GRACE卫星精密定轨随机模型精化

合理的随机模型是确定高精度卫星轨道的前提条件,目前广泛应用于地面观测数据的随机模型主要有高度角模型和载噪比模型,本文通过对GRACE卫星实测数据的分析表明上述随机模型均不能很好地描述GRACE卫星星载GPS观测值的噪声特点,为此,文中提出了扩展的高度角模型和扩展的载噪比随机模型.利用自主研发的精密定轨软件,分别采用高度角模型、扩展的高度角模型、载噪比模型、扩展的载噪比模型对GRACE卫星进行了轨道确定.数值结果表明:(1)高度角模型的运动学轨道径向精度为3.4 cm,扩展的高度角模型的为3.3 cm;(2)载噪比模型的运动学轨道径向精度为4.9 cm,扩展的载噪比模型的则为3.4 cm,精度提高了1.5 cm.经比较分析,文中提出的扩展的高度角模型和载噪比模型能更好地描述GRACE卫星观测值噪声特点,并能取得更高的卫星定轨精度.     

基于星载GPS的HY-2卫星高精度精密定轨模拟研究(英文)

HY-2卫星是我国第一颗测高卫星,其径向定轨精度要求厘米量级,搭载了星载GPS接收机。目前HY-2还处于测试阶段,没有公布观测数据。为了确定基于星载GPS的HY-2精密定轨流程及其定轨精度,本文模拟了HY-2卫星星载GPS观测数据,结果表明HY-2星载GPS天线每个历元至少观测7颗GPS卫星。给出了基于星载GPS的精密定轨流程,分别采用简化动力学方法和动态几何法进行了精密定轨实验。对于相位1mm和3mm随机误差的相位观测数据,简化动力学法和动态几何法定轨都能够实现厘米量级的径向精密定轨,几何法定轨精度略低于简化动力定轨。地球重力场模型是影响HY-2卫星精密定轨的重要因素,本文对不同阶次的重力场模型EIGEN2、EGM96、TEG4和GEMT3进行了简化动力学定轨实验,高于50阶次的重力场模型都能够实现厘米级径向精密定轨,主要原因在于大量的高精度星载GPS观测数据和重力场模型精度的提高。     

长距离GPS基线及卫星定轨计算精度

利用６个ＧＰＳ固定观测占３天的观测资料，采用伯尔尼３．５版软件用多种方法计算了长距离ＧＰＳ基线边及ＧＰＳ卫星轨道参数，结果表明，对８００～３０００ｋｍ的ＧＰＳ基线，利用精密星历计算，边长及其经纬度分量重复测量精度要达１０＾－８～１０＾－９，同精密层历相比，２天轨道弧段的定轨精度为１～４ｍ（坐标中误差）显然，采用ＩＧＳ（国际地球动力学ＧＰＳ服务处）计算中心的精密星历可以满足地球动力学及地震预报研究对     

GRACE-FO卫星简化动力学精密定轨研究

GRACE-FO(Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow-On)是美国和德国联合发射的两颗编队重力卫星,用于接替GRACE卫星继续对地球重力场进行观测.本文基于简化动力学方法,使用星载GPS观测数据,对GRACE-FO卫星进行精密定轨研究,通过载波相位残差分析、重叠轨道比较、与参考轨道对比、卫星激光测距检核和星间测距检核五种手段来评估轨道精度.结果表明:两颗GRACE-FO卫星载波相位残差均在6.7～7.2 mm之间,重叠轨道各方向RMS(Root Mean Square)精度在1 cm左右.与德国地学中心GFZ发布的参考轨道对比后发现,GRACE-FO卫星3D-RMS优于2 cm,其中径向和法向轨道残差RMS值均在1 cm左右,两颗卫星对应方向(如径向-径向)残差序列相关系数分别为0.80、0.65和0.79,证明两颗卫星轨道误差分布相关性较高.SLR (Satellite laser ranging)检核和KBR (K-band ranging)检核结果表明,解算的简化动力学轨道精度整体优于2.4 cm,与参考轨道精度无明显差异...     

重力场恢复中的基于星载GPS的低轨卫星简化动力学定轨方法研究

低轨重力卫星轨道的精确确定是获得精密地球重力场模型的前提, 而精密重力场模型又是获得高精度定轨结果的保证.本文简述了利用卫星重力方法恢复地球重力场及简化动力学方法确定低轨卫星轨道的数学模型,并简单分析和比较现有的几种重力场模型.用CHAMP实测数据,结合现有的重力场模型,系统分析、研究了不同阶次、不同重力场模型对低轨卫星定轨精度的影响;研究了不同间隔的随机速度脉冲在简化动力学方法中对模型误差的吸收、调节作用.计算结果表明,在定轨中,选择合理阶数的、较精确的重力场模型及合理间隔的随机脉冲参数,不但可以提高计算效率,更能提高定轨精度.     

固定非差整数模糊度的PPP快速精密定位定轨

从GPS基本观测模型出发,给出并推导了分离相位小数偏差求解非差整数模糊度的精密单点定位数学模型和算法.利用少量IGS跟踪站组成服务端观测网计算未检校的相位小数偏差改正信息,用于改正用户端接收机的相位观测值,实现了固定非差整数模糊度的快速精密单点定位与定轨.试验结果表明: 利用30 min的地面动态或静态观测数据进行精密单点定位,非差模糊度固定成整数后,其定位结果较PPP浮点解有明显改善,水平方向提高了近一个数量级,可达到1 cm甚至毫米级的精度;高程方向与对流层延迟解算精度也改善了20%~60%.与浮点解相比,固定解能显著改善PPP的定轨精度,仅用15 min的短弧段观测数据,切向与法向的定轨精度可达到1 cm左右;径向方向为3~5 cm左右,较浮点解定轨精度改善了50%~70%.因此,固定非差整数模糊度后的PPP能够满足毫米至厘米级的快速精密定位和定轨的要求,这在GPS(准)实时应用与服务中具有很好的应用前景.     

卫星精密定轨与重力场建模的同解法

现代卫星跟踪卫星重力测量技术显著改善了地球重力场模型的中长波段信号,并拓展了重力场模型在相关科学研究中的应用.同解法作为卫星重力观测数据的主要处理手段之一,国内一直没有实质突破.本文从基本模型和关键技术的分析出发,剖析了同解法的特点,特别是在建立同解法与几何法(运动学)定轨、一般动力学方法关系的基础上,给出了一种同解法的实现路线.在已有的精细数据预处理和并行计算研究基础上,结合GRACE卫星的实测飞行数据,在国内首次获得了真实卫星任务数据条件下的同解法结果,并进行了动力法轨道的外部质量检核、卫星非保守力分析、重力场模型的GPS水准检验等.利用卫星激光测距数据检验,卫星精密轨道的径向精度优于2cm,同时建立了质量可靠的卫星重力场模型,充分展示了同解法的优点.数值结果及其分析表明,本文所提的同解法实施方案合理可行,已经掌握了实现同解法的关键技术,获得了从仿真研究到实际飞行数据处理的新进展.最后,本文对同解法今后的发展思路,以及如何进一步挖掘同解法的潜力,提出了见解和今后的工作方向.     

新一代GRACE重力卫星反演地球重力场的预期精度

基于低低卫卫跟踪模式,本文主要探讨利用动力学法融合精密轨道数据和星间测距或距离变率数据求解地球重力场的基本原理与方法,该方法既可对两颗低低跟踪卫星的初始状态误差进行有效校正,也可充分利用低轨卫星轨道所包含的低频重力场信息.为探讨适合我国国情的低低跟踪模式下的重力卫星指标,本文以不同星载设备精度指标的组合进行模拟计算,模拟结果显示:(1)把GRACE卫星的星间距离变率指标提高一个量级,其余指标保持与GRACE卫星设计指标一致时,可使地球重力场的精度获得同量级的提高;(2)若星间距离变率为1.0×10-8 m·s-1,轨道高度为300 km,加速度计精度为3.0×10-10 m·s-2,轨道精度为0.03 m, 星间距离100 km,与利用GRACE的设计指标反演出的重力场精度相比,可提高约121倍,并建议我国未来低低跟踪重力卫星计划参考此指标.     

基于引力位系数相对权重的卫星重力场测量分析

卫星重力场测量已成为最有效的全球重力场测量手段.本文结合典型的重力卫星和重力卫星研究计划,分析了卫星重力测量的三种原理,并基于各阶位系数的相对权重讨论了各种原理的应用优势.分析可知,卫星受摄轨道适用于恢复长波重力场,低轨星间距离变化率适用于恢复中长波重力场,重力梯度适用于恢复中短波重力场.针对中长波高精度重力场测量的需要,设计了综合获取低轨星间距离变化率与受摄轨道的重力卫星方案,该方案由两组内编队组成星星跟踪复合编队,轨道高度为250km,星间距离为50～100km.     

Centimeter-level precise orbit determination for the HY-2A satellite using DORIS and SLR tracking data

The HY-2A satellite is the first ocean dynamic environment monitoring satellite of China. Centimeter-level radial accuracy is a fundamental requirement for its scientific research and applications. To achieve this goal, we designed the strategies of precise orbit determination (POD) in detail. To achieve the relative optimal orbit for HY-2A, we carried out POD using DORIS-only, SLR-only, and DORIS + SLR tracking data, respectively. POD tests demonstrated that the consistency level of DORIS-only and SLR-only orbits with respect to the CNES orbits were about 1.81 cm and 3.34 cm in radial direction in the dynamic sense, respectively. We designed 6 cases of different weight combinations for DORIS and SLR data, and found that the optimal relative weight group was 0.2 mm/s for DORIS and 15.0 cm for SLR, and RMS of orbit differences with respect to the CNES orbits in radial direction and three-dimensional (3D) were 1.37 cm and 5.87 cm, respectively. These tests indicated that the relative radial and 3D accuracies computed using DORIS + SLR data with the optimal relative weight set were obviously higher than those computed using DORIS-only and SLR-only data, and satisfied the requirement of designed precision. The POD for HY-2A will provide the invaluable experience for the following HY-2B, HY-2C, and HY-2D satellites.     

Improvement of ERS-1 orbits using along-track accelerations from DORIS data on SPOT2

In long-arc precise orbit determinations of altimetric satellites such as ERS-1, large errors may occur from mismodelling of aerodynamic drag and solar radiation pressure. Such surface forces for non-spherical satellites require accurate modelling of the effective area and particle-surface interactions, but the dominant source of error is neutral air density as derived from thermospheric models for aerodynamic drag. Several techniques can be employed to alleviate air-drag mismodelling but all require the solution of additional parameters from the tracking data. However, for ERS-1 the sparsity of laser range data limits the application of such empirical techniques. To overcome this, use can be made of the dense DORIS Doppler tracking for SPOT2 which is in a similar orbit to ERS-1. A recent investigation by CNES examined the use of drag scale factors from SPOT2 to constrain the ERS-1 orbit. An improvement to that methodology is to consider along-track mismodelling as observed by timing errors in the Doppler data for each pass of SPOT2. The along-track correction to the acceleration as derived from SPOT2 can then be applied to ERS-1 orbits, solving for a scale factor to absorb systematic errors - particularly that arising from the 50 km altitude difference. Results are presented of the associated improvement in ERS-1 orbits as derived from concurrent SPOT2 arcs. It will be seen that the procedure not only improves the laser range fit, but more importantly, leads to more precise radial positioning as evident in the altimeter and crossover residuals.     

Local geoid determination based on airborne gravity data

A mathematical model used for determination of a local geoid model by combining airborne gravity disturbances and the Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM08) is shortly reviewed. The precision of the estimated local geoid model of Taiwan is tested by its comparison with the “real” geoid at Global Satellite Navigation Systems (GNSS)/levelling points. The same comparison at GNSS/levelling points is done for the geoid evaluated only by using EGM08. Conclusions concerning a rate of improvement of the “global” geoid from EGM08 using the “local” geoid from airborne gravity data are presented.     

Quality assessment of onboard GPS receiver and its combination with DORIS and SLR for Haiyang 2A precise orbit determination

The GPS,DORIS,and SLR instruments are installed on Haiyang 2A(HY2A)altimetry satellite for Precise Orbit Determination(POD).Among these instruments,the codeless GPS receiver is the state-of-art Chinese indigenous onboard receiver,and it is the first one successfully used for Low Earth Orbit(LEO)satellite.Firstly,the contribution assesses the performance of the receiver through an analysis of data integrity,numbers of all tracked and valid measurements as well as multipath errors.The receiver generally shows good performance and quality despite a few flaws.For example,L2 observations are often missing in low elevations,particularly during the ascent of GPS satellites,and the multipath errors of P1 show a slightly abnormal pattern.Secondly,the PCO(Phase Center Offset)and PCV(Phase Center Variation)of the antenna of the GPS receiver are determined in this contribution.A significant leap for Z-component of PCO up to-1.2 cm has been found on 10 October 2011.Thirdly,the obtained PCO and PCV maps are used for GPS only POD solutions.The post-fit residuals of ionosphere-free phase combinations reduce almost 50%,and the radial orbit differences with respect to CNES(Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales)Precise Orbit Ephemeris(POEs)improve about 13.9%.The orbits are validated using the SLR data,and the RMS of SLR Observed minus Computed(O-C)residuals reduces from 17.5 to 15.9 mm.These improvements are with respect to the orbits determined without PCO and PCV.Fourthly,six types of solutions are determined for HY2A satellite using different combinations of GPS,DORIS,and SLR data.Statistics of SLR O-C residuals and cross-comparison of orbits obtained in the contribution and the CNES POEs indicate that the radial accuracy of these orbits is at the 1.0 cm level for HY2A orbit solutions,which is much better than the scientific requirements of this mission.It is noticed that the GPS observations dominate the achievable accuracy of POD,and the combination of multiple types of observations can reduce orbit errors caused by data gaps and maintain more stable and continuous orbits.     

Tectonic plates parameters estimated in International Terrestrial Reference Frame ITRF2008 based on DORIS stations

This paper concerns an analysis of the accuracy of the estimated parameters Ω (Φ, Λ, ω) which define the tectonic plate motions. The study is based on the velocities of station positions in the IERS (International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service) which has published new realization of the International Terrestrial Reference System—ITRF2008 for Doppler Orbitography by Radiopositioning Integrated on Satellite DORIS technique. Eurasian, African, Australian, North American, Australian, Pacific, Antarctic and South American plates were used in the analysis. The influence of the number and localization of stations on the plate surface on the estimation accuracy of the tectonic plate motion parameters were discussed. The results were compared with the APKIM 2005 IGN model and our earlier estimation for the SLR technique. In general, a remarkable concurrent agreement between the present and the APKIM 2005 solutions was found.     

攀枝花台近震震级测算研究

通过对攀枝花台近震震级测算和周边地震台网及台站的震级结果进行综合对比,包括对测算方法和地震波形传播方式进行探讨.试图研究台站近震震级测算差异并初步找出与地质构造的相关关系;以期提高台站近震震级测算能力,减小误差.     

联合不同类型重力测量数据确定地球重力场模型的迭代法

不同的重力测量数据包含了不同波段的地球重力场信息,因此要恢复更高精度的地球重力场模型,就必须对不同类型的重力测量数据进行联合处理.以地面重力异常Δg为例,推导了利用迭代法联合不同类型重力测量数据反演地球重力场模型的基本原理公式,并给出了其具体实现步骤,接着采用全球的重力异常Δg数据和扰动位T数据,基于迭代法对卫星重力梯度SGG数据解算的重力场模型进行了进一步的精化.结果表明,初始的卫星重力梯度SGG模型和经过全球重力异常Δg数据精化后的模型,其对应的累计大地水准面误差分别达到1.128cm和0.048cm、累计重力异常误差分别达到0.416mGal和0.018mGal的精度;在经过全球扰动位T数据进一步精化后的模型,其对应的累计大地水准面误差达到0.043cm、累计重力异常误差达到0.016mGal的精度.     

Thermospheric mass density derived from CHAMP satellite precise orbit determination data based on energy balance method

In this article, the energy balance method is used to retrieve thermospheric mass density from CHAMP satellite precise orbit determination(POD) data during 2007–2009. The retrieved thermospheric mass densities are compared with those from accelerometer data and an empirical model. The main conclusions are as follows:(1) Thermospheric mass density can be retrieved from POD data by the energy balance and semi-major axis decay methods, whose results are consistent.(2) The accuracy of the retrieved densities depends on the integration time period, and the optimal period for CHAMP density retrieval from POD data is about 20 minutes.(3) The energy balance method can be used to calibrate accelerometer data.(4) The accuracy of retrieving thermospheric density from POD data varies with satellite altitude and local time.     

2D joint inversion of CSAMT and magnetic data based on cross-gradient theory

A two-dimensional forward and backward algorithm for the controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotelluric (CSAMT) method is developed to invert data in the entire region (near, transition, and far) and deal with the effects of artificial sources. First, a regularization factor is introduced in the 2D magnetic inversion, and the magnetic susceptibility is updated in logarithmic form so that the inversion magnetic susceptibility is always positive. Second, the joint inversion of the CSAMT and magnetic methods is completed with the introduction of the cross gradient. By searching for the weight of the cross-gradient term in the objective function, the mutual influence between two different physical properties at different locations are avoided. Model tests show that the joint inversion based on cross-gradient theory offers better results than the single-method inversion. The 2D forward and inverse algorithm for CSAMT with source can effectively deal with artificial sources and ensures the reliability of the final joint inversion algorithm.     

Velocity analysis based on data correlation

Several methods exist to automatically obtain a velocity model from seismic data via optimization. Migration velocity analysis relies on an imaging condition and seeks the velocity model that optimally focuses the migrated image. This approach has been proven to be very successful. However, most migration methods use simplified physics to make them computationally feasible and herein lies the restriction of migration velocity analysis. Waveform inversion methods use the full wave equation to model the observed data and more complicated physics can be incorporated. Unfortunately, due to the band‐limited nature of the data, the resulting inverse problem is highly nonlinear. Simply fitting the data in a least‐squares sense by using a gradient‐based optimization method is sometimes problematic. In this paper, we propose a novel method that measures the amount of focusing in the data domain rather than the image domain. As a first test of the method, we include some examples for 1D velocity models and the convolutional model.