基于数字地球的全球变化研究

该文论述了全球变化研究和数字地球的特点及其内涵，重点分析了“数字地球”技术体系在全球变化研究过程的应用前景。在数字地球技术体系支持下，充分利用全球空间信息基础设施、3S技术、网络技术和虚拟现实等技术，不仅为全球变化研究提供强有力的理论和技术支撑框架，而且将极大地促进全球变化学科的飞速发展。     

"数字地球"与对地观测

在２１世纪到来之际,人类向“数字地球”这一地球信息科学新领域发起了挑战。这是在信息社会、知识经济、可持续发展时代背景下,由空间科学、信息科学、地球科学和环境科学的相互交融,在全球及区域尺度上的一次大整合、大聚焦。是面向２１世纪地球系统科学思维模式的开拓大跳跃。对地观测技术系统的蓬勃发展,是“数字地球”的不可缺少的基础。数字地球的发展,离不开对地观测技术系统的支撑。     

“数字地球”的启示

本文分析了“数字地球”这一全球战略思想带给我们的一些启示 ,这些启示包括 :战略眼光 ,大国地位 ,自主发展和技术引进 ,盲目追随、整合的意义等。笔者认为 ,宏观的、全局性的战略眼光 ,冷静思考与明确的目标 ,紧抓对地观测和国家基础信息设施建设以维护中国作为大国的形象和利益 ,在发展“数字中国”过程中走自主发展与技术引进相结合的道路 ,以及加强行政管理机制、智能化数据、科研机构和学科领域的整合 ,是我们在数字地球的挑战面前应有的基本思路。     

地球信息图谱与数字地球

首先探讨了数字地球技术系统及其意义,研究了作为地球信息时空变化图形表达的地球信息图谱。在此基础上,分析了数字地球与地球信息图谱之间的有机联系,指出数字地球的发展将极大地推动地球信息图谱的研究;地球信息图谱是数字地球分析、处理信息的重要手段,其理论研究必将推动数字地球应用的深入发展     

数字地球视角下的城市规划及展望

基于文献分析方法,综合分析了数字地球的概念,总结了数字地球技术在城市规划中的应用.其主要包括:数据源扩展技术;定量分析技术;公众参与支持系统;动态监测系统;基于云计算模型与时态GIS的城市规划时空展示分析体系;城市规划教育与创新体系.认为凭借其多分辨率、三维动态可视化以及海量数据存储的特点,数字地球技术在城市规划中的应用将具有广阔的发展前景.     

"数字城市"研究初探

本文在“数字地球”的基础上对“数字城市”的基本概念进行了简单论述,总结提出了“数字城市”的研究目标和研究内容,并设计了“数字城市”总体框架模型,最后对“数字城市”的关键技术和实现策略进行了论述。     

The Impact of Paper Versus Digital Map Technology on Students' Spatial Thinking Skill Acquisition

This study investigates whether spatial learning outcomes differ with respect to different instructional media. Spatial thinking skills were tested pre- and postlesson implementation via the spatial thinking ability test as eighth grade students participated in either paper-based or digital map-based instruction. Students' attitudes toward geography, past travel experience, and demographic variables such as gender, were also examined to search for differences in spatial thinking skill development. Results of the study reveal that both paper and digital media aid in developing and improving spatial thinking skill acquisition among students.     

数字省信息共享平台的设计与实现

数字省、数字城市建设是数字地球的重要方面和基础,具有现实意义和价值,可操作性高。在进行数字省建设过程中,迫切需要各部门之间的信息共享,特别是大比例尺空间基础信息和公共基础信息。信息共享平台将在各部门建立分布式的网络分中心,对各部门现有的数据库进行规范化、网络化和空间化改造,建立信息共享体系。本文以福建省政务信息共享平台为例,详细分析了数字省信息共享平台的总体结构设计、模块功能设计及实现过程,并就系统实现过程中的体会及今后发展方向进行了讨论。     

论全球化背景下我国“数字地球”发展战略的机遇

中国是一个地域大国和人口大国 ,是世界发展中国家对于环境变化历史记录最好的国家之一。数字地球在中国有广阔的发展前景和发展机遇。作者在对比了中外在数字地球领域的主要成就的基础上 ,提出在“十五”期间发展我国数字地球的几点意见.     

“数字油田”的理论与实践

石油天然气工业是我国的支柱能源产业 ,具有行业涉及专业多、建设投资大、研究主体是隐藏在地下巨大的流动矿资源、数据是第一财富等特点。石油天然气工业的信息化意义重大 ,该文结合作者的“数字油田”实践 ,给出了“数字油田”的理论技术、设计方法和实现路线     

Digital earth, Virtual Reality and urban seismic disaster simulation

1 IntroductionIn January 1998 US Vice President AJ Gore proposed his revoluhonny concept of Digital ~. ms visionof a mulh-resoluhoft three~ensional representation of our planet has stimulated many geo-scientists topursue new wads of managing our planet. As for many prachCal aPPlications. eve need to stUdy the Earth'ssurface, interior and the Earth's processes in three dimensions. The technology of Virtual Reality, where wecombine GIS, remote sensing bogery, and other data sources, is b…     

基于DEM的地球与火星格状沙丘对比分析

沙丘是柴达木盆地可类比火星的重要地貌类型,沙丘形态是类火星风沙地貌研究的重要内容。基于数字地形分析（DTA）的方法,采用高程、坡度、坡向及地表复杂程度4个地形计量学指标对火星（北极地区）和地球（柴达木盆地）格状沙丘的地貌形态特征进行定量对比分析。结果表明：（1）两个研究区的高程剖面、坡度、坡向的地理学空间分布格局具有较大相似性;（2）高程、高程梯度、坡度和坡向的直方图相似度指数均大于0.7;（3）不同尺度上的分形维数近似相等,即地表复杂程度相似。用数字地形分析与直方图相似度指数结合的方法,定量或半定量地分析两个研究区沙丘地貌形态的相似性,这对类火星风沙地貌研究中科学选择试验点是一种新的尝试,以期为反演火星风沙地貌的形成与演化提供科学依据。     

Preparing Preservice Teachers to Incorporate Geospatial Technologies in Geography Teaching

This study evaluated the efficacy of geospatial technology (GT) learning experiences in two geography curriculum courses to determine their effectiveness for developing preservice teacher confidence and preparing preservice teachers to incorporate GT in their teaching practices. Surveys were used to collect data from preservice teachers at three intervals over one semester. Results indicate preservice teachers' confidence and competencies to successfully integrate GT in their teaching increased over the duration of the study. The findings highlight the value of providing GT learning experiences in geography curriculum courses and contribute to the literature on preparing preservice teachers to incorporate GT in teaching geography.     

Observing Metropolitan Atlanta,Georgia: Using an urban field study to enhance student experiences and instructor knowledge in urban geography

Abstract

In urban geography courses, knowledge of a local area is especially useful for demonstrating geographic principles. These classroom examples are further enhanced when students conduct their own field observations, with direction from the instructor. This paper describes a field study of the metropolitan Atlanta area that is used in an intermediate geography class, in which students compare their observations of Atlanta with urban geography models and theories. I argue that the preparation of the project, and the completion of it by students, represents a valuable firsthand observation experience for both the instructor and the students.     

Using open‐ended geographic information system assessments to allow students to construct relevant geographies given the internationalisation of tertiary education in New Zealand

The geospatial skills shortage in New Zealand requires the development of more undergraduate geographic information system (GIS) courses. However, the internationalisation of New Zealand's tertiary education system has resulted in an increasingly diverse tertiary student population, which makes it challenging to teach GIS in a way that maximises relevance to all tertiary students. One approach to this challenge is to make use of the recent proliferation of openly available GIS data, and to internationalise GIS curricula by using open‐ended assessments that provide students with the opportunity to learn GIS by constructing their own geographies of relevance.     

面向“未来地球”计划的区域可持续发展系统解决方案研究——对人文—经济地理学发展导向的讨论

“未来地球”计划旨在提出系统解决可持续发展问题方案的学术思想、顶层设计、核心内容、研究方法等,为人文—经济地理学研究区域可持续发展的未来走向提供了较好的借鉴意义。在分析“未来地球”核心理念的基础上,阐述了人文—经济地理学面临的发展机遇和发展定位,并探索“未来地球”计划的5 个优先事项对面向全球可持续发展问题的系统解决方案。并对区域可持续发展系统研究的目标、视角和路径进行了讨论,在此基础上,从应用基础研究和应用实践两个层次探讨了针对区域可持续发展问题的系统解决方案的学术思路。以“未来地球”研究计划为参照标尺,按照区域可持续发展系统解决方案研究的逻辑架构,从提高预测能力和评估水平、调控过程和管制模式的应用研究以及体制机制设计等3个方面,讨论了面向“未来地球”的中国人文—经济地理学发展导向。     

Monitoring vegetation dynamics in semi-arid African rangelands: Use and limitations of Earth observation data to characterize vegetation structure

Vegetation community structure is a key indicator of long-term vegetation change in semi-arid ecosystems. This study uses ground-based spectral measurements and a canopy reflectance model to investigate the potential of Earth observation data to characterize variations in vegetation structure along a grazing gradient in the eastern Kalahari, Botswana. Despite differences in the bidirectional reflectances of soil, plant litter, bush and grass canopies towards the end of a dry season, it is unlikely that Earth observation data can be used to estimate vegetation structure at this time. This is due to an ambiguity in the relationship between spectral reflectance and vegetation structure caused primarily by the limited dimensionality of reflectance data. Variations in canopy architecture cause differences in the level of inter-canopy shadowing but the net effect—lower reflectance with an increase in bush cover—parallels the darkening effects of any vegetation cover on relatively bright sandy soils in semi-arid environments. These results highlight the continued need for long-term ground-based ecological monitoring in conjunction with satellite-based monitoring of changes in vegetation cover.     

Using remote sensing technologies to enhance resource conservation and agricultural productivity in underutilized lands of South Asia

Satisfying the food demands of an ever-increasing population, preserving the natural resource base, and improving livelihoods are major challenges for South Asia. A large area of land in the Middle and Lower Gangetic Plains of South Asia remains either uncultivated or underused following the rice harvest in the kharif (wet) season. The area includes “rice-fallow,” estimated at 6.7 million ha, flood-prone riversides (“diara lands,” 2.4 million ha), waterlogged areas (4.9 million ha), and salt-affected soils (2.3 million ha). Bringing these lands under production could substantially improve the food supply and enhance livelihoods in the region. This paper describes a methodological case study that targeted resource-conserving technologies in underused lands of the Ballia District of eastern Uttar Pradesh (India) using multispectral remote-sensing images. Classification of temporal satellite data IRS-P6 in combination with Spot VGT 2 permitted the identification of all major categories of underused land during the post-rainy rabi/winter season, with an average accuracy of 89%. Based on three-year averages of field demonstrations, farmers gained an additional income of $63 ha⁻¹ by introducing raised beds in salt-affected soils; $140 and $800 ha⁻¹ by introducing deepwater rice varieties (monsoon) and boro rice (winter) in waterlogged areas; and $581 ha⁻¹ by introducing zero-till lentil (winter) in rain-fed fallow lowland. Timely wheat planting through zero-tillage implies an additional income of $147 ha⁻¹ and could increase wheat production by 35,000-65,000 tons in the district. The methodologies and technologies suggested in the study are applicable to more than 15 million ha of underutilized lands of the Indo-Gangetic Plains of South Asia. If the technologies are precisely applied, they can result in more than 3000 million US $ of additional income every year to these poverty prone areas.