动,说明旅游研究还处于经济地理学科"边缘化"的地位.在今天经济全球化的背景下,旅游产业在迅猛发展之时,旅游发展理论的建设更应与经济地理学紧密结合,由"边缘"走向"核心".     

Questioning community as a collective antidote to fear: Jean-Luc Nancy's 'singularity' and 'being singular plural'

Community has long been a key academic concept and lay narrative, especially in commentaries of rural as opposed to urban life. Although community is proffered as an antidote for a plethora of emotional, social and policy challenges in contemporary Western societies, we argue that it is problematic. Previously, we suggested that community is a device mobilised in response to fears surrounding finitude. In this paper, we again draw on Nancy's theorising of singularity and being-in-common, but also engage with his yet more fundamental conceptualisation of 'being singular plural' to suggest directions for new geographies of singular and collective life.     

Exploring “Deep Roots”: Politics of Place and Groundwater Management Practices in the Pajaro Valley,California

Groundwater is one of the most critical natural resources in an era of climate change, yet groundwater depletion is extensive in many parts of the world. The Pajaro Valley, an agricultural region in Central California, exemplifies the common challenges to sustainably manage a groundwater basin. This article draws on materialist conceptions of power and political economy, and humanist conceptions of place identity and dependence, to illuminate how both can influence groundwater management practices. Through ethnographic observation and interviews with self-identified groundwater users, we find that social character, economic interactions, and dominant understandings of culture and community all work together to define personal and collective meanings of and attachments to place. We suggest that using a “politics of place” approach can provide a deeper understanding of why particular groundwater management practices occur, and that this can aid in shaping future sustainability efforts.     

Participatory slum upgrading as a disjunctive process in Recife,Brazil: Urban coproduction and the absent ground of the city

This article engages with the coproduction of urban space by focusing on a slum upgrading project in Recife, Brazil. It argues that the urban situation is essentially inconsistent, unpredictable and unstable. It documents the history of urban planning in Recife, paying special attention to the coexistence of two different planning traditions, one aimed at what city planners call the informal city, which is participatory, bottom up and democratic, yet susceptible to be corrupted by political clientelism, and another aimed at the formal city, which is ‘strategic’, top down, technocratic and neoliberal. It argues that the informal/formal binary operates as a disjunctive synthesis that separates social actors rather than connecting them and provides the coordinates within which processes of coproduction take place. The disjunctive synthesis renders possible all sorts of fantastic imaginations that both disavow and reveal the missing ground of the city. Community leaders play a central role in the coproduction of urban space and function as the symptom of this absent ground. The article concludes that participatory urban development interventions aiming to curtail the role of community leaders end up as veritable tyrannies of participation, which should be seen as evidence of the disjointed character of planning rather than as forms of effective governmentality.     

A Sense of Place in Cultural Ecosystem Services: The Case of Cornish Fishing Communities

Fishing communities in Europe are facing significant challenges due to policy measures aimed at reducing fishing effort in order to cope with the “crisis” in key stocks. While it is imperative to ensure sustainability of the resource, such policies may overlook the contribution of fisheries to the social and cultural well-being of coastal communities. This article explores the contribution that sense of place can make to understanding the relationship between fishing and cultural ecosystem services, drawing on case studies from Cornwall, southwest England. Through semistructured interviews with fishing community stakeholders we outline how fishing contributes to sense of place in terms of individual and community identities, as well as a particular place character associated with the physical presence of fishing. We suggest that a co-constructionist account of the relationship between sea and land can provide a starting point for understanding the cultural landscape that emerges as a result of fishing.     

The Development of Wildlife Community Conservancies in Kenya: A Preliminary Review

The significance of biodiversity conservation has transformed from a concern for conservation of endangered species and landscapes into an increasingly diverse yet comprehensive set of conservation, social and economic development goals. Community conservancy, a powerful extension of the PA system, has great potential to support biodiversity conservation, poverty eradication and conflict mitigation. Based on its policy environment and development characteristics, Kenya has implemented community conservation practices, and established over 160 conservancies across the country in the past decades. This paper reviews the development and experiences of community conservancies, discusses how they have been implemented in Kenya, and looks at the management paradigm, efficacy and challenges to help better understand the community conservancy approach. The development trajectory and lessons these conservancies have to offer can contribute to the sustainable utilization of natural resources and the enhancement of community wellbeing in Kenya and other countries alike.     

中国城市生活空间及社区可持续发展研究现状与趋势

本文首先回顾了西方发达国家研究城市生活空间和社区可持续发展的历史 ,指出中国对该论题的研究仅处于起步阶段。中国研究城市生活空间和社区可持续发展的现状主要包括以下 7个方面 :1城市生活空间要素研究 ;2城市生活空间结构及其基本理论研究 ;3城市生活空间质量评价与实践探索 ;4城市生活空间规划的理论研究与实践探索 ;5城市生活空间适居性研究 ;6城市生活空间发展变化的研究 ;7城市生活空间与社区可持续发展研究。其趋势主要表现在以下 6个方面 :1城市生活空间与自然的和谐 ;2城市生活空间结构要素的协调发展和社区系统要素的整合 ;3城市生活空间整合和社区融合 ;4城市生活情境空间和社区情境空间的总体艺术布局 ;5绿色城市生活空间和绿色社区设计 ;6城市生活信息空间和智能环境社区。总之 ,创建绿色城市生活空间和绿色社区 ,促进城市社区的可持续发展 ,是 2 1世纪诸多相关学科共同研究的主题。为了今后更好地开展城市生活空间和社区可持续发展研究 ,本文提出了研究中应该注意的若干问题。     

青藏高原东北部残积母质土壤发育过程研究——以青海湖北部宁夏剖面为例

残积母质是青海湖地区重要的成土母质之一,目前对高原残积母质土壤的研究相对匮乏,特别是其形成发育的年代尚不明晰,限制了对高原残积母质土壤演变过程的认识及对区域气候环境演变的理解。为探究青藏高原东北部残积母质土壤的发育过程及其发育模式,以青海湖北部宁夏（NX）剖面作为研究对象,通过光释光（Optically stimulated luminescence,OSL）测年获得残积母质土壤发育年代,采用化学蚀变指数（Chemical index of alteration,CIA）、Rb/Sr和粉黏比等探究土壤发育程度,对比青海湖地区河湖相沉积和黄土的Zr/Nb、K₂O/Al₂O₃和TiO₂/Al₂O₃分析其物源。结果表明：NX土壤剖面在早全新世以来发育,其年代结果集中在10.02~8.67 ka,成土母质发育时间与流域内风沙强烈活动时期基本一致,为干暖气候背景下的产物;通过物源对比分析,NX剖面底部母质为母岩就地风化而成,上部为风尘加积发育,发育模式为混合母质风尘加积型;剖面整体处于弱化学风化阶段,土壤发育程度较弱。