新疆地震序列分析研究

当地震发生后,判断地震类型对预测后面有没有地震,有多大地震非常重要。对新疆29次5级地震序列系统分析后得出,b值、h值、P值、△M、k值和能量比均不能准确无误的判断震型;当序列完整程度较好时,k值对判断地震类型有一定意义,能量比有确定性意义;利用能量比对主余型和孤立型地震进行快速判定准确程度较高,而对多震型地震存在错判可能。分析地震序列前期的时频度衰减曲线有可能区分出多震型地震,但快速区分间歇双震型和震群型地震较为困难。发生在盆地边缘及其附近地区是新疆震群型地震在空间分布方面的特点。     

青海及邻区中强地震序列特征分析

对1980年以来青海及邻区(31°～40°N, 88°～104°E)中强震序列类型判定标准及序列参数特征进行了分析和研究。根据青海及邻区中强地震序列的特征,将地震序列划分为孤立型、主震—余震型和多震型。参数研究结果表明,ρ值基本上对中强以上地震序列类型判别无贡献;b值和h值的共同特点是:孤立型主震—余震型多震型;孤立型地震序列的U值、F值和k值结果为0或者趋近于0,且这3个参数的均值都具孤立型主震—余震型多震型的特征;k值对地震类型判别有较好的区分度,孤立型地震序列k值近似于零,主震—余震型地震序列k值≤0.2,而多震型地震序列k值0.2。这些可作为划分地震序列类型的判别指标。     

中国大陆性地震的余震活动的p值

本文利用点过程的最大似然统计方法,对中国大陆的32个5级以上地震的余震序列的频度随时间的衰减变化特征进行了定量的分析.结果表明,中国东部和南北地震带的余震序列频度衰减系数p值的平均值为0.91.小于中国西部地区的p值.并且将中国大陆地震的p值与日本地区的p值结果进行比较发现,中国大陆地震的余震频度衰减系数p值比日本列岛的p值要小.且余震序列的频度衰减系数p值的大小与主震震级无关.      

滇西地区中强地震的余震衰减

研究了滇西地区8次中强地震余震序列的衰减特征，得出了余震序列频度衰减符合修正的大森定律：（n）t=k/(t c)^p关系；余震衰减的快慢与大地热流值成正相关关系；强余震前中、小余震活动会出现平静或增强现象，即频度残差小于（平静）或大于（增强）其二倍方差，且持续一段时间，其后发生强余震的可能性较大。     

地震视应力在云南地震序列中的前兆特征

在假设震源位移谱符合omega;平方模型的基础上,得到了利用震源位移谱低频水平与拐角频率来计算中小地震视应力值的数学表达式.采用数字化速度波形记录,通过校正仪器响应、介质衰减与吸收效应、台站场地响应等影响因素后,计算得到了云南地区4个地震序列共823次中小地震的视应力值.结果表明,地震视应力在云南地区的这4个地震序列中有很好的前兆特征表现,即:地震序列中只要发生了视应力值超过1MPa的中小地震,其后就一定会有中强震发生;如果序列中中强地震发生后再没有发生视应力值超过1MPa的中小地震,则该序列就不会有强余震发生.同时研究表明,4个地震序列所在地区的平均视应力值为0.8MPa,地震视应力值与地震震级没有显著相关关系.      

震后趋势判断中尾波振幅衰减特征k值的研究

利用唐山、浑源、岫岩和浙江省的鄞县、珊溪水库地震等不同地震类型的数字地震波资料，经过筛选和整理，对每一个地震序列求出几个台站的尾波振幅衰减特征，k值随时间序列的变化特征。结果表明，虽然k值的变化趋势比较复杂，但还是发现不同震型的k值的变化特征有所不同。从趋势上来说，在主震前后，主震一余震型地震的k值显示先低后高的趋势，震群型地震显示先高后低的趋势。我们可以根据这个特征来判断所发生地震的震型，用于震后地震趋势快速判断。     

1995年9月20日山东省苍山5·2级地震

本文着重概述了１９９５年９月２０日苍山５．２级地震序列具有应变能和频度呈正常衰减、衰减系数ｈ值高、ｂ值正常波动等特征；阐述了震后早期在现场判断其为主震—余震型序列的基本依据，探讨了孕震环境机制和地震的动力问题。     

新疆地震序列参数初探

整理和分析了1990年以来发生在新疆地区的30次ML≥5.4级地震序列(伽师强震群除外),得出了新疆地震序列类型划分的一般规则并将这些地震序列分为孤立型、主震—余震型和双震或多震型3种。这些地震序列主要分布于新疆4个地震构造带,以主余型为主,每个地震带内地震序列类型有所不同。通过对地震序列参数b、h、k和p的计算和分析,认为k值对该区地震序列类型的判断有一定参考价值。     

中强地震前地震波的衰减与卓越频率的变化

本文探讨了中强地震前的小震地震波振幅衰减系数K值的时空变化特征,发现南黄海地震和云南禄劝地震在主震发生前一年半左右的时间内,K值持续下降,平均下降幅度为30％～40％左右,主震发生在显示K值降低的小震震中分布区的边缘。而云南下关凤仪地震则同时出现了K值高于和低于正常值的情况,平均高于和低于正常值的幅度分别为34％和20％,主震前这两部分K值的变化均趋于正常值,主震发生在显示低K值的小震震中分布区的边缘,显示高K值的小震震中位置则分布在孕震区附近的外围地区。 本文同时探讨了卓越频率衰减系数α值随时间的变化特征,发现主震前α值下降,在云南地区平均下降幅度约为40％～50％,但误差比K值大。     

2011年3月10日云南盈江5.8级地震序列研究

对2011年3月10日云南盈江5.8级地震序列作跟踪分析,提出了适合该地震序列趋势判断的部分方法.在该序列M≥4.8地震的几个子序列中,前震h值均小于1,较准确地判定了地震趋势;在前震和余震序列中b值没有出现前震序列低余震序列高的现象,因而用b值对该序列的判断是失败的;大盈江断裂上距离不远在类型相同的地震第1天的衰减方...     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.