Beyond the Metropolis: Urban Geography as if Small Cities Mattered

In-car satellite navigation systems (SatNavs) are among the first products based on geographic information systems to have widespread fashionable appeal. In the United Kingdom, portable versions that are easily installed on the dashboard or front windshield have become a popular vehicle accessory. As prices have fallen, demand has increased over the last few years to the point that SatNavs might soon achieve the ubiquity of in-car entertainment systems. The rise of popularity of SatNavs, however, has also brought with it increased vulnerability to vehicle crime. Our analysis for the London borough of Newham shows a threefold increase in SatNav theft that occurred from 2005–2006 to 2006–2007. This is not limited to SatNavs being on display, but criminals also looking for the telltale signs of suction marks on the windshield indicating that a portable SatNav might be in the glove compartment or trunk of the car. A geographical analysis of these crime data is presented. Whereas the geo-engineering has focused on improving real-time visualization of position and articulation of navigational instructions, the product engineering as a portable accessory has insufficiently addressed the social implications of vulnerability in a high-crime society, the consequence being a focused acquisitive crime wave.     

Challenges of Teaching Advanced Placement Human Geography

Abstract

The new Advanced Placement (AP) human geography course is a wonderful opportunity to ensure the availability of high quality geographic education for high school students. As with any course, in addition to the students' interest and ability, their success is also closely linked to the teachers' preparation. In order to be as well prepared as possible, most AP human geography teachers want and need to know several things in addition to the course content. Questions addressed include how to promote the course, who to promote it to, necessary geographic background for both students and teachers, recommended texts and other resources, how to prepare students for the examination, and how to incorporate the course into the school curriculum.     

Industrialization and Economic Development in Advanced Placement Human Geography

Abstract

This article discusses the contents and significance of the industrialization and economic development section of the Advanced Placement human geography course. It also describes how the course outline breaks into four sections the concern of economic geographers with the analysis of the spatial character of economic activity. In summarizing the content of these sections attention is given to links with other course modules and to the use of effective pedagogies for articulating key concepts.     

地级以上城市土地利用结构特征及影响因素差异分析

根据2007年地级以上城市的土地和社会经济数据,采用比较法、模型法和主成分法,分析其土地利用结构特征及影响因素。结果发现:①不同规模城市的居住用地、公共设施用地、工业用地、道路广场用地和绿地的比例差距明显,而仓储用地、对外交通用地、市政公用设施用地和特殊用地的比例差异较小;②随城市规模增大,居住用地、公共设施用地、工业用地比、道路广场用地的比例符合《城市用地分类与规划建设用地标准》(GBJ137-90)(以下简称《标准》)、《城市公共设施规划规范》(GB50442-2008)(以下简称《规范》)的程度呈上升趋势;③居住用地比例超出《标准》上限城市较多,且城市规模越小,超标比例越高;④中等规模以上城市的公共设施用地比例偏低,而中小城市公共设施用地比例偏高;⑤特大城市中工业用地比例超标城市数量较多,而中小城市低于《标准》下限的较多;⑥随城市规模增大,道路广场用地比例低于《标准》下限的城市所占比例降低;⑦地级以上城市中至少有1/3城市绿地比例不及《标准》下限;⑧城市规模越大,土地利用的多样化程度越高,土地利用类型越齐全,且土地利用结构多样性指数高的城市呈集聚状,呈现"群"状特点,土地利用结构均衡度递增,但优势度趋减;⑨经济因素、产业结构、交通设施水平和城市人口是影响土地利用结构的主要因素,但对不同规模城市的影响次序不同。     

论安徽省城镇土地可持续利用若干对策

分析安徽省城镇土地利用现状及其存在的问题如城镇数量和用地增长较快 ,以及城镇用地指标等 ,以可持续发展的观点 ,从城镇用地指标、综合评价、用地布局、利用方式、土地置换、立体开发、资源共享、规划管理等方面提出城镇土地利用对策。     

城市土地潜力分析--以南京市为例

研究城市土地潜力是城市建设者合理利用城市土地、提高城市土地利用效率、保护耕地的基础。该文利用GIS对土地、规划、环保、人口等相关数据进行整合,从房地产开发的角度建立测算最低经济容积率的模型,求得每块城市土地的经济容积率;基于GIS空间分析功能,分析城市土地利用现状与最低经济容积率,并用地域环境质量综合评价、历史文化名城保护规划等数据对结果进行修正,得出南京市城市土地潜力的数量、质量及空间分布。     

Political Organization of Space in Advanced Placement Human Geography

Abstract

The political geography section of the course offers the opportunity to introduce students to one of the most important ways in which humans have divided up the surface of the Earth for purposes of management and control. By challenging students to consider what lies behind the patterns on political maps, this segment of the course can encourage the development of a critical geographical perspective while enhancing student appreciation of the link between geography and current events.     

不同职能城市土地利用结构影响因素分析

根据2007年地级以上城市的土地和社会经济数据,采用主成分、聚类分析、相关分析等方法,分析不同职能城市土地利用结构特征及影响因素。结果表明:(1)根据城市职能主因子得分,结合城市规划及发展实际,将地级以上规模城市分为区域综合性城市、第二产业城市、交通城市、文化旅游城市、地方中心城市5类。(2)不同职能城市土地利用结构信息熵以中等水平为主,土地利用类型多样性提升空间较大。(3)经济因素、产业结构、基础设施和城市人口等是影响土地利用结构的主要因素,但对不同职能城市用地结构的影响次序和影响程度异质性明显。     

土地利用变化研究的人文地理视角与新命题

从地理学最高层面的科学难点问题-"综合性"出发,本文阐述了土地利用变化是人地关系地域系统研究的核心领域的观点。并从人文地理学的视角,解析了土地利用变化驱动机制的三个重要内容:消费需求拉动、经济效益驱使、以及协调发展理念作用等;提出了规制、对策的经济评价、以及环境伦理等三个人文地理学研究土地利用变化的新命题。     

拉萨城市用地变化分析

根据１９９９年８～８月实地调查和以往文献资料、４期航片和地形在信息,动用遥感信息解译和ＧＩＳ软件分析及ＧＰＳ定位核查,准确地展现了过去５０年中拉萨城市用地变化进程,重点分析了城市用地变化产生的生态与环境和问题。主要结论如下：①拉萨城区拓展迅速,从１９５１年始到１９９９年,城区扩大了１０．３１倍,城市建设面积扩大了近１９倍。城区发展分为：城市扩建初期（１９５２～１９６５年）、高速发展时期（１９６６～     

高密度开发城市的交通与土地利用互动关系——以广州为例

在评述国内外城市交通系统与土地利用互动关系研究的基础上,以广州为案例,利用有关政府部门资料、统计资料和实地调查资料,引入定量分析和GIS、RS空间分析技术,系统全面地研究了我国高密度开发城市交通系统与土地利用互动关系。结果表明：城市交通系统与土地利用之间相互影响、相互作用。交通系统的发展引起城市空间形态、土地利用开发、土地利用价格和用地布局特征的变化;反之,土地利用特征的改变也带来了交通线网格局、交通密度特征及交通模式的改变。     

“两规”新旧土地利用分类体系比较

近年来“两规”衔接已成为一个重要的研究课题,“两规”新用地分类体系的先后发布给“两规”衔接带来了契机。运用比较分析方法研究了“两规”新、旧用地分类体系的相互关系,将“两规”用地分类体系的关系演变划分为1997年以前相互独立发展、1997-2006年相互冲突和2006年以来相互衔接3个时期。“两规”旧用地分类体系的比较表明两者在分类重点、分类体系构成、建设用地分类方法和空间范围4个方面的矛盾和冲突最明显。“土规”新、旧用地分类体系的比较表明有4个方面的特征变化：①现状、规划两套分类体系由相互分离转变为相互衔接;②现状分类由三级体系变为二级体系;③在建设用地分类中突出考虑了行业因素;④增强了规划分类的弹性空间。“城规”新、旧用地分类体系的比较分析表明有2个方面的特征变化：①增加城乡用地分类体系;②修订城市建设用地分类体系。最后构建了“两规”新用地分类体系的对应关系。     

20世纪90年代以来我国城市土地集约利用研究述评

该文综述20世纪90年代以来我国城市土地集约利用研究状况,阐述城市土地集约利用的定性、定量研究和城市土地集约利用途径3方面的研究进展,提出该研究领域发展中存在的问题,并对未来研究方向及研究重点进行展望。     

城市土地利用扩展的空间模式与动力机制

本文通过系统地评析国外不同学术派系对城市土地利用扩展的空间模式、动力机制及管理政策的研究进展 ,指出其研究重点已从归纳空间演替模式深化到探究城市土地开发过程中的决策过程与动力机制 ,从崇尚土地市场的自由运作转向对其进行精明管理。     

“城市空间转向”与新城市地理研究

在全球化与信息技术革命以及经济地理学的复式转向的推动下,“城市空间转向”已成为事实,城市地理研究不仅需要对物质空间进行研究,更要对人文空间及文化空间等进行研究,其研究的视点是城市空间的主观性与客观性的融合,顺应这种转变,开展新城市地理研究就成为必然。     

Mapping the Urban Debtscape: The Geography of Household Debt in Canadian Cities

Abstract

Vulnerability resulting from debt is part and parcel of the risk society and a salient characteristic of current neoliberal times under financialized global capitalism. Rising indebtedness increases the susceptibility of homeowners to housing and labor market restructuring, and if the degree of leverage is very high, can threaten the solvency, living standards, and social stability of local communities. However, very little is understood regarding how levels of household indebtedness are spatially distributed within or across cities, and how private debt maps onto the geography of race, class, housing, urban form, and other social variables, especially outside of the United States. It remains unknown whether and how higher and unsustainable levels of indebtedness might be associated with urban growth, decline, suburbanization, gentrification, immigration, racialization, and/or greying. This article examines the spatial distribution of household debt in Canadian cities at multiple scales of analysis. It analyzes how levels of household debt relate to a number of key socio-demographic and housing variables from the census, including those related to changes occurring over the 2000s. It simultaneously models the geography of debt at the metropolitan and neighborhood scales using multi-level hierarchical linear modeling methods, and in doing so, it identifies some key drivers and correlates of household debt and the scales at which they operate. The article concludes by discussing the implications of the empirical findings for understanding the role of the emerging urban debtscape in the restructuring of the social geography of the city.     

城市功能复合:模式与策略

城市一直都是多样性集聚的场所,且在全球化、信息化时代背景下日益开放和融合发展,进而呈现出多元化和差异化增强的趋势,功能复合开发是应对上述趋势并提高城市化发展水平的一种普遍选择。本文从中外城市功能复合发展的路径出发,从城市、社区、建筑等多个尺度探讨了城市功能复合的模式与相关规划策略,同时,结合广东省新型城市化发展实践,提出了促进人口多元化、在新区开发中预留白地、旧城改造中引荐棕地、填充式开发理念以及"TOD+SOD+EOD"的综合开发策略,以期为未来进一步优化城市土地利用布局、提高城市空间活力、推进社会多元包容发展探索可能的途径。     

Population in Advanced Placement Human Geography

Abstract

The Advanced Placement human geography course affords high school students the opportunity to experience an introductory college-level course in geography. Population is one of six major themes in the course. The course outline identifies four key areas of study in the population unit: geographical analysis of population, population distribution and composition, population growth and decline over time and space, and population movement. This article addresses each of these areas of study and identifies examples of concepts, topics, and types of data that could form the basis for instructional activities. A resource list is provided for additional reading.     

What Kind of Assessment for What Kind of Geography? Advanced Placement Human Geography*

This article raises awareness of the recently introduced Advanced Placement course in Human Geography by describing the design and management of assessment in the course. Standards are maintained through the choice of assessment instrument, the development of test items, scoring, and grade‐setting. The article contributes to a deeper understanding of the opportunities and threats of standardized testing within geography.     

济南城市土地利用的圈层结构分析

利用1986年和2000年两个时相的航空影像进行城市土地利用解译，通过MapInfo、ArcView等GIS软件对矢量化的解译成果进行空间分析与查询统计。研究表明：济南市建成区内的土地利用结构可分为三个圈层，但与传统的圈层模式相比，又具有鲜明的特点。内圈层功能以居住和商业金融服务为主，且居住用地比重偏大；中间圈层土地利用的空间结构比较均衡，随时间变化较平稳；外层土地利用的时空变化明显，工业用地比重较大。