Local institutional actors and globally linked territorial development in Bekasi District: A strategic coupling?

Ever‐changing spatial divisions of labour have led to an altered integration of many developing countries into global production networks (GPNs), leading to new spaces of territorial development in these countries. Against this background, this paper examines the role of local institutional actors in co‐shaping territorial development driven by global industrial relocation. Drawing on the case of Bekasi District, Indonesia, this paper nuances the notion of ‘strategic coupling’ in specific national and local settings of developing countries. Drawing on empirical material obtained through a series of in‐depth interviews conducted between 2012 and 2016, our analysis reveals that although local institutional actors have participated in Bekasi District's territorial development processes they sometimes exhibit a hesitant and less‐than‐creative attitude in this participation. Meanwhile, non‐local actors, most notably private developers and central government agencies, tend to have a more significant leverage in these development processes at the local level, suggesting complex institutional arrangements in tying Bekasi District's assets with GPNs.     

中资企业离岸研发研究进展：经济地理学的探索

基于经济地理学领域的相关文献,系统梳理并评述了中资企业离岸研发的已有研究进展。研究发现,目前国内外经济地理学在中资企业离岸研发的区位选择、空间组织、行为主体等作用机制及溢出效应等方面取得了一批研究成果：中资企业离岸研发的区位主导因素因东道国特征和企业发展阶段不同而有所侧重,离岸研发的空间组织模式及其知识流动路径因其在全球创新格局中的地位而呈现差异化特征,其中跨国人员在帮助企业及地区获取其知识溢出并实现技术追赶中发挥重要的“边界扳手”作用;但同时现有研究也存在理论针对性不强、分析手段缺乏、溢出效应重视不够等问题：建议针对中资企业离岸研发活动的特点,从关系、制度、演化的视角入手,建立新的企业离岸研发理论假说。并从创新活动“流的空间”的视角入手,揭示多尺度下中资企业离岸研发空间演化规律;从关系和演化经济地理学视角入手,厘清不同尺度及多维邻近性视角下中资企业离岸研发区位因子;从中资企业特殊商业文化入手,分析华人华侨、海外人才等行为主体在中资企业离岸研发活动形成与发展中的作用;从创新溢出效应的视角入手,区分中资企业离岸研发活动对母国和东道国发展的影响。     

从软件外包到研发服务院班加罗尔的案例研究

2000年以来,印度的服务外包产业从一个提供低技术含量服务的供应方,逐步升级为一个提供高技术含量研发服务的供应方,其服务外包产业升级的成功经验值得深入探究。班加罗尔是印度软件出口的策源地,同时在研发服务业方面也日益专业化。本文以全球价值链的相关理论为支撑,以班加罗尔作为研究案例,在对该城市从软件外包到研发服务业兴起的发展轨迹进行系统回顾的基础上,将推动班加罗尔服务业兴起与发展的原因归结为高素质低成本人才的供应、跨国公司全球研发战略的转变、本土研发管理能力的提升以及海外人脉网络的充分利用四大驱动因素。     

Moving policy: global and local characters circulating bus rapid transit through South African cities

In this paper, I explore the variety of actors who circulate international best practice around the world. I trace the introduction and adoption of bus rapid transit (BRT) projects and policies across six South African cities through international and municipal policy actors, to expose the role of individuals moving policy within the messy and tangled process of policy circulation. The analysis demonstrates the particularly important role of local actors in localizing global practice. While cities may learn of circulated forms of knowledge through innovative and dynamic individuals, policy is adopted only through local actors with governmental support. This premise adds a critical dimension to the policy mobilities field by demonstrating that adopting localities are instrumental in cultivating a receptive ground for the application of circulated policy. Global best practice does not simply float around waiting to be selected, but rather local policymakers are actively seeking and transforming innovations such as BRT.     

Chinese overseas industrial parks in Southeast Asia: An examination of policy mobility from the perspective of embeddedness

The development of overseas industrial parks is a key component of the Belt and Road Initiative and an expected experimental way of promoting inclusive globalization by inventing new forms of cooperation between China and local host countries. Policy mobility, a classic theory within international political geography addressing the connection between local and global policies, has implications for overseas industrial parks development. In this paper, we argue that policies are not easily moved directly from one place to another; instead, policies are embedded due to the role of local actors in policy mobility. This article first provides an overview of seven China-Southeast Asia economic and trade cooperation zones identified by the Ministry of Commerce, and analyzes their key participants. It then discusses policy mobility by looking into the roles of revenue, land, and talent in developing these industrial parks. The paper finds that these parks face challenges, such as the complicated geographical environments of host countries, huge pressure from enterprise investment capital, the lack of overseas service platforms, and underdeveloped agglomeration economies. In the light of the current situation, policy suggestions for the future sustainable development of overseas industrial parks are put forward.     

可持续饮食系统的尺度逻辑——基于中国、巴西、南非的案例

农业工业化和“去地化”的生产模式、不透明的流通过程以及膨胀的消费欲望致使饮食系统危机不断,其可持续性成为全球尺度的挑战。当前饮食系统的可持续性研究面临尺度问题,涉及从全球地方的目标转化,以及从地方到全球的经验反馈两个方面。首先,全球尺度的可持续目标宏大包容,但是对地方尺度的差异性缺乏关照。其次,部分西方国家的可持续实践垄断了经验表达,过于重视社区等微观尺度而忽略了其他尺度的潜在作用,引发“尺度陷阱”。本文深入剖析中国、巴西、南非的饮食系统内部各类参与者的可持续性建构,提出全球和地方可持续饮食系统互动的尺度逻辑：① 从全球到地方的目标转化需要兼顾地方差异。中国、巴西、南非各自生成优先的可持续目标,分别针对食品安全、食物原真性和食物浪费、结构性的食物匮乏等问题。这些目标之间充满张力和博弈,不能等同替代。② 从地方到全球的经验反馈需要打破西方经验赋予的微观尺度的优越性,转向跨尺度的实践。发展中国家的可持续实践路径的要义在于发挥饮食系统各类参与者的能动性,调动资源形成有效的跨尺度行动网络。③ 发展中国家的经验表明尺度本身是方法,而不是目的,每个具体的可持续目标与适切的尺度方法匹配。有必要研究建议挖掘多元、差异的可持续模式,更加有针对性地促进当地乃至全球饮食系统的可持续发展。     

The sustainable development of innovative cities in China: Comprehensive assessment and future configuration

Innovative cities not only constitute an important basis for innovation activities, but also play a strategically critical role in constructing an innovative country, producing new forms of urban development, and fostering urban sustainable development. Currently, China is marching toward the goal of establishing an innovative country by 2020, but in the start-up phase of this process of innovative city construction, the fundamental transition from factor-driven development to innovation-driven development is not being realized. As a result,a wide gap currently exists between China＇s innovative cities and the advanced innovative cities in developed countries. This paper argues that this necessary transition is being constrained by a series of bottlenecks in investment, income, techniques, contributions, and talents. The article takes 287 prefecture-level cities as its object of comprehensive assessment, developing a comprehensive assessment system for innovative cities and devising innovative monitoring system software in order to evaluate the current situation in China＇s innovative city construction. The analysis addresses four key aspects – namely,independent innovation, industrial innovation, living environmental innovation, and institutional innovation – as well as the spatial heterogeneity of the innovative city construction process. The results demonstrate that the level of innovation in Chinese cities is low, and the paper warns that building an innovation-oriented country will, as a consequence,be difficult. Some 87.8% of the cities studied maintained comprehensive levels of innovation that were lower than the national average. The level of comprehensive innovation in a city was found to have close and positive correlation with economic development. The level of the eastern region of China was, in particular, found to be significantly higher than that of the central and western regions. The levels of urban independent innovation, industrial innovation,environmental innovation, and institutional in     

世界城市中的跨国机构研究综述

在全球化的冲击下, 超越或嵌入国家地理疆界范围的行动者改变着世界政治地理格局。国际组织、国际非政府组织、跨国政府组织和跨国非政府组织等跨国机构在全球地缘政治中的角色越来越重要。地理学视角的研究认为, 不同类型的跨国机构在全球尺度上创造了复杂而多样化的全球政治地理结构, 也形成具有政治特色的世界城市体系。不仅如此, 跨国机构通过地方尺度的行动, 深入城市的全球化发展过程, 成为与世界城市紧密关联的影响因子, 对城市制度和内部空间等方面的变化发挥着不可忽视的作用。对当代西方地理学中跨国机构研究进行梳理和评述, 在此基础上指出目前存在的不足, 不仅是从地理学视角对跨国机构研究进展的把握, 也希望对中国当代政治地理和城市地理中跨国机构的研究有一定的借鉴和启示意义。     

无锡光伏产业链中的全球-本地联系

以无锡市为例,通过实地调研当地光伏产业链中多晶硅生产、电池元件生产、组件制造、相关设备生产、光伏设备运维服务,以及光伏用户等不同环节,从全球生产网络的视角,考察全球-本地联系在当地光伏产业链形成演化和技术发展动态中的具体表现。结论指出：① 无锡光伏产业在短短10 a之内从“两头在外”的发展模式到形成全产业链竞争优势,体现了新兴技术的全球生产网络技术加速更新和产业快速转移的新特点;② 本地相关产业集群通过技术引进、消化和改进为新技术突破规模化瓶颈,获取市场竞争力打下基础,并由此对全球光伏技术发展的路径产生了关键影响;③ 产业进一步发展需要针对能源转型的长期目标,着重探索能源消费侧的技术转型路径。     

A new mapping of the world for the new millennium

A new mapping of the world derived from connections between cities is presented as a complement to the traditional world map of countries. Under conditions of contemporary globalization world cities have emerged as global service centres. These have been created by the location strategies of leading corporate service firms (e.g. in accountancy) in setting up their global office networks. Data on the offices of 46 global service firms in 55 world cities are used to define service connections between cities. Connections are converted into measures of network proximity and a multidimensional scaling is applied to these 'distances' to create a 'global service space' of cities. This new mapping of the world shows a distinctive centric structure with the major world cities (e.g. London) at the core. Investigation of this general structure reveals more subtle patterns of interacting regional and hierarchical tendencies.     

基于地级市尺度的中国外资空间动态与本土产业演化

伴随着全球化不断深入,国际劳动分工体系下全球生产网络逐步形成,推动跨国公司以外资直接投资为途径在全球范围内寻找有利区位。低廉的要素成本、友好的政策制度以及广阔的潜在市场使得发展中国家成为外资活跃的重要地区。外资空间动态不仅涉及发展中国家对接全球生产网络的效果,更关系到其生产格局的演变。而演化理论下的技术邻近度也会对外资空间动态和本土产业演化产生作用,使之呈现出更多样的空间差异。本文基于1998-2008年中国337个地级市的制造业数据,研究内、外资技术邻近度作用下外资空间动态对本土产业演化的影响,研究发现：①外资进入、退出等空间动态显著促进了中国本土产业演化,其中中西部最强,东部最弱,东北地区外资进入作用相对明显。②技术邻近度削弱了外资空间动态对本土产业演化的积极影响,但具体到不同区域也会出现差异。东部地区的技术关联反而有利于外资进入带来的知识溢出和外资退出带来的资源释放,表现为典型的“战略耦合”。而中部、西部和东北地区的技术关联则成为阻碍外资进入、退出促进内资产业发展的重要原因。     

珠江三角洲港资服务业企业的空间格局及影响因素研究

香港与珠三角地区历来有着紧密的社会经济联系,研究港资服务业在珠三角的空间布局,有助于发现港资服务业在珠三角不同等级城市的跨制度边界分布规律,并对揭示香港与珠三角之间的服务业合作关系和促进粤港澳大湾区一体化建设具有重要意义。基于1 050家珠三角港资服务业企业POI点数据,运用最邻近点指数、核密度估计法和地理集中指数等定量方法和GIS技术,研究珠三角港资服务业企业的总体空间布局及局部区位特征,并构建了多元回归模型揭示其空间布局的影响因素。结果发现：① 珠三角港资服务业企业的整体空间表现为集聚型,形成了“总体分散,局部集中”的空间分布特征;② 分行业来看,除分配性服务业企业具有空间多中心特征外,其余服务业企业均形成了以广、深为核心的空间分布结构,且4类珠三角港资服务业企业均具有显著的集聚特征,其中生产性服务业企业的集聚特征最为突出;③ 除分配性服务业企业外,其他类别港资服务业企业的空间分布受到不同因素影响,主要包括服务业发展水平和固定资产投资。     

中国在东南亚的海外经贸合作园区——以嵌入性视角检验政策移动性（英文）

The development of overseas industrial parks is a key component of the Belt and Road Initiative and an expected experimental way of promoting inclusive globalization by inventing new forms of cooperation between China and local host countries. Policy mobility, a classic theory within international political geography addressing the connection between local and global policies, has implications for overseas industrial parks development. In this paper, we argue that policies are not easily moved directly from one place to another; instead, policies are embedded due to the role of local actors in policy mobility. This article first provides an overview of seven China-Southeast Asia economic and trade cooperation zones identified by the Ministry of Commerce, and analyzes their key participants. It then discusses policy mobility by looking into the roles of revenue, land, and talent in developing these industrial parks. The paper finds that these parks face challenges, such as the complicated geographical environments of host countries, huge pressure from enterprise investment capital, the lack of overseas service platforms, and underdeveloped agglomeration economies. In the light of the current situation, policy suggestions for the future sustainable development of overseas industrial parks are put forward.     

基于行动者网络理论的乡村绅士化演化过程与机制解析——以广西巴马盘阳河流域为例

乡村绅士化是城乡要素双向流动背景下乡村转型与振兴的新型路径。基于对广西巴马盘阳河流域乡村绅士化现象的历时性田野调查,采用行动者网络理论解析乡村绅士化演化的过程、类型与机制。研究表明：在巴马盘阳河流域乡村人类行动者与非人类行动者、“草根”行动者与机构行动者共同缔结的行动者网络的转换过程中,伴随关键行动者从“候鸟人”先锋、屯社精英向地方政府、投资开发商的更替,乡村绅士化路径从“草根”绅士化向机构绅士化演替,乡村产业从接待“候鸟人”、发展旅游转向大健康产业融合发展,乡村绅士化类型从单一的舒适移民绅士化向舒适移民、旅游和地产共构的“一地多类”绅士化演化。关键行动者更替及其功能角色转换、绅士化路径变迁和主导产业更替与融合发展、宏观乡村发展制度与地域自然人文环境共同作用于乡村绅士化的阶段演替与类型共生。行动者网络理论与方法利于呈现乡村绅士化的阶段演替脉络与共生演化特征,并揭示乡村绅士演化的一般机制与地域机制。     

从珠三角到大珠三角再到粤港澳大湾区：改革开放以来中国的国家尺度重组

尺度重组是解释当前国家、城市等地域组织参与全球化竞争的工具媒介。文章以中国华南地区改革开放以来广东、香港、澳门三地跨界合作为例,借鉴行动者网络理论的研究方法深入剖析珠三角、大珠三角及粤港澳大湾区3个“新国家空间”的尺度重组过程,揭示中国尺度重组的政治经济逻辑。研究发现,行动者拥有的资源决定了其在尺度网络中的地位,而中国的“新国家空间”形成主要依托中央政府推动,其发展目标的设定具有决定性作用,港澳特区政府、广东省地方政府、乡镇企业和外资企业等其他行动者在协同合作中将自身的发展目标与之融合形成了“强制通过点”。纵观三阶段的演变过程,制度因素的重要性越来越得到凸显。     

城市物质空间更新研究进展与展望

城市物质空间更新是城市发展的自然历史过程。转型期的中国城市,物质空间更新的速度与范围正在逐渐加大,且深度作用于社会经济空间重构过程。本文首先全面总结了国内外城市物质空间更新的相关理论与研究成果,凝练了在城市物质空间更新背景、演替脉络、更新模式及策略方面的核心思想与评判方法,总结了城市物质空间更新的成功做法和经验。其次,从城市物质空间更新的空间判定与时空组织模式、建筑资产拆损、更新模式与综合评估、影响因素与机制定量研究方面对中国未来的城市物质空间更新研究进行了展望。最后,本文认为在新型城镇化和资源节约型社会建设大背景下,有必要加强中国城市物质空间更新的系统研究、综合研究、动态研究和定量研究,进而为制定因地制宜的物质空间更新优化调控政策和方案提供依据。     

国家级媒体平台全球网络建构的地理学空间分析——以中国长城平台为例

以中国长城平台为例,探索中国媒体全球网络建构格局、过程与机制,以城市为网络建构的地点、国际电视媒体为纽带、19个中国城市及30个GaWC（Globalization and World Cities,全球化与世界城市）为研究对象,集成联系强度、城市媒体影响力指数、媒体传播方向异质性研究方法,对中国国际电视媒体输出至世界城市、世界城市电视媒体输入至中国港澳台地区的双向互动过程进行地理学空间可视化分析,探讨长城平台全球网络建构机制。结果表明：① 长城平台中国境内媒体来源整体呈一核三区多节点格局;② 长城平台海外输出网络反映了中国城市与世界城市间的媒体网络联系,以北京、香港与GaWC中Alpha级（世界一线城市）纽约、吉隆坡、曼谷及Beta级（世界二线城市）河内、内罗毕等世界城市形成逐级扩散网络;③ 中国港澳台地区作为境外媒体输入的重要节点,主要与北美、东南亚、西欧形成空间关联。     

德国在华知识密集制造业投资进入方式的时空特征及区位影响因素

外资知识密集型制造业进入中国市场,对中国制造业升级转型起着一定的作用。本文围绕区域制度环境和区域吸收能力,探讨影响知识密集型企业进入方式的区域环境,旨在揭示知识密集型产业的外商进入方式的地理驱动机制,有利于加深理解在经济发展方式转型的时代背景下,区域与城市获得外生技术发展动力的机制。采用从1982-2014年德国在华投资企业数据库,结果发现,德国知识密集型制造企业在中国的投资呈现由沿海地区向内陆地区扩张、沿海中心城市向周边城市扩散的时空趋势,并且在1995年后,其进入方式从合资为主向独资为主转变。逻辑计量模型显示,德国知识密集型制造企业的进入方式受到多项区位因子的影响,其中地方人力资源水平和产业专业化水平是知识密集型制造企业选择以合资方式的进入中国市场的重要区位因素,表明区域知识吸收能力是形成全球—地方战略协同的关键变量;另一方面,实际使用外资存量和地方专利授权量这两个区位影响因素则会显著促成知识密集型制造企业采用独资的进入决策,反映了区域制度环境对吸引以知识产权保护为战略核心的知识密集型制造业的作用。     

Management of transboundary water resources: lessons from international cooperation for conflict prevention

Tensions over freshwater resources may become more frequent as pressures on water resources grow due to increased demand and variability of rainfall. Conflicts may take place between or within countries or between competing sectoral users. This paper focuses on institutional approaches for enhancing cooperation between countries for sustainable development of transboundary freshwater bodies and contributing basins. It is assumed that instead of being zones of conflict, shared water resources can provide a basis for cooperation and benefit–sharing provided that threats to the international waters are recognized and collaborative structures are created. The paper draws upon experiences gained within the international waters focal area of the Global Environment Facility, the main funding mechanism for countries to support the environmental management of transboundary water resources. Lessons for promoting peaceful cooperation for environmental management, benefit–sharing and sustainable use of transboundary freshwater resources are highlighted through examples from Africa, Central Asia and Latin America. Experience shows the importance of processes that bring together all sectors and actors whose actions affect the transboundary waterbody at regional, national and local levels. The development of a science–based diagnostic analysis is essential to identify the threats to the transboundary ecosystem and to break down the issues into manageable parts with the aim of developing a strategic action programme. Ensuring political commitment that can result in institutional, policy and legal reforms in the countries concerned is the key to sustainable development of the transboundary resource.     

世界城市制造业地域嵌入生产性服务业的过程及其影响因素——以广汽本田和空客汉堡为例

经典世界城市理论主要关注生产性服务业,较少关注制造业,其基于英美城市经验提出的世界城市产业关系弱化的观点已逐渐受到质疑。本文以中国广汽本田和德国空客汉堡为例,通过实地调研和企业访谈方法,剖析和比较制造业地域嵌入生产性服务业的过程与模式,探讨其影响因素。研究发现：世界城市制造业地域嵌入生产性服务业经历了嵌入初期、扩大发展、优化完善3个阶段,并表现为集团推动型嵌入、客户追随型嵌入、地方购买型嵌入等模式;成本和市场规模、企业策略和文化、地方企业服务水平、经济环境和基础设施等对制造业的地域嵌入具有重要的影响。研究从企业微观层面更细致和动态地揭示制造业与生产性服务业共同发展的世界城市产业关联紧密的特征,进一步丰富和完善世界城市产业关系的理论探讨和实证研究。