Precipitation chemistry and corresponding transport patterns of influencing air masses at Huangshan Mountain in East China

One hundred and ten samples of rainwater were collected for chemical analysis at the summit of Huangshan Mountain, a high-altitude site in East China, from July 2010 to June 2011. The volume-weighted-mean （VWM） pH for the whole sampling period was 5.03. SO2- and Ca2＋ were the most abundant anion and cation, respectively. The ionic concentrations varied monthly with the highest concentrations in winter/spring and the lowest in summer. Evident inter-correlations were found among most ions, indicating the common sources for some species and fully mixing characteristics of the alpine precipitation chemistry. The VWM ratio of [SO]-]/[NO3] was 2.54, suggesting the acidity of rainwater comes from both nitric and sulfuric acids. Compared with contemporary observations at other alpine continental sites in China, the precipitation at Huangshan Mountain was the least polluted, with the lowest ionic concentrations. Trajectories to Huangshan Mountain on rainy days could be classified into six groups. The rainwater with influencing air masses originating in Mongolia was the most polluted with limited effect. The emissions of Jiangxi, Anhui, Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces had a strong influence on the overall rain chemistry at Huangshan Mountain. The rainwater with influencing air masses from Inner Mongolia was heavily polluted by anthropogenic pollutants.     

合肥市不同天气条件下大气气溶胶粒子理化特征分析

为探讨合肥市霾天气大气气溶胶粒子的组成及来源,在2012-2013年代表性月份用安德森分级采样器在合肥市区进行大气气溶胶粒子采样,并分析各样本中水溶性无机离子成分(NH4+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Na+、 K+、NO2-、NO3-、Cl-、SO42-)。根据同期气象资料把采样背景天气分为晴空、雾、霾、轻雾等4类,详细分析了这4种天气下大气细粒子(指PM2.1)和粗粒子(粒径大于2.1 μm部分)的浓度、组成以及主要离子组分的异同。结果表明:(1)观测期间晴空天多对应空气质量优良,雾、霾天对应轻度到重度污染,从晴空天到雾、霾天,PM2.1浓度大幅度上升,且其占总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)的比例显著上升。(2)从晴空天到雾、霾天,水溶性无机离子质量占PM2.1质量浓度的比例上升,分别为46%(晴空)、67%(霾)、61%(雾)、80%(轻雾)。PM2.1中水溶性无机离子浓度居前3位的雾、霾天是SO42-、NO3-和NH4+,晴空天为SO42-、Ca2+、NO3-。(3)与晴空天相比,霾天PM2.1中水溶性无机离子浓度变化倍数最大的是NO3-(为晴空的6.1倍,下同)、其次是NH4+(3.6倍)和SO42-(3.0倍);雾和轻雾天PM2.1中水溶性无机离子浓度变化最大的是NO3-(>10倍)、其次是NH4+(>5倍)和Cl-(>4.0倍)。(4)4种天气下,与人为污染有关的离子(SO42-、NO3-、Cl-、NH4+)尺度谱存在显著差异,呈双峰型、单峰型、三峰型等;而Ca2+的尺度谱无明显变化,基本上都呈双峰型。(5)在粒径3.3 μm以下,阳、阴离子平衡较好,随着尺度增大变差,且晴空天比雾、霾天差。主要阴离子浓度间、Cl-和Na+间的比值和相关性,在晴空天和雾、霾天差异较大。      

广州白云山风景区酸雨梯度分布

对1999年白云山风景区1~10月的降水pH 值、化学成分以及1月、6月大气低层的气溶胶进行了监测.分析结果表明(1)白云山3个测点降水的平均pH值最低为4.83,最高为5.29;酸雨频率最低58 %,最高91 %;强酸雨频率最低19 %,最高39 %.降水酸度和酸雨频率呈梯度变化,pH值随高度增高而减小,酸雨和强酸雨频率增加.(2)冬季近地层大气中偏碱性气溶胶在白云山的组成比较稳定,山上和山下测点气溶胶水溶性离子成分基本一致;而夏季山上、山下的成分有所不同,山上的SO42-比例明显增大.另外,尽管气溶胶中NO3-的含量极少,但降水中NO3-有明显的富集现象.(3)白云山降水离子成分中SO42-占阴离子的比例最大、NO3-次之;Ca2+占阳离子的比例最大、NH4+稍低.随高度上升SO42-和Ca2+在降水中的比例有所下降,而NO3-和NH4+比例明显增加,NO3-和NH4+对山上降水酸度的影响是相对增大的.(4)受附近公路交通的直接影响,白云山降水中的NO3-比例较大,NO3-/SO42-当量浓度比值平均达到0.4;NO3-对白云山降水酸度有较大的贡献,而且这一贡献随高度而增大.     

广州地区春季污染雾的化学特征分析

使用2005年2～3月在广州地区采集的雾水样品资料,分析了广州地区污染雾雾水的化学组分;对3次典型污染雾过程雾水的离子浓度及其可能的来源进行了分析。广州地区的污染雾雾水中的诸离子浓度远高于雨水中的值,因而,雾不但造成视程障碍,而且是高浓度污染的液态颗粒物,对人体健康十分有害。在雾水中浓度最高的阴离子是SO4=, 其次是NO3-;在阳离子中Ca++、NH4+的浓度最高。雨水比雾水更酸,说明虽然雾水中的离子浓度较雨水高得多,但大量的离子成分中存在更多的缓冲物质,比如说NH4+和Ca++。雾水中的Ca++、SO4=、Mg++有明显的富集现象,广州地区的污染雾雾水主要受大陆环境和人类活动的影响。这期间广州地区出现严重污染雾与水汽充足和大量气溶胶污染粒子的存在直接有关。     

辽宁农村代表区域降水离子组成及与气态污染物相关性

对辽宁农村代表区域站点——辽中县马龙村观测站2007年2月至2008年1月酸雨、气态污染物浓度观测资料进行了研究。结果表明：辽中站降水的化学组成阴离子主要为SO4^2-和NO3-阳离子主要为NH4和Ca2＋,SO4^2-／NO3-比值为2．9．Na＋／Cl-比值较大,大于1。各种离子浓度冬春季高,夏秋季较低,表明研究区域降水酸化与污染关系不显著。实测的9种主要阴离子、阳离子总浓度比（∑阴离子／∑阳离子）与降水pH值相关性不高,表明目前酸雨研究观测的主要9种阴阳离子不能完全包括降水中的离子组成。降水酸性与近地面污染气体浓度相关各异,pH与NOx、CO、NO2和O3浓度有较明显的负相关,与SO2浓度负相关不明显;降水pH值与颗粒物等碱性污染物浓度正相关明显。降水中主要致酸离子SO4^2-和NO3-的浓度与相应酸性气体污染物SO2和NOx近地面浓度的相关不明显。     

中国区域空气污染本底站的降水化学特征

分析了3个代表不同背景特征的WMO（世界气象组织）区域本底空气污染站黑龙江五常县龙凤山本底站，北京密云县古北口上甸子本底站和浙江临安本底站的降水化学特征。分析内容为降水的pH值和SO₄2-、NO₃-、Cl-、F-、NH₄+、K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+诸离子的浓度。结果表明，降水pH值和SO₄2-、NO₃-、NH₄+、Ca2+具有年际变化和年变化的特征，但其变化趋势各站及各要素不尽一致。离子Cl-、F-、K+、Na+、Mg2+浓度偏低，变化不明显。就多年平均而言，临安站的pH值为3站最低，SO₄2-为最高。上甸子除了SO₄2-浓度次于临安外，其余所有离子浓度均为3站之首，而且pH值也为3站最高。龙凤山除了降水中的Ca2+、Mg2+离子浓度略高于临安外，其它各离子的浓度是3站中最低，pH值在3站中的位置居中。降水化学特征演变趋势为:3个站的降水皆呈酸性，其中临安最严重，龙凤山其次，上甸子相对轻一些，但其酸化的速率为3站之首。     

Precipitation Chemistry in Semi-Arid Areas of Southern Africa: A Case Study of a Rural and an Industrial Site

Experimental data on the precipitation chemistry in the semi-arid savanna of South Africa is presented in this paper. A total of 901 rainwater samples were collected with automatic wet-only samplers at a rural site, Louis Trichardt, and at an industrial site, Amersfoort, from July 1986 to June 1999. The chemical composition of precipitation was analysed for seven inorganic and two organic ions, using ion chromatography. The most abundant ion was SO₄ ^{2 –} and a large proportion of theprecipitation is acidic, with 98% of samples at Amersfoort and 94% at LouisTrichardt having a pH below 5.6 (average pH of 4.4 and 4.9, respectively). This acidity results from a mixture of mineral and organic acids, with mineral acids being the primary contributors to the precipitation acidity in Amersfoort, while at Louis Trichardt, organic and mineral acids contribute equal amounts of acidity. It was found that the composition of rainwater is controlled by five sources: marine, terrigenous, nitrogenous, biomass burning and anthropogenic sources. The relative contributions of these sources at the two sites were calculated. Anthropogenic sources dominate at Amersfoort and biomass burning at Louis Trichardt. Most ions exhibit a seasonal pattern at Louis Trichardt, with the highest concentrations occurring during the austral spring as a result of agricultural activities and biomass combustion, while at Amersfoort it is less pronounced due to the dominance of relatively constant industrial emissions. The results are compared to observations from other African regions.     

GRADIENT DISTRIBUTION OF ACID RAIN IN THE SCENIC RESORT OF THE BAIYUN MOUNTAIN IN GUANGZHOU

1 INTRODUCTION Sitting in the central part of the Pearl River Delta, Guangzhou is one of the cities in China that are most polluted by acid rain. Broad attention has been brought to the problem. Since the early 1980s, a series of observation and studies h…     

南京气溶胶水溶性离子粒径分布及其随高度的变化

2009年1月对南京市河西生活区距地面1．5、54和80m3处同步进行了大气颗粒物采样,并用离子色谱对样品进行了分析。结果显示,随着高度的增加,PM10和PM2.1的质量浓度逐渐降低,而总离子浓度随高度增加而增大。气溶胶中最主要的3种水溶性离子分别为N03、SO4 2-、Ca2＋,且3个高度的NO3-与SO4 2-浓度之比均大于1,表明该生活区移动排放源已经成为大气气溶胶离子的主要来源。3个高度处各离子粒径分布规律为：SO4 2-、NO3-、K＋在0．43-1．1um出现峰值;Ca2＋、Mg2＋、NO2-在4．7～5．8um出现峰值;Na＋、Cl-、F-在0．43～1．1um和4．7～5．8um出现双峰。     

Relationships Between Rainwater Composition and Synoptic Weather Systems Deduced from Measurement and Analysis of Hong Kong Daily Rainwater Data

The composition of Hong Kong rainwater has been studied in the context of seven types of prevailing synoptic weather system. These represent different precipitating airmass origins in terms of continental, maritime, local or mixed sources. Replicate sampling was performed on a daily basis from 1994–1995 for both bulk deposition (n = 60) and simultaneous wet deposition (n = 27) collectors. Reliable analytical data were obtained for the concentrations of the soluble components H+, Na+, Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, Cl-, NO3- and SO42-. The acidity of rainwater was found to be greater when Hong Kong was under the influence of an approaching cyclone (type AC), northeasterly monsoon (type NE) or cold front (type CF) than for prevailing easterly anticyclones (type E), southerly/southwesterly monsoon systems (type S), or cyclonic flows (type C). A common characteristic of occasions of acid rain in Hong Kong was the build-up of local pollutants under conditions of low windspeed, as shown by the significant correlation between rainwater pH and lognormal surface windspeed, but not windvector. The acidity of Hong Kong rainwater was thus largely determined by local sources, although the participation of a continental airmass was evident for some systems. The daily bulk deposition flux of H+ on rainy days varied by more than an order of magnitude from type C (0.2 meq m-2 d-1) to types AC, trough (T) and NE (>2 meq m-2 d-1).     

华南准静止锋暖区内降水的物理化学特征

介绍了一次华南准静止暖区内降水的物理化学特征的综合观测分析结果。主要有：①暖区内积云降水雨滴浓度不高，但滴径较大，谱型以多峰谱为主；②雨水ｐＨ值较低，平均４．４３，离子成分中ＮＯ３，Ｃｌ，ＳＯ４，ＮＨ＾＋４，Ｎａ＾＋的浓度较高；③本次降水清除了气溶胶总质量的４５％，对Ｃｌ，Ｆ，ＮＯ３的清除率较高；④由于气溶胶中阴离子被雨水清除的效率较高（主要是ＮＯ３）而阳离子的清除率低，致使雨水ｐＨ值下降，这可能     

呼和浩特市降水化学特征分析

对2006年呼和浩特市降水离子监测资料进行分析,结果表明:降水呈碱性,季节分布明显,夏季降水集中且pH值为全年最低,冬季降水量少,pH值较高;SO42-离子为主要致酸离子,阳离子中Ca2+,Mg2+离子的浓度很高;降水中主要成分之间相关性显著,Ca2+的中和作用较强;降水气团的后向轨迹分析表明蒙古国的沙漠地区是呼和浩特冬春季碱性降水的主要来源,夏季较低的pH值降水则部分源于我国的华中、华北地区的酸性污染物中长距离输送。     

两广大陆地区酸雨的时空分布规律和化学特点

自１９８８年１月至１９８９年１２月，建立了一个包括７０个监测点的酸沉降测网，进行了常规的干，湿沉降同步观测，获得了大量的监测数据，结果表明：两广地区大面积出现酸雨，酸雨污染较严重地区是广东省粤北和珠江三角洲及广西的“汀桂走廊”。这些地区经济发展迅速，又是ＳＯ２，ＮＯｘ排放量较多的地区。降水酸度季节分布明显，即：春季＞冬季＞秋季＞夏季。降水中主要离子是Ｃａ＾２＋，ＮＨ＾＋４和ＳＯ＾２－４，化学组成以     

北京奥运期间气溶胶中水溶性无机离子浓度特征及来源解析

2008年7—10月在中国科学院大气物理研究所采集气溶胶样品,用离子色谱进行水溶性无机离子分析,并对其组成、质量浓度变化特征、相关性及存在形式、来源解析等方面进行研究。结果显示,整个采样期间,SO42-、NO3-和NH4＋是最主要的水溶性离子,主要以（NH4）2SO4和NH4NO3形式存在;SO42-、NO3-和NH4＋、Ca2＋和Mg2＋的相关系数都较高,具有很好的同源性。NO3-/SO42-质量浓度比值表明,奥运前,固定源（燃煤）对水溶性离子的贡献大于流动源（机动车）,而奥运期间和奥运后则相反。因子分析表明,交通、燃煤、土壤、建筑尘和生物质燃烧源是采样期间北京大气污染的主要来源。     

大气传输对华北区域本底地区降水化学成分的影响

对华北区域本底站1999~2007年239次降水过程的气流后向轨迹进行分类,从中选取典型西北路径、西南路径和东南路径降水,研究了不同输送路径下降水pH值、电导率、化学组成特征及影响本底地区的主要排放源.结果显示,起源于我国中东部内陆地区途经太原、石家庄、北京等大城市的西南气流,起源于蒙古国途经我国内蒙地区的西北气流,以...     

2016—2017年中国中东部本底地区PM10化学特性

对中国中东部3个区域大气本底观测站2015年12月—2017年12月PM₁₀质量浓度及其化学成分空间分布与季节变化特征进行研究,结果显示:研究期间龙凤山站、临安站和金沙站平均PM₁₀质量浓度分别为57.5,62.2 μg·m-3和57.6 μg·m-3。其中临安站和金沙站2017年PM₁₀质量浓度较2016年有所下降,但龙凤山站有所上升。与2013年相比,临安站和金沙站平均PM₁₀质量浓度分别降低29.3%和26.2%。临安站SO₄2-,NO₃-和NH₄+平均质量浓度分别为9.9,8.2 μg·m-3和3.7 μg·m-3,金沙站分别为10.2,6.7 μg·m-3和2.6 μg·m-3,均高于龙凤山站的5.9,4.9 μg·m-3和2.1 μg·m-3,其中龙凤山站和临安站的NO₃-与SO₄2-质量浓度比值较高（0.9和0.8）,金沙站较低（0.6）。龙凤山站的有机碳（OC）和元素碳（EC）质量浓度分别为10.1 μg·m-3和2.7 μg·m-3,临安站为6.7 μg·m-3和3.1 μg·m-3,金沙站为4.7 μg·m-3和2.3 μg·m-3,即龙凤山站OC最高,金沙站最低,3个站点的EC基本相当,临安站略高。与2013年相比,研究期间临安站SO₄2-,NH₄+和OC分别下降38.1%,26.0%和55.6%,金沙站分别下降46.3%,51.9%和44.7%,但临安站和金沙站的NO₃-分别上升12.3%和15.5%;临安站EC下降27.9%,金沙站EC上升4.5%。3个站点夏季PM₁₀,NO₃-,EC质量浓度及NO₃-与SO₄2-质量浓度比值均最低。     

广州地区1994年6月洪涝期间降水的物理化学特征

受9403号强热带风暴登陆和锋面暴雨的影响,致使珠江下游出现百年一遇特大洪涝灾害,本文在此期间分析了在从化气象站密集观测的雨水成分与雨滴谱资料,结果表明:（1）雨滴谱型以多峰谱为主,极少出现无峰谱;（2） 雨水的pH值均比较低;（3）在雨水离子中以SO2-4和NH+4的浓度最高,雨水中被富集的主要是NO-3;（4）气溶胶水溶性离子成分中,SO2-4和Ca2+的浓度最高。     

Trend in chemical composition of precipitation during 2005–2009 at a rural station of Bhubaneswar, eastern India

Precipitation samples collected during 2005–2009 from a rural forest station of Bhubaneswar were analyzed for their chemical composition. The samples were collected through a wet-only (WO) collector and two bulk (B1 and B2) collectors. The ions were evenly balanced indicating good data quality. The overall pH of rainwater was slightly acidic and ~47% of all rain events during the period were acidic (pH?<?5.6). Multilinear regression analysis showed relation between the free acidity (H⁺) and other components in rainwater. Enrichment factors (EF) of the major components with respect to their sources such as marine and crustal were calculated. Maximum EF was observed for NO ₃ ^? for both marine and crustal sources for all the three collectors. Source apportionments were also carried for the ions. Trend analysis showed continuous increase in most of the ions over years during the study period driven by anthropogenic emissions. Statistical/factorial analysis established correlation among different ions.     

中国和日本降水化学特性的分析比较

本文对中国33个站、日本29个站及美国9个站的降水化学资料进行了分析比较.结果表明,中、日、美三国的降水化学特性有很大不同.三国都有酸雨,但以美国的pH平均值最低.雨水中离子总浓度以中国为最高,其中SO_4~=,NH_4~+和Ca~(++)的浓度特别高.日本雨水中Cl~-和Na~+的浓度很高.NO_3~-在美国雨水中最高.从雨水中离子结构组成和几种重要参量的比值分析表明,中国雨水中的离子浓度受陆地源影响很大,而影响日本雨水中离子浓度最大因素是海洋.在美国以工业交通污染的影响相对最大.文中还对中、日两国不同地区的降水化学特性进行了分析和讨论.     

Chemical compositions of wet precipitation and anthropogenic influences at a developing urban site in southeastern China

A comprehensive study on the chemical compositions of wet precipitation was carried out from January 2004 to December 2004 in Jinhua, southeastern China's Zhejiang Province. All samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity and major ions (F⁻, Cl⁻, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and NH₄⁺). The rainwater was typically acidic with a volume-weighted mean pH of 4.54, which ranged from 3.64 to 6.76. SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻ were the main anions, while NH₄⁺ and Ca²⁺ were the main cations. The concentrations of these major ions were generally higher compared to those reported in other parts of the world, but much lower than those in northern China.Wet deposition fluxes of major ions showed pronounced seasonal variations with maximum in spring and minimum in autumn. Significant correlations were found in soil-derived species among Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and K⁺ and sea-salt species between Na⁺ and Cl⁻. Other relatively good correlations were also observed between Ca²⁺ and SO₄^2-, Mg²⁺ and SO₄^2-, Mg²⁺ and NO₃⁻, Mg²⁺ and Cl⁻. Principal component analysis was also performed on individual precipitation to find possible sources of the major ionic species. Varimax rotated four components accounting for 85.9% of the total variance, and were interpreted as acid and alkaline pollutants, sea spray and mixed source, soil and acid/neutralization. Calculation of enrichment factors for rainwater components relative to soil and seawater indicated that Ca²⁺ and K⁺ mainly originated from the terrestrial source, and SO₄^2- and NO₃⁻ were mostly attributed for the anthropogenic activities in the study area. In general, the results suggested that precipitation chemistry is strongly influenced by anthropogenic sources rather than natural and marine sources. The pollutants in rainwater were mainly derived from long distance transport, local industry and traffic sources.