海底日变数据初探

正海洋磁力数据处理主要包括剔除奇异点、地磁日变、船磁方位改正、数据滤波等,地磁日变和船磁方位改正是影响磁测数据精度的主要因素,而船磁改正又会受日变改正精度的影响,因此日变改正对于海洋磁测而言至关重要。对海洋磁力日变改正而言,在近海区域我们可以采用沿岸的地磁台站的日变数据进行日变改正处理,这在一定程度上削弱了地磁日变对磁测精度的影响;在远海,显然超出了陆地地磁台的控制范围,近年来出现了多台站地磁日变改正技术,构造     

基于地磁坐标的多地磁台站日变改正方法

传统多地磁台站日变改正都基于地理坐标,通过改进计算方法的方式来提高日变改正精度,本文通过比较分析传统日变改正的方法,并根据地磁坐标与地磁场强度具有更强相关性的特征,提出基于地磁坐标进行拟合的日变改正方法——地磁坐标拟合法。实验结果表明,基于地磁坐标的多站日变改正方法普遍提高了日变改正的精度,为多站日变改正提供了新的研究思路。     

地磁日变不同时段特征差异及对地磁日变改正的影响

海上工区地磁数据与远端台站地磁日变资料之间的相位差(即时差)和幅值差仍然是影响海洋磁力测网精度的难点。作者依据东海两侧的台站和3个更高纬度的欧洲台站,分析和统计了日变曲线日间、夜间以及强磁扰等期间的形态特征、相位差、幅值差等要素的数值差异。结果显示：在日间,台站间的相位差(时差)是不断变化的,导致午时左右有较大的幅值差;在夜间,台站间资料具有吻合的相位,幅值差多小于4 nT;在磁暴等强磁扰活动期间,台站间的相位一致,幅值差甚至小于平静日期间的幅值差,根据大洋实测资料,磁暴期间与平静日的测线交点差的绝对值小于3.2 nT。台站间地磁日变资料的相位差和幅值差的变化特征有助于海洋地磁资料的日变改正。     

提高磁测日变改正精度的方法

在利用高精度磁测方法进行间接寻找砂金、岩金的研究中,需探测10nT左右的弱磁异常。这对日变改正精度提出了更高要求。针对这一需要,编制了软件,适用于IGS-2／MP-4与ENVIMAG两种型号的质子磁力仪,使其能同时投入工作做日变改正。采用一个完整的地磁平静日的日变观测数据,用分时区加权平均来确定日变改正基值。对每天测定的日变曲线先进行圆滑,降低仪器噪声对日变观测结果的影响后,再对当天各测点上的磁测值进行日变改正。这样既提高了日变改正精度,又实现了对两种型号磁力仪间观测数据的日变改正处理。     

航空磁测地面磁日变曲线干扰识别与处理

通过对多个测区的磁日变曲线分析与对比,研究了不同地区的磁日变曲线特点,以及日磁扰特征,并且总结了其他受外界干扰的磁日变站曲线特征以及仪器原因引起的磁日变曲线畸变原因。在综合分析和研究的基础上,总结出了磁日变曲线的日磁扰特征、外界干扰曲线特征、仪器干扰曲线特征的规律,为今后快速识别干扰磁日变曲线,正确编辑和处理磁日变数据提供了依据。     

利用回归分析法补偿海底日变数据

海洋磁力测量中常会投放海底日变站,但有时会因投放深度较深导致回收的海底日变站数据出现失真的情况,从而影响日变改正后磁测数据的精度。通过比较不同纬度处地磁日变数据的相关分析结果,发现可近似认为地磁日变数据依纬度变化具有一定的线性相关性,进而引入线性回归分析方法推算某一纬度处日变数据。通过南海多个工区实测数据的对比分析,发现回归分析法推算的日变数据可一定程度上补偿海底日变数据,从而改善磁测数据的精度。     

考虑日变影响的小尺度地磁无源导航方法

地磁无源导航是利用地磁场信息来限制惯性导航系统的误差增长,满足潜艇自主性、隐蔽性和高精度的要求。笔者介绍了地磁无源导航的发展,分析了以往研究存在的问题并指出:①潜艇无源导航必须利用小尺度的、实测的地磁图,而不能直接用国际地磁参考场IGRF;②利用地磁场导航必须考虑地磁日变的影响。阐述了利用卡尔曼滤波进行地磁无源导航的原理和算法,同时作了仿真试验,结果表明达到了用地磁场辅助惯性导航的效果,并叙述了地磁日变特征,讨论了消除日变影响的方法,在无连续磁暴日出现的前提下,提出了解决方案,通过均值日变校正,在一定程度上减小了日变干扰,最后以小尺度的东海某区海洋地质调查中的地磁异常数据库资料对潜艇无源导航过程进行了仿真试验,修正了潜艇的导航定位。     

一种基于磁异常梯度测深的电性分析方法

通过收集某地区地磁台记录的磁场,和当天另一地区地磁日变场数据,以某地的地磁台记录磁场作为参考地磁场,以另一地当天地磁日变场作为主要地磁场,采用傅立叶变换对时变地磁异常进行频谱分析。计算出二地的地磁场水平导数和某地磁响应参数及视电阻率,并对其进行了一维电磁测深反演,与在同一测深剖面施测的可控源音频大地电磁测深（CSAMT）反演结果对比分析,效果基本一致。采取这种计算方法,可有效地提取磁异常深部信息,为危机矿山深部找矿增加一种新的解释手段。     

低功耗全向性磁日变观测系统设计

远海区磁力测量常因缺少测区附近的日变观测数据而使磁测结果得不到适当校正，从而导致磁力数据处理产生较大误差，影响了磁法勘探的效果。为有效解决远海区磁日变数据的观测问题，研制能够在深水区进行长时间连续观测的日变站是较好的途径之一。这种适于在远海区工作的日变站需要具有耐压高、数据存储量大及功耗低的特点，同时在探头线圈设计上还考虑了适应其方向难以控制的特性来制作全向性探头，以保证接收信号的强度。而日变站的结构还应能够保障系统良好的信噪比。     

水下物体磁探测线间距的影响因素

建立合理水下小目标磁探测线间距需以定量分析各种因素对其影响为基础。将水下小目标的磁场模型视为磁偶极子,建立水下小目标的磁场空间衰减规律。根据水下目标磁探测的原理及其工作背景,对目标磁距大小、仪器信噪比、地磁变化、日变影响、测船的定位误差等因素进行综合分析,得出磁力仪在探测某一已知物时的测线间距计算公式。     

GPS based TEC measurements for a period August 2008– December 2009 near the northern crest of Indian equatorial ionospheric anomaly region

In recent years, measurements of total electron content (TEC) have gained importance with increasing demand for the GPS-based navigation applications in trans-ionospheric communications. To study the variation in ionospheric TEC, we used the data obtained from GPS Ionospheric Scintillation and TEC monitoring (GISTM) system which is in operation at SVNIT, Surat, India (21.16°N, 72.78°E) located at the northern crest of equatorial anomaly region. The data collected (for the low sunspot activity period from August 2008–December 2009) were used to study the diurnal, monthly, seasonal semi-annual and annual variations of TEC at Surat. It was observed that the diurnal variation at the region reaches its maximum value between 13:00 and 16:00 IST. The monthly average diurnal variations showed that the TEC maximizes during the equinox months followed by the winter months, and are lowest during the summer months. The ionospheric range delay to TEC for the primary GPS signal is 0.162 m per TECU. The diurnal variation in TEC shows a minimum to maximum variation of about 5 to 50 TECU (in current low sunspot activity periods). These TEC values correspond to range delay variations of about 1 to 9 m at Surat. These variations in the range delay will certainly increase in high sunspot activity periods. Detected TEC variations are also closely related to space weather characterizing quantities such as solar wind and geomagnetic activity indices.     

藏北高原多年冻土区地表反照率特征分析

利用青藏高原冰冻圈观测研究站西大滩、五道梁和唐古拉自动气象站(AWS)2006—2007年的辐射观测资料,分析了藏北高原多年冻土区不同下垫面的地表反照率特征.结果表明:该地区地表反照率在四季都表现出明显的日变化特征,呈U形,早晚大,中午小.日平均和月平均地表反照率有相同的年变化特征,且冬半年的地表反照率远远大于夏半年.受积雪的影响,地表反照率年均值较高,夏季最小,冬季最大,春季大于秋季.针对3种不同植被类型的下垫面,在四季反照率都有高寒草甸(唐古拉)高寒草原(西大滩)荒漠草原(五道梁)的特点.     

Daily variation of the geomagnetic field near the focus of Sq-current system in Indian longitude

The paper presents the first results on the behaviour of solar quiet-day variations of the geomagnetic field components at Gulmarg. Combining the data from Russian stations in the same longitude belt, the annual average daily variations are calculated which show, in the horizontal component (H), a reversal of phase between Gulmarg and Tashkent. Studying the Sq-variations at Gulmarg separately for the three seasons, the daily variation of H duringd-months is predominantly diurnal in character with the maximum before noon. Duringe-months, and more so inj-months, daily variation of the H field is predominantly semidiurnal in character with minimum around 08–09 hr LT and maximum around 14 hr LT consistently during 1978, 1979 and 1980. These features of the Sq at Gulmarg are suggested to be due to the deformations of the current loops caused by the changing latitude of focus during the course of the day.     

Fairweather atmospheric electricity at Antarctica during local summer as observed from Indian station,Maitri

Surface measurements of the atmospheric electrical parameters like Maxwell current, electric field and conductivity studied at the Indian station, Maitri (70.75° S, 11.75° E, 117 m above mean sea level), Antarctica, during austral summer have been analyzed for the years 2001 to 2004. A total of 69 days were selected which satisfied the ‘fairweather’ conditions, i.e., days with absence of high winds, drifting or falling snow, clouds, and fog effects. The diurnal variation curve of electric field and vertical current averaged for 69 fairweather days is a single periodic with a minimum at 03:00 UT and a maximum near 19:00 UT, which is very similar to the Carnegie curve. The correlation coefficient between these measured parameters has a high value (more than 0.9) for all the days. During fairweather days the measured current and field variations are similar and hence it is clear that the conductivity is more or less stable. During magnetically disturbed days, the dawn-dusk potential drop has clear influences on the diurnal variation and it modifies the conductivity. Apart from the day-to-day variation in low latitude thunderstorm activity, there are diurnal, seasonal, inter-annual variations in the electric potential and the currents, as well as solar influences on the measured parameters. This study will help us to examine the impact of solar and geophysical phenomena like solar flares, geomagnetic storms and substorms on the global electric circuit.     

济阳坳陷中、新生代构造沉降与板块聚敛速率关系探讨

根据回剥模型,将钻井资料与区域地震剖面相结合,对济阳坳陷内东营、沾化和惠民3个次一级凹陷进行沉降史模拟。6121钻井的沉降曲线表明济阳坳陷中、新生代的构造沉降分为6个阶段：（1）中生代残余盆地发展阶段;（2）孔店期初始裂谷阶段;（3）沙四-沙三期断陷一期;（4）沙二-沙-期断陷二期;（5）东营期断陷三期;（6）新近纪热沉降阶段。将以上构造沉降速率同太平洋板块相对欧亚板块的聚敛速率进行比较,两者相吻合,表明太平洋板块的俯冲作用是济阳坳陷从“初始裂谷-快速沉降-裂谷逐渐萎缩-热沉降”构造演化过程的主要控制因素。     

山东东营凹陷渐新统东营组的天文地层研究

选定东营凹陷牛38、郝科1和利1等3口井东营组进行天文地层研究。以牛38井沙河街组一段顶界31.8Ma作为东营组底界年龄,得到3口井各段的年龄平均值为:东二段底28.406Ma,东一段底25.385Ma和顶界24.467Ma。东营组底界(31.829Ma)大致相当于"中国区域地层表"提出的32Ma的渐新统底年龄,但是与"国际地层表"提出的渐新世鲁培尔阶底界(33.9Ma)相差1.9Myr。东三段底界、顶界的平均年龄分别为31.829Ma、28.406Ma大致可与中国的乌兰布拉格阶或国际的鲁培尔阶中上部相当;东二段底界至东一段顶界的平均年龄大致相当于塔本布鲁克阶或夏特阶。根据东营组岩石地层与天文地层研究认为,在三角洲沉积过程中,东营组各段界线是穿时的,如东三与东二段界线的年龄相差可达1.4Myr。根据偏心率理论曲线和小波分析,夏特阶底界(28.4Ma)附近的变化可能与偏心率100ka左右理论周期的特殊变化有关。     

测井数据小波变换用于准层序研究

层序界面的识别及其内部特征是层序地层学研究的关键问题。准层序地层单元的分界面上物理性质变化明显,测井曲线表现为突变,测井数据小波变换能够表征这种突变。以东营凹陷某井为例,选取高斯小波对SP测井数据进行小波变换,得到时频色谱图和不同尺度上的小波系数曲线。选定最佳分解尺度后,依据该尺度下小波系数模极值的位置能准确识别出准层序界面。并利用测井多尺度分析方法对不同井段GR测井曲线进行分析,得到不同尺度下的低频和高频信息能够识别出准层序内部的沉积旋回类型,建立了相应的频谱响应特征。这些探索为层序界面的定量划分及其内部特征研究提供了一种新的思路。     

高空正常地磁场在航磁编图中的应用

在研究磁异常时,习惯将正常地磁场从测得的地磁场值中消除,以便突出上地幔和地壳内的各种磁异常。正常地磁场的选择正确与否,直接影响到人们对磁异常的认识及地质现象的研究。对于大面积的航空磁测编图,正常地磁场的选择尤为重要。     

Rock‐Magnetic and Archaeointensity Investigation of Pottery and a Burned Floor at the Tzintzuntzan Archaeological Site,Western Mexico

We report a detailed rock‐magnetic and archaeointensity analysis of four pottery fragments and a burned floor recovered from the Tzintzuntzan archaeological site in western Mexico. Results from rock‐magnetic experiments (x‐T curves and first‐order reversal curves [FORC] diagrams) indicate the suitability of most of these materials as faithful geomagnetic field recorders. Potsherds were archaeomagnetically dated by comparing their mean intensity values against the paleosecular variation curve CALS3k, suggesting A.D. 600–941 as the most probable age range. This is younger than ¹⁴C‐dated charcoal from the same burned floor (A.D. 1294–1426). More precise age estimates will require the use of the full geomagnetic vector (declination, inclination, and intensity). Multiple reheatings of the ceramic pieces, evidenced as secondary components in Zijderveld plots, could reflect multiple heating of these objects, perhaps from use as incense burners. Our study demonstrates the potential of archaeomagnetic analysis to both date burned ceramics recovered in situ and provide insight into their use‐history.