Popular Culture,Geopolitics, and Identity

Abstract

This study aims to theoretically investigate the notion of critical thinking for a more just understanding of self and “others” in global geographical learning. It focuses on the kinds of injustice in the world which are driven by our relationships with “others.” By drawing on the literature of critical education, philosophy of education, and geography education, this study reveals how universal notions of criticality tend to easily undermine those perceived as global others and may highlight, in deficit mode, their perceived differences. Instead, the study presents the imperative of deconstructive thinking for a more just world. The article concludes by proposing a teaching strategy for alternative criticality which strives for justice in school geography.     

Hacked Landscapes: Tensions,Borders, and Positionality in Spatial Literacy

By focusing on critical geographies, landscape, and spatial literacy, this article evaluates a semester-long spatial justice project conducted in a preservice teacher education program. The analysis recognizes the limitations of reading the products literally as a means of comprehending spatial representation. It expands the analysis by hacking the products and producing new landscapes to read against or up against the products as sociospatial texts. It considers the deployment of landscape concepts—borders, the representation of tension, and the gaze and subjectivity of the reader-authors—as central elements of spatial literacy that is of consequence.     

利奥波德的土地伦理观及其生态环境学意义

利奥波德土地伦理思想的主要贡献在于:1)提出了土地共同体概念并把伦理范畴扩展到人与土地共同体之间的关系,其目的是建立一种正确的人与土地的关系,即人与自然之间的和谐关系;2)构想了“生物区系金字塔”理论模型,借用生态学范畴(如“能量流”和“食物链”等)来说明自然体系的复杂性及运行机理。土地伦理观以生态学视角重新审视自然有机体,深化了人类对环境的认识并推进了美国和世界的环保实践。通过引证和逻辑分析方法,在概要介绍土地伦理思想内容的基础上对其生态环境学意义提出新的认识。     

中国普通高中教育均等化及障碍因素分析

以中国31个省级行政单元为研究对象,从教育背景、教育投入、教育过程和教育结果4个方面构建指标体系,采用集对分析模型测度各省份普通高中教育均等化水平,运用障碍度分析法揭示阻碍各省份普通高中教育均等化水平提升的主要因素。研究表明：从综合均等度来看,普通高中教育均等化水平较高的省份集中在环渤海地区和江浙沪地区,其中北京市最高,河南省最低。从空间格局来看,各省份普通高中教育均等化水平有显著差异,总体上呈现“东-西-中”递减趋势。分析表明,P1（高中阶段毛入学率）、S3（高级职称专任教师比例）、S2（本科学历及以上专任教师比例）、P2（学校数量/万名学生）是影响各省份普通高中教育均等化水平提升的主要因素。     

北京市耕地资源价值体系及价值估算方法

北京市为例尝试设计了耕地资源价值体系, 分析其价值关系, 进而探讨耕地资源经 济价值、社会保障价值、生态价值的估算方法, 并对北京市1990-2005 年耕地价值进行了定 量测算。研究结果表明: ① 北京市耕地资源单位面积经济价值呈较快增长, 1990 年为 12.57×10⁴ 元/hm², 2005 年为108.12×10⁴ 元/hm²; ② 耕地资源社会保障价值供给能力和农 村居民的需求水平相距甚远, 1997 年供给能力为49.19×10⁴ 元/hm², 需求水平为160.56×10⁴ 元/hm², 2005 年供给能力为74.82×10⁴ 元/hm², 需求水平为305.48×10⁴ 元/hm²。可见, 耕 地作为农民重要的社会保障资源已不堪重负, 农村社会保障体系亟待建立; ③ 生态价值供给 能力总体呈下降趋势, 1994 年达到171.21×10⁸ 元, 2005 年为70.87×10⁸ 元, 大量耕地减少 是重要的影响因素。但基于人口增加和人们生活水平不断提高, 生态价值的总体需求和多元 需求呈不断增长趋势, 所以需要保持和提高耕地表面的植被覆盖度, 为此政府有必要对农民 因种植耕地给予其一定的生态补偿。     

空间正义与新型城镇化研究的方法论

在经济社会转型和进入新常态的背景下,以往重数量、规模扩张和经济效益的快速城镇化模式引发的许多空间不公正问题开始突显出来,如何实现土地资源配置、空间发展权利等方面的公平,亟需用空间正义的理论思维去反思和重构中国的城镇化发展模式。空间正义理论具有社会空间、多尺度性、批判建构三个主要特征,它们对城镇化研究和实践产生重要影响。西方地理学界对空间正义已有较充分的理论讨论,实践案例亦很丰富,国内还处在初步了解和探索的阶段,缺少适合中国体制和社会发展需求的理论。通过对空间正义思想与理论的梳理,提倡综合运用多种方法,进行多尺度、多主体综合分析和案例比较,探讨和总结基于空间正义的中国城镇化演化机理与发展模式。在社会空间辩证法的指导下,运用定性、多尺度、多智能体的方法,揭示中国城镇化进程的演变机制,寻找改善途径进而实现城市空间正义。将空间正义思想用于城乡发展与规划,可为城镇化研究提供新视角,并引导城镇化转型,实现经济社会及城乡的常态发展。     

The distribution of capital forms between cities and suburbs and their impact on social justice in space

Questions of justice have been raised in recent years when contending with the social costs of urban sprawl. But this field of inquiry suffers from the difficulty of translating the abstract notion of justice into measurable spatial indices. The aim of this paper is to empirically measure the liberal notion of justice in the metropolitan region of Tel Aviv by adopting Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of three forms of capital. Under this theory, the formation of economic, cultural, and social capital in the individual’s living environment determines the person’s exposure to different sets of life-chances (i.e., capabilities), thus influencing equality of opportunity (i.e., social justice) in space. The analysis reveals that suburban inhabitants benefit from a larger accumulation of the three forms of capital than do urban inhabitants. Accumulation of these capitals has a positive effect on exposure to life-chances, thus enhancing spatial segregation between cities and suburbs.     

The Value of Place Geography in a Commercial Geography Course

Abstract

This article summarizes methods used in a secondary school geography class to interest students in geography through examples drawn from local geography. Instead of relying on examples taken from exotic places to illustrate geographic concepts, the local landscape is used in the classroom to teach students about geography. The article is arranged according to the six essential elements of the National Geography Standards, but it does not imply that the methods presented should be used to teach the standards. Rather, the examples presented are used throughout a course in the geography of North and South America to develop an interest among students and, with examples from the local landscape, to increase student understanding of geographic concepts related to issues presented in the course.     

星球绅士化理论前沿及其对中国城乡治理的启示

绅士化已经成为全球城乡发展研究的前沿问题。探究绅士化的理论及其对中国城乡治理的启示,对贯彻落实新型城镇化和乡村振兴的国家战略具有重要意义。通过理论分析和案例比较可见,星球绅士化突破了传统绅士化研究的本体论、认识论和方法论,全球北方与全球南方的差异凸显了中国绅士化研究的价值。结合中国独特的城乡关系、央地关系及其多尺度交互作用,可进行星球绅士化的理论创新。未来中国城乡治理应重视治理模式转型、区域战略转型和城乡关系转型,全球经验、区域差异、城乡融合是治理现代化转型的关键点。对绅士化现象须采取批判性的价值论立场,关注城乡中低收入者权利,为维护空间正义和实现共同富裕做出积极贡献。中国绅士化研究需要加强与国际的对话与对接,并提供本土化经验。     

通勤时间、社区活动对社区社会资本的影响：基于北京26个社区的调查研究

城市扩张和郊区化显著增加居民的通勤时间,减少居民在社区内及周边开展的日常活动,进而可能对居民的社区社会资本产生消极影响。基于2017年北京市26个社区居民的社区融合与活动日志问卷调查数据,通过构建结构方程模型,探讨通勤时间、社区活动对社区社会资本的影响机制。结果发现,控制居民社会经济属性和社区区位后,长时间通勤会减少居民在社区及周边1 000 m范围内开展的活动,并进一步对社区社交网络结构、社会信任和共同价值等社区社会资本的不同维度产生负面影响。此外,社区活动中社交娱乐活动的中介效应显著,而个人和家庭事务活动中介效应不显著。最后,证实了促进职住平衡、减少职住分离的规划政策对于增加居民社区活动及培育社区社会资本的重要意义。     

可持续城市理念下新城市主义社区规划的价值观

从空间公正与价值尊严等方面对新城市主义社区规划的价值观进行研究,阐述其基本理念和规划原则。通过上述原理的分析,明确了新城市主义社区规划的社会价值观和空间价值观的内涵,前者涉及人本性、空间多样性、社区平等感和社会环境协调性4个层面,后者则体现在重视公共区域的阶层平等可进入性、提高混合居住的社会平等空间的宜居性和以强制性的宜居环境标准提升社会的平等性。最后,对新城市主义社区规划价值观的理论和实践性进行批判性的审视,并尝试性地提出解决实践中普遍存在的空间不公正问题的对策。     

Community and Social Capital in Upper-Income Neighborhoods: An Investigation in Metropolitan Phoenix

This study investigates how upper-income residents respond to neoliberal practices and private governance in forming unusual community relationships in landscapes seemingly devoid of traditional social capital. Based on field work in three communities in metropolitan Phoenix, it was concluded that through private groups and an intrinsic nature to know others, residents create meaningful relationships at scales other than the neighborhood or municipality and focus on nontraditional, privatized community institutions. Whereas these new relationships enhance residents' feelings of connectedness, they generally promote bonding over bridging social capital. Moreover, the draconian effects homeowners or property owners' associations have on normative landscape and behavioral constraints tend to wane considerably as the transition from the developer's idea of place and the residents' vision of place occurs temporally.     

城市社区生活空间结构之解构及其质量重构

以人本主义地理学的行为研究方法为指导,从提高城市社区居民生活空间质量的角度入手,运用城市社会地理学城市社会生活空间质量观的理念解构了城市社区生活空间的架构要素及其社区生活空间的人本缺失问题。指出了城市社区生活空间体系结构的基本涵义、特征与构成要素。从空间体系角度分析,城市社区生活空间构成要素为城市资源、社区(空间-区位-社会)类型、社区资源;从社区社会空间体系角度来讲,社会公平、空间公正、文化平等、价值尊重为其构成因素。衡量城市社区生活空间结构的效益为其生活空间质量,因此,解决城市社区生活空间失衡的重点在于提高城市社区生活空间质量水平及结构效益,并在此基础上,提出了城市社区生活空间质量重构机制及路径。     

The New Star in Perseus

Abstract

Students often ask whether the examples we give as instructors have any relevance to their worlds, to their lives. Too often the answer is no. This paper describes a case that is obviously pertinent to both secondary and university students and their instructors. The legal battle over equality and racial discrimination in the New York City School system presents not simply a rich field for geographical consideration but also a pertinent one. It brings to students and their instructors a complex of economic, legal, and social issues played across a discrete spatial surface. As importantly, it offers a case study exploring the difficulties of both defining and then achieving distributive justice in post-modern environments in a context students and their instructors will recognize as relevant and timely. The discussion that results may be useful in economic, legal, locational, and social geographic instruction.     

Constructing a Social Justice Tour: Pedagogy,Race, and Student Learning through Geography

This article describes a high-impact learning project that combines geography, history, and ethnic studies. It describes the construction of the course, student outcomes, and the final and publicly presented collaborative project: the Social Justice Tour of Corvallis. Based on work in a small largely white town, this project presents a reproducible model for student learning and actively engaging with questions of race and geography.     

森林植被的水分自营作用及其观测试验论证方法

作为陆地生态系统的主体,森林对地表圈层的水循环产生了重要的影响,其涵养水源、防止水土流失和维持水质的作用为多数学者所公认,但是对于森林是否增加或减少河川径流量,在学术界还存在较大的争议.作者根据国内外学者在森林水文效应方面的观测结果和理论分析,提出了森林植被的水分自营作用理论.该理论认为,森林具有对环境的正向改造作用,森林植被通过对林区水分分布场的自主营造(改造)机制来增加林地的有效水分供应,改善林区的水文气象环境,创造出有利于森林植被生存的条件,同时引起河川径流量的增加或者降低.森林植被的水分自营作用理论比较好地综合了森林影响径流形成的各个因素,能够统一解释森林水文效应中相互矛盾的试验结果.为了更进一步地认识和完善该理论,为森林水文效应评价服务,还提出了验证该理论的野外观测试验方法,包括典型森林区辐射能量和水分通量的精细测量、森林流域分布式蒸散发计算模式研究、森林水分调节的主要环节及其计量标定、林地水分调节关系解析和森林生态系统水文过程模拟.     

景观学与景观专业教育的探讨

在简介景观概念的历史演化及景观学专业发展的基础上，根据北美CELA和CL√U也两个协会内具有代表性的高校景观学学士教育的学科建设情况，总结景观专业教育的基本特征，探讨我国景观学发展对传统城市规划学科的影响。     

Decentralization and the cultural politics of natural resource management in Kerala,India

The state of Kerala in India is known for its active civil society and the massive decentralization campaign launched in 1996. However marginalization of tribal communities hampers the state's decentralized environmental management strategies. The proposed construction of a dam along the Chalakkudy River will displace two colonies of the Kadar tribe in Chalakkudy and Athirapilly towns, destroy habitats of local wildlife and devastate unique riverine vegetation endemic to the region. This brings to light issues of social and environmental justice as well as a wider responsibility to protect and preserve unique flora and fauna. The state's decentralization strategies, as they relate to tribal communities, lack consideration of local power distribution and cultural conditioning. This raises questions about the state's role in social justice as well as biodiversity conservation. In 2010 and 2011, the author's interviews in Chalakkudy and Athirapilly towns reveal that tribal communities perceive that their place in society restricts their contribution regarding natural resource management and use. The paper suggests that unless the culture of planning and decision making in the state are changed, decentralized strategies will be ineffective, resulting in a predominately top‐down approach towards natural resource management, and will negate Kerala's goal of democratic decentralization.     

兰州市回族人口空间演化及其社会响应

基于1982~2010年兰州市街道和乡（镇）层面人口普查数据,运用反距离权重插值和空间关联分析等方法,结合ArcGIS 9.0和GS⁺7.0等软件对兰州市回族人口空间演化及其社会响应进行了全面分析。结果表明,首先,兰州市回族人口呈一主一次“双峰体”结构,“峰体”之间回族人口不断填充。其次,回族人口空间分布表现出强正相关性,集聚趋势增强,空间结构相对稳定。“热点区”位于老城区,范围不断扩大,且向东西方向延伸;“冷点区”位于老城区外围,范围逐步缩小,且向西偏移。而回族人口增长空间则表现为弱正相关性,空间结构具有明显的随机性和不稳定性。“增长热点区”范围持续缩小,“增长冷点区”范围不断扩大。在此基础上,从传承民族文化,增强城市包容,繁荣城市经济,构建和谐城市4个角度对回族人口空间演化过程的社会响应进行了系统地归纳和总结。     

Urban Heat and Climate Justice: A Landscape of Thermal Inequity in Pinellas County,Florida

The combined effects of two global trends, urbanization and climate change, have generated considerable concern regarding their adverse and disproportionate impacts on the health of urban populations. This study contributes to climate‐justice research by determining whether elevated levels of urban heat, indicated by land surface temperature (LST), are distributed inequitably with respect to race/ethnicity, age, and socioeconomic status in Pinellas County, Florida. Our study utilizes 2010 MODIS and Landsat medium‐resolution, remotely sensed thermal data, census socio‐demographic information, and both conventional and spatial statistical methods. Results indicate that LST is significantly greater in census tracts characterized by higher percentages of certain racial/ethnic minorities and higher poverty rates, even after controlling for contextual factors and the effects of spatial autocorrelation. This reveals the presence of a landscape of thermal inequity: uneven distribution of heat within the built urban environment and a community structure with varying vulnerability.