带地形高频大地电磁法有限元数值模拟

随着中深度地球物理勘探的迫切需要,以美国EH-4电导率成像系统为代表的高频大地电磁法在我国地球物理勘探行业应用越来越广泛,其勘探深度在地下1000 m以浅,频率范围10 Hz～100 KHz.本文研究了带地形的高频率大地电磁法有限元高精度、快速数值模拟.首先利用广义变分原理推导出电磁场的有限元方程,编制了双线性和双二次插值有限元程序,对典型山谷和山脊地形的数值模拟结果进行了分析,得出了一些有意义的结论.     

多辐射源地空瞬变电磁响应三维数值模拟研究

地空瞬变电磁法结合地面和航空电磁法的优点,可实现探测深度和工作效率的平衡.当前地空瞬变电磁法采用单一线源激发电磁辐射场,仅能从一个侧面与地质体耦合,难以获得地质体的全息影像.采用多辐射源是解决这一问题的途径.本文采用三维矢量有限元法对两个不同地质体多个辐射源情况下的地空瞬变电磁响应开展了模拟研究,分析了多辐射源在不同辐射方向、不同飞行高度电磁响应的分布特征.研究表明,由多辐射场源作为地空电磁法的发射源,通过分散布设的线源,可以在地下激发与地质体多方位耦合的电磁场,能够获得地下地质体多方位不同高度情况下的耦合信息.同时,多辐射场源能够增强源电磁场的辐射强度,减少单一线源体积效应影响,飞行高度较低时可获得较强的响应幅值,研究结果为多辐射地空瞬变电磁法深部精细探测提供理论依据.

     

ATTEM系统中电流关断期间瞬变电磁场响应求解的研究

在瞬变电磁法中,由于发射电流关断时间不为零、接收线圈的谐振频率有限,早期瞬变电磁信号发生畸变,只能舍弃,因此存在着探测盲区. 针对这一问题,研究了瞬变电磁方法中发射电流关断期间总磁场的形成过程,论证了一次场、二次场和总瞬变场的关系,分析了接收线圈的频率特性和关断时间对瞬变电磁场的影响,提出从总磁场中剔除一次磁场影响的方法,从而获得电流关断期间和电流关断后的早期瞬变电磁场. 采用吉林大学自主研制的瞬变电磁测量系统(ATTEM)在长春市伊通河活断层进行勘探,进一步验证了算法的有效性,缩短了瞬变电磁法的勘探盲区,实现了近地表4 m以下的勘探,可以清晰地分辨近地表的低阻异常,提高了浅层探测精度和分辨率.     

大地电磁场源效应特征分析及其校正研究

大地电磁法一直以来基本都遵循场源为平面电磁波的假设,这种假设普遍适用于中高频的大地电磁研究,但在具有显著非平面波场特性的区域或开展长周期大地电磁研究时,则对场源平面波的理论基础带来了挑战,若不满足理论假设,将会导致深部探测的可靠性降低,勘探目标定位风险增高.本文通过选择线状、片状及非规则场源模型来模拟极光电集流、赤道环电流和横向波动的波数场源,开展了大地电磁场源效应的模拟研究,对比分析了非平面波模式和平面波模式的响应差别.模拟表明大地电磁场源效应强度与模型平均电阻率正相关,与频率和测点与源水平距离负相关,且与场源的高度、宽度和横向波长等参数均有关系,非平面波模式和平面波模式正演响应在一些情况下具有超过10%的差异.基于场源效应特征,归纳并提出了五种场源效应校正方法,一是计算极限模型来截断场源效应影响频段的频域截断法,二是对多个同步观测的邻近测点进行平均的测点平均法,三是延长测点观测时间的时间域延长法,四是剔除较强垂直磁场分量所对应场源效应较强段数据的时间域剔除法,五是直接考虑场源的反演,五种方法均能一定程度上降低大地电磁场源效应的影响.对于受场源效应影响的大地电磁数据,若直接采用平面波方式进行反演则可能在深部产生较大畸变,若在获知场源相关参数的基础上,可开展考虑场源的大地电磁反演来消除场源效应影响.

     

电偶源频率电磁测深二维阻抗视电阻率计算的源效应校正法

研讨了频率域电磁法中不同源装置的大地电磁测深、线源频率电磁测深和偶极源频率电磁测深阻抗视电阻率的源效应影响特征。在唯象分析的基础上，提出了几种电磁测深法阻抗视电阻率的相互换算法──源效应校正法（大地电磁测深二维ＴＥ极化视电阻率和其它两种电磁法的赤道装置二维阻抗视电阻车）。模型试验表明，利用这一源效应校正法可以由大地电磁二维视电阻率近似地计算出线源频率电磁二维阻抗视电阻率。这一方法被尝试应用于由线源频率电磁二维阻抗视电阻率估算偶极源频率电磁二维阻抗视电阻率。     

多种频率域电磁法在冷水坑矿集区的应用效果对比

江西省冷水坑矿集区具有浅部斑岩型矿体与深部层控叠生型矿体的复杂组合.利用现代地球物理方法对矿集区地下深部结构进行了探测,对圈定地下容矿、示矿地质信息和认识地下深部成矿过程具有重要意义.本文以位于江西省贵溪市境内的冷水坑银铅锌矿田为试验研究区,开展了混场源音频大地电磁测深法(EH4)、音频大地电磁测深法(AMT)以及可控源音频大地电磁测深法(CSAMT)三种不同频率域的探测试验,研究和总结了频率域方法以及不同仪器电磁法数据采集特点和应用效果,为频率域电磁法勘探提供借鉴和参考.通过对冷水坑矿集区典型勘探线上三种电磁方法的数据处理,绘制了视电阻率和相位单点测深曲线、原始拟断面及二维反演断面图.发现单点曲线形态基本一样.由于AMT在低频段受矿区工业干扰,视电阻率曲线呈45°上升;视电阻率、相位拟断面对地下电性分层结构基本一样,总体可分为三层,且分层结构较清晰;二维反演断面能够较好反映地下高低阻异常响应,但响应效果有所差异且CSAMT法效果较好.因此在干扰严重地区,建议选用人工源发射的可控源音频大地电磁测深法(CSAMT).     

浅海瞬变电磁全波形响应特征及探测能力分析

瞬变电磁法在浅海工程勘探等领域受到了越来越多的关注.目前浅海瞬变电磁仍处于应用初期,相关研究少且未有成熟装备问世,有必要研究其探测能力并为观测系统选取最佳观测参数.本文以几种典型发射波形为例,采用褶积算法细致分析了不同发射波形条件下浅海瞬变电磁on-/off-time响应受海底介质电导率、磁导率及发射波形脉宽等参数的影响特征与规律;通过三维正演并设定极限探测深度阈值,进一步分析不同发射波形on-/off-time期间浅海瞬变电磁探测能力及对典型三维目标体的极限探测深度.基于本文研究成果,可为浅海瞬变电磁探测装置设计、观测系统的参数选取及试验参数的选取等提供了一些有价值的理论借鉴.

     

时间域航空电磁扩散特征和成像深度研究

为了研究时间域航空电磁系统扩散特征,基于连续性边界条件将电磁场向下延拓得到地下介质中各点处的频率域响应,通过傅里叶变换将其变换到时间域.计算阶跃波形发射时垂直磁偶极子和水平磁偶极子在均匀半空间介质和两层介质中产生的电磁场,通过电流密度矢量图和随时间变化的电流密度等值线展示电磁场在地下介质中的扩散过程.电磁场在地下的扩散受电阻率结构的影响.在良导地区电磁场扩散慢、衰减快,而在高阻地区电磁场扩散快、衰减慢.垂直磁偶极子在地下产生的感应电流形成一个电流环随时间向下、向外扩散.水平磁偶极子在地下产生的感应电流形成两个互相叠加的电流环.时间域电磁场扩散代表着真正物理意义上的电磁扩散,因为它展示了地下电磁场空间分布随时间的变化和场强的衰减.基于对感应电流环的研究,我们探究了扩散深度和时间域航空电磁数据成像深度的关系.时间域电磁场扩散规律的研究不仅加深了对电磁扩散特征的理解,更有助于提高航空电磁数据解释水平.     

大斜度井和水平井井地三维电阻率数值模拟和联合反演

井地电阻率成像法利用井套管作电流源向井下供入大功率直流电流,在地表测量由地下介质的电性变化形成的电位分布,通过反演可得到地下介质的电阻率分布.针对大斜度井和水平井开展井地三维电阻率数值模拟和反演研究,对油田注水及压裂效果监测具有重要意义.基于井地电阻率成像法原理,采用有限差分法和不完全切勒斯基共轭梯度法进行了三维正演模拟,研究了大斜度井和水平井的井地电位响应特征.提出了采用层状约束阻尼最小二乘法由浅到深地进行大斜度井和水平井的多层联合反演,并对实际水平井井地电位各个层段数据进行了三维反演.模拟结果表明,倾斜线源和水平线源会对地面电位响应产生明显影响,在反演中需要考虑线源形态.实际水平井井地电位反演成像表明,考虑倾斜线源或者水平线源的联合反演得到了准确的水平井三维注水层成像图,得出注水层的真电阻率分布,能够判断注水运移方向.     

线源瞬变电磁法在熊耳山区多金属找矿中的应用研究

通过理论研究和野外试验,总结了线源瞬变电磁法在熊耳山区深部勘查时使用的装置参数,并把该装置应用到龙门店矿K9矿脉的深部勘查中.线源瞬变电磁法装置最主要的参数是偏离距和线源的长度.理论上偏离距的大小只影响到瞬变衰减曲线首支幅值的高低和衰减的快慢.但在野外试验时发现当偏离距为500 m时,该方法产生了强激发极化效应,当偏离距为1000 m时,激发极化效应减弱.说明强激发极化效应仅在收发距较小时产生,实测表明偏离距大于840 m可以有效压制激发极化干扰.线源AB长度一般取1000~2000 m,当信噪比大时取小值.该装置在龙门店矿区的应用表明,线源瞬变电磁法装置轻便灵活,探测深度大,分辨率高,可多台接收机同时工作,经济快速,适合山区深部有色金属地质勘查工作.     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

On the variation in the geomagnetic dipole over the geological history of the Earth

The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.     

Structure of the poleward wall of the trough and the inclination of the geomagnetic field above the EISCAT radar

A special high-resolution routine of the EISCAT radar has been used to investigate the structure and development of the poleward wall of a deep trough in electron density. The feature was tracked by the radar during a 7-hour period under very quiet geomagnetic conditions. The field-aligned nature of the structure enabled an estimate to be made of the inclination of the geomagnetic field above EISCAT that was in good agreement with the current model. Observations of narrow field-aligned enhancements in electron temperature demonstrated that the wall of this trough is a dynamic feature, reforming regularly as the electron density responds on a time scale of tens of minutes to energy input from soft-particle precipitation.