考虑表皮效应的径向溶质迁移模型以及半解析解

径向示踪试验是一种非常有效的获取含水层弥散参数的试验方法,但传统径向示踪试验很少考虑抽水井附近的表皮效应(由于钻井施工工艺所导致抽水井附近一定区域水力性质发生变化)。建立了考虑表皮效应的单井注入示踪试验模型,并利用Lapalce变换以及数值逆变换获得了该模型的半解析解。系统分析了表皮区域水力性质对示踪试验穿透曲线的影响规律。研究结果表明:表皮区域的弥散度越大,穿透曲线早期的浓度越高,且峰值越高;表皮孔隙度越大,穿透曲线早期浓度越低,后期浓度越高;此外,散度差异也会导致浓度分布曲线在表皮区域与含水层界面处发生突变。总之,表皮效应对径向溶质迁移产生了较大的影响,有必要将表皮效应考虑到径向示踪试验中去。     

一维对流-扩散试验各种边界条件及其统一形式解析解

黏土系材料广泛应用于各种污染防治工程,扩散系数是其关键参数之一,实验室一般通过拟合一维土柱对流-扩散试验数据来确定土的扩散系数。探讨了常用的零浓度边界、零浓度梯度边界和半无限边界对应的试验条件,给出了各边界条件的统一形式,通过引入变换式和辅助问题,求解得到各边界条件下统一的有限厚度土层中对流-扩散-吸附解析解,分析了各解析解之间的差异和用于数据拟合产生的误差。结果表明,每一种底边界条件都与土柱试验底部的实际情况相对应,柯西边界可看作各种边界条件的统一形式;土柱未被击穿时各边界条件解析解无差别;土柱击穿后,越靠近土柱底面,各种边界条件解析解计算结果差异越大,底面处浓度值随柯西参数 的增大而减小, 越大,代表底边界处扩散在溶质迁移中所占比例越大,同时底部浓度梯度越大;算例中对底部为半无限边界的试验数据进行拟合,若采用零浓度边界和零浓度梯度边界,计算结果分别偏大15%和偏小9%,根据土柱底部的对流-扩散比例和浓度梯度具体情况选择相应边界条件下的解析解,是保证数据拟合正确性的基本要求。     

变荷载下软土一维流变固结解析理论

研究了变荷载作用下考虑土的流变特性时的饱和软土层的一维固结问题,通过Laplace变换得到了瞬时加载条件下的解析解,进而根据瞬时加载条件下的解,通过积分的方法,得到了变荷载条件下的解析解。并且根据解析解的结果,通过编程计算作出了几个主要影响因素对固结过程的影响曲线图。结果表明：?1的取值对固结曲线的形状有显著影响;随?0的减小,固结度减小,固结速率减缓。     

注入CO2提高煤层气产能的可行性研究

根据煤储层吸附一解吸机理,首次采用“解吸一注气一解吸”的实验方法,分别进行CH4,CO2的吸附一解吸和CO2注入置换煤层CH4实验,模拟了煤层气井“排采一注气一排采”的增产途径和效果。结果表明：在CH4和CO2二元体系的竞争吸附中,CO2组分的吸附速率是先快后慢,而CH4组分的吸附速率先慢后快,解吸时则相反,反映出CO2在竞争吸附中占据优势;注入CO2气体的数量越大和相对浓度越高,单位压降CH4解吸率和CO2吸附率就越高。实验结论对工业规模的煤层气开发试验具有指导意义。     

考虑非等温环境下污染物在黏土中的运移解析模型

利用广义积分变换法推导了非等温条件下污染物在压实黏土衬垫中的运移解析解。所提出的解析解考虑了分子扩散、对流、吸附和热扩散的耦合效应,并考虑了压实黏土的渗透系数、分布系数和有效扩散系数3个参数随温度的变化。通过与热扩散试验结果、已有的解析解和基于COMSOL软件的数值模型的对比,验证了所提出的解析解。利用经过验证的解析解,研究了非等温环境以及压实黏土的渗透系数、有效扩散系数和分布系数3个参数随温度的变化对甲苯在压实黏土衬垫系统中迁移的影响。结果表明,非等温环境以及压实黏土的渗透系数、有效扩散系数和分布系数随温度的变化均对甲苯在压实黏土衬垫中迁移有着显著的影响。不考虑非等温环境的影响将极大低估污染物的溢出量和污染物的击穿时间。既有解析解忽略压实黏土的渗透系数和有效扩散系数随温度的变化会极大低估甲苯的流出速率,而忽略压实黏土分布系数随温度的变化会极大高估甲苯击穿衬垫系统的时间和达到稳态的时间。所提出的解析解能够考虑热扩散作用,同时考虑了压实黏土的渗透系数、分布系数和有效扩散系数3个参数随温度的变化,较既有解析解更贴近工程实际,能够为压实黏土衬垫系统的设计和服役性能评价提供指导和借鉴。     

注CO2提高煤层气采收率的模拟实验研究

根据煤储层的吸附/解吸机理,模拟煤层气井"排采-注气-排采"的生产过程,进行CH4、CO2的单相气体吸附/解吸和CO2注入置换煤层CH4的实验,得到了CH4和CO2二元气体相组分变化数据和CH4和CO2混合气体的相分离图解.结果表明,在CH4和CO2二元气体的竞争吸附中,CO2组分的吸附速率是先快后慢,而CH4组分的吸附速率先慢后快,解吸时则相反.反映了CO2组分在与CH4组分的竞争吸附中占据优势,优先被吸附;同时发现注入气体数量越大,注入气体中CO2组分浓度越高,单位压降下的CH4解吸率和CO2吸附率越高.实验结论对工业规模的煤层气开发试验具有一定的指导意义.     

孔隙结构和水动力对饱和多孔介质中颗粒迁移和沉积特性的耦合影响

为了研究孔隙结构和水动力对悬浮颗粒在饱和多孔介质中沉积和迁移特性的影响,对天然硅粉（悬浮颗粒）和荧光素钠（示踪剂）在饱和多孔介质中的渗流迁移特性进行土柱试验,分别得到了5种不同渗流速度（0.033、0.066、0.132、0.199、0.265 cm/s）、两种不同多孔介质（石英砂和玻璃球）的悬浮颗粒和示踪剂全组合下的20条穿透曲线。根据试验结果,研究孔隙结构、渗流速度对饱和多孔介质中颗粒迁移和沉积过程中水动力作用机制、弥散效应、加速效应的影响。研究表明,悬浮颗粒的穿透曲线可以用一阶沉积动力学对流弥散方程的解析解来描述。随着渗流速度的增大,水动力学作用对颗粒出流浓度的影响越来越大,而孔隙结构的影响则相对减弱。同时,存在一个临界渗流速度值。当渗流速度超出该值时,悬浮颗粒迁移要快于示踪剂,而且临界渗流速度对于玻璃球和石英砂两种多孔介质是不同的;其次,在两种介质中,随渗流速度增大,弥散度增加,回收率和回收悬浮颗粒粒径增大,沉积系数先增大后减小。此外,在孔隙比相近的情况下,悬浮颗粒在玻璃球介质中的回收率要大于其在石英砂中的。可见,孔隙结构和渗流速度是影响饱和多孔介质中颗粒输运的重要因素,渗流速度越大,孔隙结构的作用越明显。     

硝基苯在含水层中的迁移规律及其转化机理研究

本文通过室内模拟实验，探讨在河流入渗补给地下水的条件下．硝基苯在含水层中的迁移规律及其转化机理。迁移规律实验结果表明，从进水口至出水口的各取样点依次出现硝基苯浓度峰值．并且随着硝基苯迁移路径的延长其浓度峰值相应变小。硝基苯的浓度峰值在含水介质中的持续时间并不很长，但由于硝基苯解吸附作用的存在。在此后相当长的一段时间里都存在较为明显的拖尾现象。转化机理实验结果表明，吸附与生物降解作用是影响硝基苯在含水层中迁移转化的主要因素。淤泥介质对硝基苯的吸附能力要明显大于砂砾介质，淤泥介质中的微生物对硝基苯的吸附影响较大．而砂砾介质中的微生物对硝基苯的吸附影响较小。     

分析一维砂柱弥散试验数据的相关系数极值法

针对现有分析室内一维砂柱弥散试验数据,确定多孔介质纵向弥散度的方法,在考虑介质对示踪剂的吸附作用的情况下不能应用的问题,对描述一维、稳定渗流与连续定浓度注入示踪剂的砂柱弥散试验的近似解析解进行反函数变换,利用相关系数极值法的原理,建立了在多孔介质与示踪剂间为均衡吸附条件下,可计算多孔介质纵向弥散度与阻滞系数的方法.而且,这种方法在多孔介质的有效孔隙率为已知的情况下,还可计算出多孔介质对示踪剂的吸附系数.     

分数阶导数黏弹性饱和土体一维固结半解析解

将分数阶微积分理论引入Kelvin-Voigt本构模型,以描述黏弹性饱和土体的力学行为。对饱和土体一维固结方程和上述分数阶导数Kelvin-Voigt本构方程实施Laplace变换,联立求解得到变换域内有效应力和沉降的解析解。采用Crump方法实现Laplace数值反演,从而获得了物理空间一维固结问题的半解析解,并将其退化到弹性和黏弹性两种经典情形,分析表明,它与经典解析解完全相同,这证明了经典弹性和黏弹性解析解可视为本研究提出分数阶导数黏弹性解的特例。开展了参数研究,即分析了相关各种参数对固结沉降的影响。研究表明,瞬时荷载情形下分数阶导数黏弹性饱和土体一维固结最终沉降量与黏滞系数和分数阶次无关,而不同黏滞系数和分数阶次对固结时间有较大影响。其研究结果有助于深入认识黏弹性饱和土体的固结力学行为。     

An experimental and theoretical study of the seepage migration of suspended particles with different sizes

This study experimentally investigates the effect of particle size, particle concentration and flow velocity on the migration of suspended particles of size 1.02–47 μm in porous media. The results show that at the same flow velocity, the peak values of the breakthrough curves decrease and corresponding pore volumes increase slightly with increasing particles size. The migration velocity of smaller suspended particles is even greater than water flow velocity, which is attributed to the size exclusion effect. With increase of the injected particle concentration, the deposition coefficients of small single particles increase at first and then tend to a steady state or even decrease slightly, explained by the maximum retention concentration. The dispersivity of small particles decreases with increasing velocity. However, at a high flow velocity, the hydrodynamic dispersivity becomes increasingly dominant with the increase of particle size. The deposition coefficients for large-sized particles are higher than those for small-sized particles, which is attributed to considerable mass removal due to straining. An analytical solution, considering the release effect of sorbed particles, is developed to account for the one-dimensional flow and dispersive effect using a source function method, and then three transport parameters—dispersivity, deposition coefficient and release coefficient—are fitted using the experimental results. Finally, suspended-particle migration is predicted by the proposed model for short-time constant-concentration injection and repeated three-pulse injection. Overall, particle size has a significant effect on the seepage migration parameters of suspended particles in porous media such as the particle velocity, dispersivity and deposition coefficient.     

孔隙水压力对锯齿状结构面剪切蠕变特性的影响

为探究孔隙水压对岩体结构面剪切蠕变特性的影响,自主研制了结构面一体化制作模具和多功能剪切流变仪,开展了孔隙水压力下锯齿状结构面的剪切蠕变试验,分析了孔隙水压对结构面蠕变变形、蠕变速率和长期强度的影响。试验结果表明：不同孔隙水压力下的结构面先后经历了瞬时变形阶段、减速蠕变阶段和稳定蠕变阶段,并且孔隙水压力的增大促进了结构面非线性特征的发展;随着孔隙水压力的增大,结构面瞬时位移、蠕变位移和稳态蠕变速率逐渐增大,而蠕变时长、破坏应力和长期强度均呈现明显降低的趋势。根据试验结果,考虑孔隙水压力对模型参数的影响,将蠕变模型中的瞬时剪切模量、黏性剪切模量以及黏性系数替换为孔隙水压力的函数,构建了能够反映孔隙水压力影响的结构面蠕变模型,并对模型参数进行辨识,将试验曲线和理论模型曲线进行对比,验证了模型的正确性和适用性。研究成果对富水区岩体长期稳定性分析提供一定的理论指导。     

受载原煤中瓦斯的扩散规律

为研究受载原煤中瓦斯的扩散规律,以原煤煤样为实验对象,利用自主研发的含瓦斯煤热流固耦合实验系统,在恒温的三轴加载条件下,进行了加载-吸附-解吸-再加载直至煤样破坏过程中的瓦斯解吸实验。研究结果表明,受载原煤的解吸量随时间变化规律符合颗粒煤瓦斯解吸的数学模型;在恒温恒围压下,随轴压的增大,受载原煤瓦斯的解吸量呈下降趋势;当轴压大于峰值强度后,瓦斯解吸量随轴压迅速增大;受载原煤煤样压密、线弹性阶段瓦斯解吸-运移速度随应力增大而线性减小;当煤样处于屈服阶段和峰值破坏阶段瓦斯解吸-运移速度随应力增大呈指数式增长。研究成果对瓦斯抽采,瓦斯突出机理研究有一定的理论价值。      

Analytical solution of advection–diffusion equation in heterogeneous infinite medium using Green’s function method

Some analytical solutions of one-dimensional advection–diffusion equation (ADE) with variable dispersion coefficient and velocity are obtained using Green’s function method (GFM). The variability attributes to the heterogeneity of hydro-geological media like river bed or aquifer in more general ways than that in the previous works. Dispersion coefficient is considered temporally dependent, while velocity is considered spatially and temporally dependent. The spatial dependence is considered to be linear and temporal dependence is considered to be of linear, exponential and asymptotic. The spatio-temporal dependence of velocity is considered in three ways. Results of previous works are also derived validating the results of the present work. To use GFM, a moving coordinate transformation is developed through which this ADE is reduced into a form, whose analytical solution is already known. Analytical solutions are obtained for the pollutant’s mass dispersion from an instantaneous point source as well as from a continuous point source in a heterogeneous medium. The effect of such dependence on the mass transport is explained through the illustrations of the analytical solutions.     

控制应力路径散体材料真三轴试验强度特征的离散元模拟与细观机制分析

通过一系列真三轴离散元数值试验,模拟了不同应力路径下的等b试验中散体材料的强度特征。根据模拟结果详细地分析了三维应力条件下中主应力和应力路径对散体材料峰值强度的影响,研究了峰值摩擦角、峰值应力比的变化规律,并根据真应力的概念和组构张量的演化结果分析了散体材料的强度成因。研究表明,在不同类型的数值试验中峰值偏应力随b参数的变化规律不同,但采用初始围压归一化后的应力-应变曲线规律一致。峰值强度线的斜率只与b值有关而与应力路径无关,且随着b值的增加,峰值应力比qf /pf逐渐减小,数值模拟结果与室内试验结果吻合较好;随着应变的发展,数值试样的组构也随之发生变化,产生了明显的应力诱发各向异性;散体的强度为颗粒摩擦及材料各向异性共同作用的结果;理论上,组构比-应力比坐标系中破坏点位置仅取决于颗粒摩擦角 ,而数值模拟结果与理论值的差异源于颗粒间咬合和滚动摩擦的影响,其影响与颗粒表面摩擦系数有关,也受空间应力状态的影响。     

考虑尺寸排除效应颗粒迁移模型的建立

以地下水源热泵回灌中的物理堵塞问题作为研究背景,建立一种基于质量平衡方程来模拟多孔介质中颗粒迁移和沉积造成孔隙损伤的数学模型,同时考虑了多孔介质孔隙中悬浮颗粒浓度随时间的动态变化,引入了流量折减系数 和进入系数 这两个变量,充分考虑了尺寸排除效应的影响。堵塞的发生往往是由一个颗粒所引起的,即一个颗粒堵塞一个孔隙,反之亦然。研究结果为解决回灌井物理堵塞的室内外试验研究提供理论依据。     

Implication of surface modified NZVI particle retention in the porous media: Assessment with the help of 1-D transport model

Retention of surface-modified nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) particles in the porous media near the point of injection has been reported in the recent studies. Retention of excess particles in porous media can alter the media properties. The main objectives of this study are, therefore, to evaluate the effect of particle retention on the porous media properties and its implication on further NZVI particle transport under different flow conditions. To achieve the objectives, a one-dimensional transport model is developed by considering particle deposition, detachment, and straining mechanisms along with the effect of changes in porosity resulting from retention of NZVI particles. Two different flow conditions are considered for simulations. The first is a constant Darcy’s flow rate condition, which assumes a change in porosity, causes a change in pore water velocity and the second, is a constant head condition, which assumes the change in porosity, influence the permeability and hydraulic conductivity (thus Darcy’s flow rate). Overall a rapid decrease in porosity was observed as a result of high particle retention near the injection points resulting in a spatial distribution of deposition rate coefficient. In the case of constant head condition, the spatial distribution of Darcy’s velocities is predicted due to variation in porosity and hydraulic conductivity. The simulation results are compared with the data reported from the field studies; which suggests straining is likely to happen in the real field condition.     

Numerical modelling of transient contaminant migration problems in infinite porous fractured media using finite/infinite element technique. Part II: Parametric study

Using the numerical model presented in the first paper of this research,¹ a parametric study has been carried out in this paper to investigate the effect of several important parameters on the transient contaminant transport in infinite porous fractured media. From the related numerical results, it has been demonstrated that: (1) transmissive coefficient between the porous block and the fissured network has a significant influence on the value of the concentration but has little effect on the speed of contaminant transport; (2) porosities in the porous block and fissured network have a significant influence on the maximum value of the concentration; (3) average linear velocity of flow has a significant influence on both the concentration distribution and speed of contaminant transport; (4) dispersion coefficient of the medium affects not only the shape of the concentration versus time curve but also the peak value of the concentration.     

粗粒含量对砾类土直剪过程中强度与变形特性影响的离散元模拟研究

粗粒含量对砾类土的工程力学特性具有重要的影响。本文对4组不同粗粒含量的强风化玄武岩砾类土进行了大型直剪试验,并获取相关的强度与变形参数,基于离散单元法颗粒流理论,采用粒间作用为平行黏结模型的圆球模拟土颗粒,建立了4种不同粗粒含量砾类土直剪的离散单元模拟的计算模型,并进一步校正了颗粒单元细观参数,模拟了不同粗粒含量砾类土100kPa垂直压力时的应力应变关系、垂直变形以及剪切带上的土颗粒运动与颗粒间作用力传递的影响特性,分析了粗粒含量对砾类土宏观及细观力学性质的影响机理。结果表明:砾类土表现出的粗粒含量越大强度越高的本质是由于随粗粒含量增加时,土颗粒间平均刚度增加及颗粒间的咬合作用使得摩擦系数增加,采用平行黏结模型能较好的拟合峰值前剪应力-剪位移曲线,但是峰后曲线段尤其对软化现象的适应性不是十分理想; 垂直位移-剪位移模拟值与试验值存在一定的偏差; 随着粗粒含量的增加,最大剪应力时粗颗粒对力链的控制表现得愈明显,相应的剪切带厚度约为剪切盒高度的1/3～1/5,并随粗粒含量增加而增大。     

Understanding the effect of single-fracture heterogeneity from single-well injection-withdrawal (SWIW) tests

The single-well injection-withdrawal (SWIW) tracer test is a method used to estimate the tracer retardation properties of a fracture or fracture zone. The effects of single-fracture aperture heterogeneity on SWIW-test tracer breakthrough curves are examined by numerical modelling. The effects of the matrix diffusion and sorption are accounted for by using a particle tracking method through the addition of a time delay added to the advective transport time. For a given diffusion and sorption property (P _m) value and for a heterogeneous fracture, the peak concentration is larger compared to a homogeneous fracture. The cumulative breakthrough curve for a heterogeneous fracture is similar to that for a homogeneous fracture and a less sorptive/diffusive tracer. It is demonstrated that the fracture area that meets the flowing water, the specific flow-wetted surface (sFWS) of the fracture, can be determined by matching the observed breakthrough curve for a heterogeneous fracture to that for a homogeneous fracture with an equivalent property parameter. SWIW tests are also simulated with a regional pressure gradient present. The results point to the possibility of distinguishing the effect of the regional pressure gradient from that of diffusion through the use of multiple tracers with different P _m values.