塔里木盆地下古生界碳酸盐岩台缘结构特征及其演化

台缘斜坡带以发育灰泥丘烃源岩和礁滩相储层备受关注,而台地结构样式制约着台缘斜坡带的发育类型和空间展布格局。在地震、测井、岩心、露头等资料的综合分析基础上,研究发现塔里木盆地下古生界发育缓坡型、镶边型、孤立型和淹没型4种碳酸盐岩台地结构样式。同一时期的不同地区台地结构样式存在差异:寒武纪时期,塔中、塔北为进积缓坡型碳酸盐岩台地,而塔西南为退积缓斜坡型碳酸盐岩台地;早奥陶世时期,塔北为退积镶边型碳酸盐岩台地,而塔中、塔西南地区则为加积镶边型碳酸盐岩台地。台地结构在纵向上发育演化的同时,台缘坡折带在平面上也发生迁移变化：寒武纪时期台缘坡折带环绕着西部台地呈向西开口的“U”字型分布;早中奥陶世塔西南地区的台缘斜坡带向盆内迁移,塔中、塘南地区分别发育中古台槽和塘南台缘坡折带;晚奥陶世时期塔里木盆地整体呈现“3个半岛型台地”、“4个台地边缘相带”的沉积格局。塔西南地区寒武-奥陶纪的台缘坡折带、塔中地区早、中奥陶世的中古台槽以及塘南地区奥陶纪台缘斜坡带的发现,对塔里木盆地早古生代沉积格局的重新认识具有重要意义。     

塔里木盆地东北缘库鲁克塔格地区寒武纪-奥陶纪沉积特征及演化

库鲁克塔格地区保存了相对完整的寒武纪-奥陶纪沉积地层,其沉积特征及演化规律的研究,对塔东地区寒武系-奥陶系油气勘探具有重要意义。通过库鲁克塔格地区详细的野外地质调查,结合前人相关研究成果,对该区寒武系-奥陶系沉积体系、沉积模式及演化规律的研究表明,寒武纪时期,库鲁克塔格地区经历了一次大的海侵-海退旋回,南、北两区沉积具有相似性。寒武纪早期的快速海侵导致南、北两区均发育陆棚相-深水盆地相沉积;寒武纪晚期,在逐渐海退的背景下,南、北两区开始出现沉积分异。奥陶纪,经历了新一轮大的海侵-海退旋回,南北两区沉积差异显著。北区从早奥陶世到晚奥陶世,发育台地边缘斜坡相-广海陆棚相-缓斜坡相-台地边缘礁滩相-开阔台地相相序,构成整体向上变浅的碳酸盐岩沉积层序;而南区发育深水盆地相-陆棚斜坡相-浊流盆地相-碎屑陆棚相相序,形成一套巨厚的深水复理石建造。库鲁克塔格地区寒武纪时期发育缓坡型碳酸盐岩台地,因台地不断向南构筑以及断裂活动,导致奥陶纪晚期台地边缘快速变陡,并在经历斜坡相快速堆积填平补齐之后,重新演变为缓坡型碳酸盐岩台地。晚奥陶世,由于周缘构造活动影响,却尔却克山-雅尔当山一带下沉,逐渐向远端变陡缓坡型碳酸盐岩台地演化。     

Intra-platform tectono-sedimentary response to geodynamic transition along the margin of the Tarim Basin,NW China

The Tarim Basin has experienced three tectonic evolutionary phases from the Cambrian to Ordovician: (1) Regional extension from the late Neoproterozoic to Mid-Early Cambrian, (2) Relatively weak regional compression from the Late Cambrian to Mid-Early Ordovician, and (3) Regional compression during the Late Ordovician. Intra-platform tectonic and sedimentary characteristics indicate a clear linkage to the tectonic evolution of the basin margin during early Paleozoic time. During the Cambrian, small intra-platform rift-related depressions formed during an extensional setting. During the Mid-Early Ordovician, a transition from extension to compression caused formation of the Tazhong and Tabei paleo-uplifts and major unconformities T₇⁴ (base of the Late Ordovician). The evolving paleo-geomorphology led to differentiation of sedimentary facies, and numerous intra-platform shoals formed during deposition of the Early Ordovician Yingshan Formation. During the Late Ordovician, regional compression began, which changed the platform margin slopes into four slopes that surrounded the three isolated island uplifts of Tabei, Tazhong, and Tangnan in the Late Ordovician. Simultaneously, the basin margin dynamic conditions also changed the relative sea level and filling pattern of the basin. In the Early and Middle Cambrian, the Tarim Basin mainly developed a progradational ramp-type platform due to relative sea level fall. From the Late Cambrian to Early Ordovician the relative sea level began to rise, resulting in an aggradational—retrograding rimmed margins-type platform. In the Late Ordovician, along with a further rise in relative sea level, the basin mainly developed isolated platform.     

塔里木盆地早古生代构造古地理演化与烃源岩

塔里木陆块为一具前寒武系基底的克拉通盆地,早震旦世—寒武纪陆块内和边缘发生裂解,至中奥陶世转为被动大陆边缘,组建塔北和塔中两个遥相对应的碳酸盐台地和边缘斜坡,其间的阿瓦提—满加尔地区为克拉通内浅海—深水盆。满参1井以东至满加尔为欠补偿的深海槽盆,早期沉积了富生物营养链的烃源岩,晚奥陶世克拉通转为前陆碎屑岩沉积,满加尔坳陷反转为浊流盆地。碎屑岩由东向西、由南东向北西迁移,造成向塔北和塔中海侵上超,结束碳酸盐台地演化的同时,沉积了局限台地型和台缘斜坡灰泥丘相的烃源岩。奥陶纪时塔里木盆地演化和沉积相的配置,是加里东期盆山转换的重要反响,形成多个沉积-构造转换面。早加里东运动,造成下早奥陶统与寒武系的假整合;中加里东运动即晚奥陶世始,塔里木转为前陆盆地,塔北和塔中分别为前陆隆起,阿瓦提—满加尔为复合隆间盆地;晚加里东运动(始于早志留世)发生了大规模的海退。     

Distribution of Palaeozoic tectonic superimposed unconformities in the Tarim Basin,NW China: significance for the evolution of palaeogeomorphology and sedimentary response

Seismic and drilling well data were used to examine the occurrence of multiple stratigraphic unconformities in the Tarim Basin, NW China. The Early Cambrian, the Late Ordovician and the late Middle Devonian unconformities constitute three important tectonic sequence boundaries within the Palaeozoic succession. In the Tazhong, Tabei, Tadong uplifts and the southwestern Tarim palaeo‐uplift, unconformities obviously belong to superimposed unconformities. A superimposed unconformity is formed by superimposition of unconformities of multiple periods. Areas where superimposed unconformities develop are shown as composite belts of multiple tectonic unconformities, and as higher uplift areas of palaeo‐uplifts in palaeogeomorphologic units. The contact relationship of unconformities in the lower uplift areas is indicative of truncation‐overlap. A slope belt is located below the uplift areas, and the main and secondary unconformities are characterized by local onlap reflection on seismic profiles. The regional dynamics controlled the palaeotectonic setting of the Palaeozoic rocks in the Tarim Basin and the origin and evolution of the basin constrained deposition. From the Sinian to the Cambrian, the Tarim landmass and its surrounding areas belonged to an extensional tectonic setting. Since the Late Ordovician, the neighbouring north Kunlun Ocean and Altyn Ocean was transformed from a spreading ocean basin to a closed compressional setting. The maximum compression was attained in the Late Ordovician. The formation of a tectonic palaeogeomorphologic evolution succession from a cratonic margin aulacogen depression to a peripheral foreland basin in the Early Caledonian cycle controlled the deposition of platform, platform margin, and deep‐water basin. Tectonic uplift during the Late Ordovician resulted in a shallower basin which was followed by substantial erosion. Subsequently, a cratonic depression and peripheral or back‐arc foreland basin began their development in the Silurian to Early–Middle Devonian interval. In this period, the Tabei Uplift, the Northern Depression and the southern Tarim palaeo‐uplift showed obvious control on depositional systems, including onshore slope, shelf and deep‐water basin. The southern Tarim Plate was in a continuous continental compressional setting after collision, whereas the southern Tianshan Ocean began to close in the Early Ordovician and was completely closed by the Middle Devonian. At the same time, further compression from peripheral tectonic units in the eastern and southern parts of the Tarim Basin led to the expansion of palaeo‐uplift in the Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous interval, and the connection of the Tabei Uplift and Tadong Uplift, thus controlling onshore, fluvial delta, clastic coast, lagoon‐bay and shallow marine deposition. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

南秦岭寒武-奥陶纪碳酸岩台地演化

南秦岭早古生代碳酸岩台地属于扬子板块北部被动大陆边缘。台地经历了３个演化阶段:①下-中寒武统缓坡沉积阶段；②中寒武统-下奥陶统镶边陆棚沉积阶段；③中-上奥陶统混合陆棚沉积阶段。下志留统的进积陆源碎屑沉积淹没了全区。从台地相带的展布规律和古地理轮廓推测，早古生代时台地北侧可能存在一个已消失了的古陆。     

塔里木盆地西南地区早中寒武世岩相古地理

塔里木盆地西南地区早中寒武世岩相古地理存在一定争议,这制约了该区的勘探评价。综合利用露头、钻井和地震资料,开展沉积相、地震相分析,并结合区域构造背景,恢复了岩相古地理格局,提出了相应的沉积模式。中下寒武统发育陆棚相、开阔台地相、局限台地相、蒸发台地相和缓坡相。震旦纪末期麦盖提斜坡南部形成水下低隆起,向南在西南坳陷区残留部分被动陆缘,主要发育缓坡相、陆棚相;麦盖提斜坡区地势较高,地层较薄,主要发育局限台地和蒸发台地潮坪;巴楚隆起区水体局限,在干燥炎热气候下形成了厚度较大的蒸发台地膏盐湖沉积。巴楚隆起区和麦盖提斜坡区中下寒武统膏盐岩分布广泛,与下伏碳酸盐岩可构成良好的储盖组合,西南坳陷区残留部分被动陆缘,烃源岩发育条件较好,这表明塔西南具有较好的油气前景。     

黔东湘西寒武纪碳酸盐台地边缘和斜坡沉积特征及大陆边缘构造性质讨论

本文研究了寒武纪台地边缘和斜坡沉积特征、沉积模式演化及与扬子板块东南缘构造演化的关系,认为该区从寒武纪到早奥陶世为长期发育以加积和推进为主的碳酸盐台地;该区长期处于稳定下沉的构造背景,说明扬子板块东南缘已进入成熟被动陆缘阶段。在台地和斜坡上形成向上变浅或向上先变粗后变细的沉积旋回。并着重论述了斜坡碎屑流沉积类型、特征和成因机制;其碳酸盐碎屑流主要为复合支撑机制,其流动过程中普遍存在脉动性或波动性及流动转化现象;系统建立了寒武纪台地边缘模式及演化序列;探讨了板块构造演化与成矿作用关系,指出湘黔汞矿带、铅锌矿带可能与逆冲席有关。     

塔里木盆地北部寒武系大型进积型台地—斜坡地震层序、演化与控制因素

以塔里木盆地北部塔河油田重复采集的高精度三维资料为基础,综合常规的三维资料和钻井资料进行解释,针对寒武系台地-斜坡沉积体系的地震层序、样式、演化与控制因素,讨论台地的起源、不整合面形成环境和海相烃源岩。在塔河油田寒武系地层中识别出16个地震层序。其中,编号为SQ6、SQ7和SQ11的地震层序发育在低位体系域,其他层序由海进和高位体系域组成,具有快速海进、缓慢海退的不对称旋回特征。塔河油田寒武系碳酸盐岩台地总体表现出纵向加积、向东超覆、台地边缘依次向东迁移的大型进积型台地特征,台地边缘向东迁移的距离超过40km。塔河油田寒武系碳酸盐岩台地起源于塔中隆起的北斜坡,经历了缓坡、平顶陆棚、镶边陆棚等台地样式的演化。沉积底形、相对海平面变化、拉张活动、基底沉降和古气候在不同演化阶段起到不同的控制作用,古气候和风向对中—晚寒武世镶边陆棚的发育具有明显的控制作用。下寒武统肖尔布拉克组顶面和寒武系顶面发育区域不整合面,中寒武统沙依里克组和阿瓦塔格组顶面在陆棚边缘发育不整合面,这些不整合面形成于拉张环境。塔河油田寒武系海相烃源岩发育良好,分布广泛,尤其是玉尔吐斯组全区分布,吾松格尔组、阿瓦塔格组和上寒武统的斜坡-盆地相烃源岩分布在塔河东部地区。     

塔里木盆地寒武-奥陶系碳酸盐岩台地样式及其沉积响应特征

从寒武纪到奥陶纪,塔里木盆地经历了早、中寒武世缓坡型碳酸盐岩台地,晚寒武世—早中奥陶世弱镶边斜坡型碳酸盐岩台地,晚奥陶世早期孤立型碳酸盐岩台地和晚奥陶世中晚期淹没型碳酸盐岩台地四种不同台地结构型式的演变。不同类型的碳酸盐岩台地在其剖面结构、台地边缘特征、沉积相构成等方面有着显著差异,它控制了不同区域沉积相类型和特征,并决定了烃源岩、储集岩和区域盖层的发育条件和展布规律。通过地震、钻井层序地层分析,总结出了不同类型的碳酸盐岩台地结构的层序—沉积相模式。在碳酸盐岩台地演变过程中,塔里木盆地发育二期坡折带:寒武纪—早中奥陶世形成第一期坡折带,沿着库南1井—满参1井—塔东2井一线分布,呈向西凸伸的弧形带;晚奥陶世发育第二期坡折带,由库南1井—满参1井—塔中1井—塘参1井延伸,呈向东凸伸的弧形带。坡折带的迁移变化,反映着台地样式的转变。     

柴达木盆地北缘欧龙布鲁克微地块早古生代岩相古地理

通过对柴达木盆地北缘欧龙布鲁克微地块的野外地质调查及精细观察,根据剖面中发育的岩石组合关系、沉积构造特征以及地层接触关系,对该区早古生代寒武纪—早奥陶世沉积及岩相古地理特征进行了详细研究。认为早古生代欧龙布鲁克微地块处于火山岛弧弧后区域,柴北缘洋俯冲及陆陆碰撞控制了该时期的盆山格局与沉积充填演化。欧龙布鲁克微地块下古生界主要发育一套海相碳酸盐岩建造,仅在寒武系底部以及下奥陶统存在陆源碎屑沉积。从岩石组合来看,沉积相类型大致可划分为蒸发潮坪相、局限台地相、开阔台地相、台地边缘相和复理石盆地沉积5大类及相应的亚类。研究区早古生代整体处于海侵状态,欧龙布鲁克微地块早寒武世经历蒸发潮坪沉积,中、晚寒武世海侵范围逐步扩大,研究区接受了一套以浅海碳酸盐岩建造为特点的局限台地—开阔台地沉积。早奥陶世基本继承了寒武纪海侵范围,欧龙布鲁克微地块沉积环境向台地边缘浅滩—前缘斜坡转变,直至早奥陶世晚期台地相向中南方向迁移而形成于高海平面下的台缘斜坡—欠补偿深水陆棚沉积环境。     

上扬子东南缘寒武系碳酸盐岩台缘滩的发现与油气地质意义——以贵州石阡—岑巩为例

采用地层剖面测量、区域调查、岩矿鉴定等工作方法,发现石阡-岑巩地区寒武纪黔东世晚期至芙蓉世时期为一套连续沉积的台地边缘滩相的颗粒及藻类碳酸盐岩;通过地层划分与对比、岩石地层格架的建立,再现了该区寒武纪时期台、坡、盆的沉积古地理格局,研究了从寒武纪黔东世晚期开始碳酸盐岩台地的建立、发展、衰亡的沉积发展演化过程;并通过台地边缘滩相碳酸盐岩物性分析,认为该套岩石具有一定粒间孔、晶间孔,且晶洞发育,是油气储集层最有利部位,从而为贵州东部乃至中国南方地区该相位隐伏区寻找油气资源提供新的信息与线索。     

塔中地良奥陶系地层格架与沉积演化

塔里木中部地区奥陶系大致以Ⅰ号断裂为界分东北和西南两个地层分区,自下而上分白云岩段、灰岩段、泥质灰岩段、泥岩夹灰岩段、泥岩夹砂岩段、砂砾岩段、泥岩夹砂岩段、泥岩灰岩互层段和砂岩段等9个岩性段。早奥陶世,塔中地区以碳酸盐岩台地相为主,自西向东为局限台地相、开阔台地相、台地边缘相和深水斜坡相。中——晚奥陶世,塔中地区西部以混积陆架相为主,东部以深水斜坡相为主。中—晚奥陶世,塔中东部及塔东地区在构造上具弧后前陆盆地性质。中—上奥陶统地层完整地记录了该盆地从形成发展到消亡的过程,即早期为深水斜坡相复理石活动沉积,晚期演化为浅海陆架相稳定沉积。     

塔中及相邻地区早奥陶世沉积格局新论

前人的观点认为,早奥陶世的塔里木盆地是一个统一的“大碳酸盐岩台地”,斜坡相呈马蹄形发育在古城—轮南一线。通过对塔中地区满加1井—塔中29井一线及相邻地区下—中奥陶统的岩石学、沉积学和地震地层学等方面的研究,发现这一线的下奥陶统主要由一套较深水的斜坡及海槽沉积构成,其地层厚度和地震反射特征也明显与周边地区不同,认为塔中及相邻地区在早奥陶世期间已经从早期的塔里木“大碳酸盐台地”中分化独立出来,分裂成塔中—巴楚台地、古城台地、塘南台地三块孤立台地,以塔北隔海相望。各孤立台地周缘发育台地边缘高能礁滩沉积体,呈条带状展布,主要由中高能粒屑滩组成;向内相变为台地相,发育台内滩、台内洼地、滩间海等亚相;向外进入较深水的斜坡—海槽沉积区,从而确立了塔中及相邻地区早奥陶世新的区域沉积格局。新沉积格局的确立,对于确立下奥陶统新的有利勘探区带具有重要的理论和现实意义,大大提升了研究区下奥陶统的油气勘探战略地位。     

Carbonate platform evolution: from a bioconstructed platform margin to a sand-shoal system (Devonian, Guilin, South China)

ABSTRACT The depositional organization and architecture of the middle–late Devonian Yangdi rimmed carbonate platform margin in the Guilin area of South China were related to oblique, extensional faulting in a strike‐slip setting. The platform margin shows two main stages of construction in the late Givetian to Frasnian, with a bioconstructed margin evolving into a sand‐shoal system. In the late Givetian, the platform margin was rimmed with microbial buildups composed mainly of cyanobacterial colonies (mostly Renalcis and Epiphyton). These grew upwards and produced an aggradational (locally slightly retrogradational) architecture with steep foreslope clinoforms. Three depositional sequences (S3–S5) are recognized in the upper Givetian strata, which are dominated by extensive microbialites. Metre‐scale depositional cyclicity occurs in most facies associations, except in the platform‐margin buildups and upper foreslope facies. In the latest Givetian (at the top of sequence S5), relative platform uplift (± subaerial exposure) and associated rapid basin subsidence (probably a block‐tilting effect) caused large‐scale platform collapse and slope erosion to give local scalloped embayments along the platform margin and the synchronous demise of microbial buildups. Subsequently, sand shoals and banks composed of ooids and peloids and, a little later, stromatoporoid buildups on the palaeohighs, developed along the platform margin, from which abundant loose sediment was transported downslope to form gravity‐flow deposits. Another strong tectonic episode caused further platform collapse in the early Frasnian (at the top of sequence S6), leading to large‐scale breccia release and the death of the stromatoporoid buildups. Siliceous facies (banded cherts and siliceous shales) were then deposited extensively in the basin centre as a result of the influx of hydrothermal fluids. The platform‐margin sand‐shoal/bank system, possibly with gullies on the slope, persisted into the latest Frasnian until the restoration of microbial buildups. Four sequences (S6–S9), characterized by abundant sand‐shoal deposits on the margin and gravity‐flow and hemipelagic deposits on the slope, are distinguished in the Frasnian strata. Smaller‐scale depositional cyclicity is evident in all facies associations across the platform–slope–basin transect. The distinctive depositional architecture and evolution of this Yangdi Platform are interpreted as having been controlled mainly by regional tectonics with contributions from eustasy, environmental factors, oceanographic setting, biotic and sedimentary fabrics.     

The Formation and Distribution of the Marine Hydrocarbon Source Rock in the Tarim Basin, NW China

There are significant differences in type and distribution between marine source rock and continental source rock. According to the iithology, the Cambrian-Ordovician source rock in the Tarim basin is divided into two types： the carbonate source rock and the mud source rock. The two sets of source rocks are developed mainly in three sets of formations, Lower-Middle Cambrian carbonate source rock and mud source rock, Lower-Middle Ordovician mud source rock and Upper Ordovician lime mud source rock. The stratigraphic and areal distributions of the source rocks are controlled by the altitude and the sedimentary facies respectively. The mud source rock is developed in slope-semi deep sea environment. The source rock developed in the slope sedimentary environment is related with the anoxic environment and the one developed in semi deep sea has a close relationship with the up-flowing sea water. The carbonate source rock is developed mainly in platform slope of highstand systems tract and it is usually intimately associated with the salt rock. The Lower-Middle Cambrian carbonate source rock is developed mainly in the Bachu, Tazhong, Tangguzibasi and Yingmaili areas. The Lower-Middle Cambrian mud source rock is mainly developed in the areas east of the line of Kunan 1-Tadong 1. The Lower-Middle Ordovician mud source rock is developed mainly in the east slope of the Manjiaer depression. The carbonate source rock of Early Ordovician is developed mainly in the platform slope of highstand systems tract, such as the south margin of Tabei, the north slope of Tazhong, the Bachu area and Keping area.     

塔里木盆地奥陶纪碳酸盐岩台地的层序结构演化及其对盆地过程的响应

塔里木盆地奥陶纪的碳酸盐岩台地发育有长达3千余千米的台地边缘带。通过综合大量的地震、钻井及野外剖面的分析,奥陶纪碳酸盐岩系中识别出4个以不整合面为界的复合（二级）层序。它们均显示出从上超的水进沉积到进积或加积的高位域的沉积结构。其内可进一步划分出10个沉积层序或三级层序。它们的组合和分布决定着碳酸盐台地沉积层序结构的基本特征。沉积层序的水进早期或高位域晚期以颗粒灰岩、生物灰岩等沉积相组合为主;而水进期或高位域早期则以泥晶-粉晶灰岩、簿层白云质灰岩等沉积相组合为主。古地貌恢复并结合钻井资料的沉积相分析揭示出,盆地东北部早、中奥陶世的碳酸盐岩台地边缘的分布受到满加尔深水凹陷的边缘斜坡带古构造地貌的控制,形成一向西凸的弧形碳酸盐岩台地边缘带,沿台地边缘发育有礁-滩沉积复合体。中奥陶世的构造古地理变革使盆内的碳酸盐岩台地分异成塔中、塔北、塘南等多个孤立台地,并由深水、半深水的凹陷所分隔。台地边缘的发育和分布常受古隆起边缘的控制。沿台地边缘的礁、滩相带为重要的有利储集层发育带。中奥陶统中央隆起带缺失中奥陶世早期和晚奥陶世早期沉积,并形成了大范围分布的喀斯特岩溶不整合面。喀斯特岩溶体系以发育垂向的、由断裂控制的串珠状洞穴和多层状分布的岩溶洞穴为特征。
     跨盆地不同构造带的井-震结合解释剖面的追踪对比表明,盆内与二级、三级层序对应的海进-海退旋回是同时变化的,并与Haq的海平面变化曲线可对比。这反映出盆地范围的或全球海平面变化对沉积旋回结构的发育具有控制作用。盆地西缘露头剖面和盆内钻井岩心的碳、氧同位素分析也为海平面变化的旋回结构分析提供了制约。主要海平面下降期的氧同位素δ18O都发生了明显的正偏。盆内晚奥陶世的海平面总体是呈上升趋势的,晚奥陶世中期海平面的上升导致了盆内碳酸盐岩台地的总体淹没。     

湘鄂地区晚寒武世末至早奥陶世特马豆克期层序地层与岩相古地理

从寒武纪末至早奥陶世特马豆克期（牙形类Cordylodus intermedius 带至Serratognathus 带）,地处扬子陆块的湘鄂地区分为三个沉积区：浅水碳酸盐台地、台地东南缘碳酸盐岩、泥质岩混合沉积区和较深水细碎屑岩沉积区。前二个沉积区的层序地层分为4个正层序,在同一陆块内不同沉积区这四个三级层序相互可对比,代表了四次三级海侵、海退旋回。其中牙形类Paltodus deltifer 带中、下部是特马豆克期最大的海侵时期。特马豆克早期（Glyptoconus quadraplicatus 带）和晚期（Serratognathus带中、上部）分别发生过大的海退事件。各正层序的体系域岩相古地理格局能更客观地反映该地区特马豆克期古地理演化特征。特马豆克初期（C.lindstromi 带至C.angulatus带下部）自鄂西北至湘中地区依次为潮坪、潮间泻湖白云岩相、开阔碳酸盐台地、台地边缘浅滩、碳酸盐岩台地边缘斜坡、黑色碳质页岩盆地的古地理格局。特马豆克早期（Glyptoconus quadraplicatus 带）缓慢海退时期海水普遍变浅,自北向南依次为潮坪、潮间泻湖白云岩相、局限台地相、台地边缘浅滩相和较深水碳酸盐外陆架。特马豆克中期海进时期,生屑灰岩和页岩沉积向北超覆,扩展至青峰襄广断裂。湘鄂浅水碳酸盐沉积区为开阔碳酸盐台地,混合沉积区为较深水碳酸盐外陆架,湘中地区为深水泥质下外陆架。特马豆克晚期缓慢海退时期海水再度变浅,在湖北、湘西北开阔碳酸盐台地上,出现台内生屑浅滩、台地边缘生屑浅滩,浅滩上发育有海绵、苔藓虫礁丘。     

鄂尔多斯西部地区中—晚奥陶世克里摩里期—乌拉力克期岩相古地理

中奥陶世克里摩里期,鄂尔多斯西部地区为镶边陆架的碳酸盐岩台地,自东向西依次发育开阔台地、台地边缘浅滩、台缘斜坡—斜坡脚、广海陆棚和深水海槽相带,从浅水区经由碎屑流搬运来的块状钙质角砾岩在台缘斜坡—斜坡脚相带集中堆积,形成厚度不等的透镜体夹于正常深水灰泥石灰岩和泥岩中。乌拉力克期发生较大规模构造运动,盆地东部整体抬升,西部边缘发生裂陷,沉积范围以同生正断层为界,随着海平面的上升沉积环境演变为相对闭塞的深水斜坡—盆地,沉积一套富含笔石的泥页岩地层,并不时有陆源克里摩里组垮塌的石灰岩沉积物被带入盆地,形成数量不等的多套角砾岩夹层。     

塔中地区礁滩储集体形成条件及分布规律

奥陶纪时期，塔中地区发育生物礁、丘和滩等不同类型的碳酸盐岩建隆生物礁丘发育层位主要集中在上奥陶统．塔中地区的礁滩相包括灰泥丘、中物礁、粒屑滩和地质异常体等4种类型，沉积古地理、构造作用、陆源碎屑物注入和海平面变化是控制生物礁发育的主要因素．塔中地区生物礁的分布环境主要有2个相带：一是台地内，尤其是半局限台地与开阔台地的转折处或台内缓坡上，如塘参1井、塔中23井上奥陶统的生物礁：另一个是台地边缘，如塔中45井-塔中44井-塔中24井-带为台缘外带，以发育中高能粒屑滩和骨架礁组合为特色，而大致在塔中35井-塔中12井-塔中15井-塔中161井-带为台缘内带，发育中低能粒屑滩、灰泥丘及障积礁组合．