泥岩渗流-应力耦合蠕变损伤模型研究(Ⅱ):数值仿真和参数反演

进一步分析了第Ⅰ部分[1]提出的泥岩渗流-应力耦合蠕变损伤模型。在连续损伤力学理论和比奥(Biot)理论的基础上,导出了考虑渗流-应力-损伤耦合的蠕变损伤有限元格式,建立了弹性预测、塑性修正、损伤修正-渗透系数修正的数值分析框架,编制了非线性有限元分析程序。根据监测的衬砌长期变形数据,采用优化反分析法获得了蠕变损伤模型中的待定参数,并应用于比利时核废料库施工过程中泥岩巷道围岩渗流-应力耦合过程、损伤演化以及长期稳定性分析,研究结果表明,泥岩开挖后渗透性明显增大,约为原岩的120倍,蠕变效应导致泥岩裂隙和渗透性自愈合,约3.5年后渗透性基本恢复到原岩的数量级,围岩中部的蠕变明显大于顶部和底部。研究成果对软岩隧洞长期稳定性的预测与预报具有一定的参考意义。     

泥岩渗流-应力耦合蠕变损伤模型研究(Ⅰ):理论模型

在室内和现场试验的基础上,根据泥岩的非线性蠕变变形特点,构造了基于摩尔-库仑准则的蠕变势,建立了泥岩非线性蠕变损伤本构模型及其损伤演化方程;对泥岩裂隙自愈合机制进行了探讨,得到围压、孔隙水和饱水时间是影响裂隙愈合的主要因素,通过引入愈合应力和水化学愈合因子的概念,建立了泥岩渗透性自愈合模型。研究结果表明,泥岩非线性蠕变是其内部结构损伤在蠕变过程中的综合表现,泥岩的蠕变速率不仅与应力水平、时间相关,而且还与累积蠕变变形密切相关,提出的模型能较真实反映泥岩蠕变变形过程、损伤演化、渗透性演化和裂隙自愈合,且材料常数较少,便于从实验数据中获得。文中涉及到的数值算法、程序实现、模型参数的确定以及工程应用将在本文的Ⅱ部分给出     

回采工作面围岩采动应变场-渗透系数场耦合

采动岩体变形与渗透特性是工作面突水防治研究的基本问题。采用理论分析和数值模拟计算方法,分析了岩石变形-渗透特征及其三维定量关系,研究了煤炭开采中回采工作面围岩应变场、渗透系数场分布及其控制因素。研究结果表明,采动岩体渗透性变化主要取决于应变状态及应变增量,且随着垂直于裂隙的张应变的增加而增加;工作面后方垮落带和煤壁边缘的剪碎带产生剧烈的采动拉伸变形,渗透系数较采前显著增大,而支承压力区和整体移动带岩层产生较大的采动压缩变形,渗透系数较采前明显减小;工作面围岩垂向渗透系数较水平渗透系数增加的幅度及增加区的范围小,但对水体下采煤工作面涌水起主导作用。加快工作面推进速度、减小工作面斜长和采高能降低采场围岩渗透系数增加幅度,并将渗透系数场变化范围局限在采区附近,能有效减小采动对原始煤岩层渗透性的影响。      

泥岩隧道施工过程中渗流场与应力场全耦合损伤模型研究

在连续损伤力学理论基础上,将塑性损伤演化及渗流相互耦合的概念引入Mohr-Coulomb 破坏准则,用于分析在孔隙压力和塑性损伤演化共同作用下岩石损伤演化机制,建立了相应的有限元损伤数值分析模型,并应用于比利时核废料库开挖过程中泥岩隧道附近围岩发生损伤演化、渗流场和应力场耦合过程分析中,得到了开挖引起的围岩损伤特性、孔隙压力以及渗透性的变化规律,为进一步研究隧道流变过程水力耦合特性合理的数值计算模型建立方法提供基础。     

考虑渗流和剪胀的圆形巷道围岩广义SMP准则解

本文基于广义SMP准则,综合考虑中间主应力、孔隙水压力和围岩的剪胀特性,建立了巷道围岩的理想弹塑性模型。根据弹塑性理论,推导了渗流作用下的围岩应力场、位移场和塑性区半径的统一解析解。结合具体算例对SMP准则计算得到的围岩应力分布和塑性区半径与Mohr-Coulomb（M-C）准则进行了对比,并对孔隙水压力和围岩剪胀角等影响因素进行了分析。研究结果表明:SMP准则计算得到的塑性区半径小于M-C准则,说明M-C准则相较于SMP准则更为保守;孔隙水压力对巷道围岩的位移场具有很大的影响,表现为孔隙水压力越大,巷道洞壁附近围岩位移量越大,且围岩塑性区半径和弹塑性交界面处的峰值切向应力与孔隙水压力成正比;采用相关联流动法则会低估围岩的强度,不考虑剪胀则会低估围岩的实际变形。      

广州饱和软土固结过程微孔隙变化的试验分析

软土的孔隙特征及其变化规律对软土的压缩性和渗透性有重大的影响,软土孔隙特征随荷载变化规律的试验研究为揭示软土排水固结过程与变形规律,建立基于孔隙压缩规律和渗流机制的排水固结模型提供有力依据。利用美国全自动压汞仪,对不同压力下固结的广州番禺淤泥土样的孔隙及其尺度分布进行测试,根据测试结果对土样孔隙尺度分布特征及其随固结压力的变化规律给出了定量分析。试验结果表明：淤泥土中介于0.4～2.5 μm范围的颗粒间及团粒内的小孔隙所占比例最大,而大于10 μm的大孔隙和小于30 nm的超微孔隙所占比例均很小;较大的孔隙更易于被压缩而湮灭或被分裂成微小孔隙;固结压力将显著改变淤泥土的孔隙尺度及其分布特征,以致改变土体的压缩性和渗透性。在固结前期( 200 kPa)孔隙尺度较大,压缩系数和渗透系数较大并随固结压力增加而快速减小;在固结后期( 200 kPa)孔隙尺度小,压缩系数和渗透系数小,且随固结压力增加的变化趋于平缓。     

支挡结构上的水土压力特性试验研究

针对当前水土压力计算中很少考虑土自身性质对其影响的研究现状,以自制试验槽为研究工具,通过使用3种不同渗透性土样进行的支挡结构上水土压力测试研究,对比了水土压力实测值和由水土压力分算、水土压力合算得到的理论计算值,分析了孔隙水压力和土压力的变化规律。由试验结果可以得到,由水土压力合算得到结果偏小,但在一定条件下尚可以接受,在发生主动位移情况下墙后土体会产生负超孔压,渗透系数影响着负超孔压的消散和孔隙水压力的传递程度,并进一步影响支挡结构上水土压力的分布情况。由试验结果推知,当土体渗透系数小到一定程度时,水土压力合算的方法是合理的。     

上海深部硬土渗透特性试验研究

上海深部硬土层的沉降显著滞后于水位变化, 本文通过一系列渗透试验进行了相关问题的研究, 包括初始水力坡度, 结核对渗透性的影响, 压力对渗透性的作用, 以及孔隙比与渗透系数之间规律的研究。结果表明硬土的渗透速率与水力坡度之间符合良好的线性关系, 满足达西定律; 大量的致密结核对渗透性影响微弱; 应力增加导致渗透性降低, 渗透系数与孔隙比呈指数规律变化。基于试验成果评价了1989～2007年天然硬土的渗透性变化, 此期间硬土层边界水位下降了近30m, 硬土层的沉降造成了该层渗透性的降低, 但土层的平均渗透系数改变不大。     

一维非线性地面沉降模型参数敏感性分析

以孔隙水压力和位移为基本变量的一维非线性地面沉降模型考虑了土体变形的非线性和渗透系数随土体变形的变化,它包含有km、m、k0、e0、n、kur和m′等7个参数。分析计算结果表明,计算的位移和孔隙水压力对参数km、k0和kur的变化非常敏感,而且当土层不均匀时,靠近孔隙水压力变化边界处的土层的渗透性对整个土层中孔隙水压力消散影响显著,而土层的压缩性对其自身的孔隙水压力消散影响显著。结合模型参数的获取方法,建议在有现场孔隙水压力、沉降等实测资料时,可以将km、k0和kur作为反分析参数。     

敦煌莫高窟洞窟围岩渗透特性研究

敦煌莫高窟壁画受自身材质和自然环境等的影响,已经保存了1000多年的壁画产生起甲、酥碱、空鼓、壁画大面积脱落等多种病害。多项研究已经证明,这些病害主要是由于水盐运移导致的,水汽在岩体内的运移促使盐分在壁画表面富集是造成石窟病害主要原因之一。通过石窟围岩的渗透性研究可以解释水汽运移的规律,研究壁画病害形成的机制。在研究中应用原位定水位渗透试验测得了莫高窟洞窟围岩不同地层岩组的渗透系数,并通过高密度电阻率法监测原位渗透试验、X射线CT计算岩石孔隙比等多种方法和手段研究莫高窟围岩的渗透性,认为敦煌莫高窟围岩不同地层具有不同的渗透性,因此,即便处于同一地层岩组,渗透系数也有较大差别;在莫高窟围岩中存在渗透性好的地层,使水汽通过这些地层岩组向洞窟内运移成为可能;鉴于文物的特殊性等原因,在无法直接测得围岩渗透性的情况下,高密度电阻率法和X射线CT扫描是了解围岩渗透特性有效的办法。     

考虑开挖损伤的高放废物地质处置库温度-渗流-应力耦合数值模拟方法

高放废物地质处置库处于温度?渗流?应力（THM）多场耦合环境中,对高放废物处置库进行安全评估时,需进行多场耦合分析。然而,高放废物处置库开挖引起硐壁附近围岩应力重分布,产生损伤,导致围岩热学参数（T）、渗流参数（H）和力学参数（M）发生变化,且在空间上分布不均匀,这将会对运营期处置库THM耦合演化过程产生显著影响。通过分析高放废物处置库温度?渗流?应力三场的耦合原理和处置库围岩损伤的分布和演化规律,定义了损伤变量和损伤演化准则,并将损伤变量与热学参数、渗流参数、力学参数以及多场耦合参数（Biot系数、Biot模量和温度排水系数）建立联系,将围岩损伤与温度?渗流?应力建立联系,形成了一个弹塑性损伤温度?渗流?应力多场耦合数值模型,然后利用建立的模型对瑞士Mont Terri高放废物地质处置库围岩加热试验进行模拟,对比了模拟值和试验值,比较了考虑开挖损伤和不考虑开挖损伤对高放废物地质处置库温度?渗流?应力的影响,并分析了在多场耦合作用下开挖损伤的演化规律。     

低应力与覆水环境下单裂隙粉砂质泥岩渗流特性

为探究不同外部环境因素影响下浅层粉砂质泥岩边坡裂隙渗流特性,采用自主研发的岩体裂隙渗流试验装置,对含6种不同裂隙面粗糙度（JRC）的粉砂质泥岩裂隙试样进行渗流试验,研究了不同低围压和覆水深度下粉砂质泥岩裂隙渗流特性。结果表明：不同覆水深度及JRC下围压与粉砂质泥岩裂隙渗透系数均呈反相关,两者之间关系可用幂函数表征,且渗透系数的降低过程可分为快速降低（围压为0～30 kPa）和缓慢降低（围压为30～50 kPa）两个阶段,CT扫描结果验证了围压增大使得粉砂质泥岩裂隙开度减小是渗透系数随围压增大而减小的主要原因。随围压的增大或覆水深度的减小,不同JRC粉砂质泥岩裂隙渗透系数的离散程度逐渐减小。当围压增至最大,同时覆水深度最小时,JRC对裂隙渗透系数的影响将会被消除。不同围压下,粉砂质泥岩裂隙渗透系数与覆水深度呈正相关,且两者关系可用指数函数表征。推导出了粉砂质泥岩裂隙渗流非线性Izabsh模型,该模型能较好地反映低应力及低流速下粉砂质泥岩裂隙渗流量与压力梯度之间的非线性变化关系,但随围压的增大,该模型的相关性有一定程度的减小。     

A comparative simulation study of coupled THM processes and their effect on fractured rock permeability around nuclear waste repositories

This paper presents an international, multiple-code, simulation study of coupled thermal, hydrological, and mechanical (THM) processes and their effect on permeability and fluid flow in fractured rock around heated underground nuclear waste emplacement drifts. Simulations were conducted considering two types of repository settings (1) open emplacement drifts in relatively shallow unsaturated volcanic rock, and (2) backfilled emplacement drifts in deeper saturated crystalline rock. The results showed that for the two assumed repository settings, the dominant mechanism of changes in rock permeability was thermal–mechanically induced closure (reduced aperture) of vertical fractures, caused by thermal stress resulting from repository-wide heating of the rock mass. The magnitude of thermal–mechanically induced changes in permeability was more substantial in the case of an emplacement drift located in a relatively shallow, low-stress environment where the rock is more compliant, allowing more substantial fracture closure during thermal stressing. However, in both of the assumed repository settings in this study, the thermal–mechanically induced changes in permeability caused relatively small changes in the flow field, with most changes occurring in the vicinity of the emplacement drifts.     

高有机质软土固结特性与机制分析

有机质中的纤维素和腐殖质会影响软土的力学性质,有机质含量越高,软土的力学特性就会越差。为研究高有机质软土的固结特性,通过对不同深度高有机质软土的渗透性、固结以及微、细观结构特征进行试验,并利用分解程度试验结果,分析高有机质软土的特殊渗透、固结和结构特征的形成机制。研究结果表明,不同埋深的高有机质软土渗透系数差别较大,且渗透固结速度较快,基本处于粉砂到粉质黏土数量级;0.5～1.8 m埋深的土层垂直渗透系数小于水平渗透系数,其余深度垂直渗透系数均大于水平渗透系数;分解程度的研究表明,分解程度直接影响高有机质软土的压缩固结特性,低分解程度的土层更容易发生塑性变形。由埋藏从浅到深,结构由絮凝结构逐渐向叠片结构转化,最后转变为集块结构。结合土体的分解程度分析,得出高有机质软土的分解程度高低直接影响高有机质软土的渗透、固结以及结构特性。     

Analysis of thermo-hydrologic-mechanical impact of repository for high-level radioactive waste in clay host formation: an Indian reference disposal system

In our study, a coupled hydrologic-mechanical analysis is done of the excavation damaged zone, before the emplacement of nuclear waste. This is followed by a coupled thermal-hydrologic-mechanical analysis to evaluate the impact of nuclear waste repository in porous water containing rock mass. This analysis has been under taken in accordance with the Indian reference disposal system. The paper considers the changes in pore pressure and stresses due to excavation of disposal holes. A critical study of rock mass permeability, porosity, thermally induced stresses, strains, and temperature distribution after the emplacement of nuclear spent fuels in disposal holes has also been done. Coupling to the mechanical constitutive equations is done via ??effective?? normal strain rates.     

Geometry and Properties of the Excavation-Induced Fractures at the Meuse/Haute-Marne URL Drifts

The performance and safety assessment and technology demonstration are the main objectives of research programs for feasibility studies for deep geological repository of radioactive waste. In this context, the French national radioactive waste management agency (ANDRA) started to develop the Meuse/Haute-Marne underground research laboratory (URL) at Bure, nearly 300 km East of Paris. The host formation consists of a Callovo-Oxfordian claystone found between 420 and 550 m below ground, overlain and underlain by poorly permeable carbonate formations. One of the major concerns related to performance assessment is the excavation-induced fractures which may provide groundwater preferential pathway for radionuclide migration. The extent of the fractures possibly acting significantly in the radionuclide migration is known as the excavation damaged zone (EDZ). A scientific study on the EDZ characterization is performed at the main level of the URL (?490 m). Observations such as structural analysis on core, overcored resin-filled samples, geological survey of the drift face and sidewalls, were made to better understand the fracture network characteristics, extent and its generation. Pulse and constant head test hydraulic conductivity measurements were performed with multi packer system to estimate the extension of the EDZ hydraulic conductivity. Fractures exhibited high transmissivity near the excavation walls, but farther from the exaction walls, shear fractures showed hydraulic conductivity values reflecting values of undisturbed or slightly disturbed rock mass condition. The major findings in terms of geometry and properties of excavation-induced fractures are discussed in detail in this paper. For example, it is observed that the shape of the fracture network depends on the orientation of the drift in relation to the orientation of the in situ stress field.     

Observations and predictions of hydromechanical coupling effects in the Boom clay,Mol Underground Research Laboratory,Belgium

The Boom clay is considered as a candidate host rock for the Belgian disposal of radioactive waste. Thanks to the recent sinking of a new shaft to extend the Underground Research Laboratory (URL) at the Mol site, new in-situ data have been obtained. They consist in the observation of significant fracturing, evidenced during the excavation of the shaft annexes, and in correlated hydraulic perturbations in the far field (maximum of 0.2 MPa at 60-m radius). These observations cannot be explained from simple poroplastic models that predict a maximum perturbation extent of 25 m under full deconfinement. Thus, models with increasing complexity are built to explain this discrepancy. It is proposed that the low-support pressure imposed by the primary lining, combined with the long time over which this support condition held, has favoured the decompression of the clay massif through time-dependent effects, mainly skeleton viscosity. This resulted in near-field fracturing, leading to an apparent increase of the excavated radius and to a hydraulic perturbation in the far field. This interpretation still needs to be validated/invalidated with future research. The effect on the overall performance of the repository is expected to remain small due to the self-healing nature of the fractures. Electronic Publication     

基于原位双环、试坑浸水试验和数值模拟反演的Q3黄土饱和渗透系数对比研究

为准确获取原状Q3黄土的竖向和水平饱和渗透系数,进行了原位、室内试验测试以及数值模拟反演,并应用大型试坑浸水试验检验了所获饱和渗透系数的可靠性。进行了不同内径尺寸的原位双环入渗试验,获取了竖向饱和渗透系数,并应用室内试验测试了竖向和水平饱和渗透系数以及持水曲线;应用COMSOL软件对双环入渗试验进行数值模拟,检验了所测饱和渗透系数的可靠性,利用正交试验获得了最优的竖向和水平饱和渗透系数取值,并利用反演结果对试坑进行数值模拟,将其水分入渗情况与实测值对比。研究结果表明：在现场进行双环入渗试验时选取较大内径的双环获得的竖向饱和渗透系数更为合理。针对双环入渗试验,数值模拟反演所得最优饱和渗透系数在竖向上接近于原位试验所得竖向饱和渗透系数、水平向上接近室内所测水平向饱和渗透系数,竖向饱和渗透系数比水平向饱和渗透系数更加显著地影响水分入渗过程。通过对大型试坑水分入渗情况的验证,检验了反演所得最优饱和渗透系数的可靠性。     

Prediction of dilation and permeability changes in rock salt

A numerical procedure has been developed for predicting dilation (porosity) and gas permeability changes in rock salt. The hierarchical single-surface constitutive model of Desai and co-workers is used a finite element program to calculate the state of stress and strain surrounding excavations in rock salt. The elastoplastic constitutive model accounts for strain hardening, a non-associative volumetric response and stress-path-dependent behaviour. The calculated stress and strain fields are used in a flow model based on the equivalent channel concept to predict permeability. Parameters for both the mechanical and permeability models are developed from laboratory test results. Two field experiments adjacent to underground excavations are modelled. The extent of the dilated rock zone around the excavation is predicted well, but the magnitude of the porosity and gas permeability is underpredicted very near the excavations. This discrepancy is attributed to model parameters derived from loading-only laboratory tests, whereas significant unloading occurs in the field. The shape of the yield surface was found to be an important factor in dilation and permeability predictions. Similar stress, strain and permeability fields were obtained with different model types (plane strain or axisymmetric) and initial stress states, and with instantaneous and progressive excavation.