Recent Publications

The government of Ontario, Canada, has passed legislation to protect large parts of the southern portions of the province from most development. An extensive plan for a Greenbelt that surrounds the Greater Toronto Area and other regional growth centers was introduced. This article looks at the new policy as a spatial strategy that shifts the scales of environmental and growth management policy in Ontario. The legislation also sets the framework for a state spatial project; that is, a set of changes in how the regional state internally operates. The current Greenbelt legislation is a new step in a longer term development by which governments in Ontario have attempted to regulate the relationships between cities and regions, town and hinterland. Overlapping strongly with what is usually called the Toronto bioregion between the Niagara Escarpment, Oak Ridges Moraine, and Lake Ontario, the Greenbelt reorganizes space in southern Ontario in ways that would further ecosystem policies and practices in the area. Theoretically guided by newer debates on rescaling and regionalism, and based on close reading of the planning and policy documents on the Greenbelt as well as a series of expert interviews, we argue that the current Greenbelt legislation is an act of up-scaling traditional urban-regional regulation in southern Ontario, which we shall call extended metropolitanization. Such rescaling recasts traditional political conflicts in new terms. We conclude that extended metropolitanization in southern Ontario has been a process that has brought nature, the state, and governance together into a new regional sustainability fix.     

评再版的《集水区经营》论丛

对再版的《集水区经营》论丛进行较详尽的评介。认为该论丛作者为水土保持研究和水土保持工作者提供了较为完整的、行之有效的集水区经营理念和借鉴模式,具有较高的指导性和可借鉴性。     

Geographical Publications

Abstract

Project Marco Polo provided the opportunity for teachers and students to experience Egypt and the eastern Mediterranean firsthand through the lens of a geographer, archeologist, and oceanographer. The National Geographic Society and U.S. Navy collaborated to provide meaningful applied geography field experiences for teacher and student participants. In addition, participants developed a global perspective which enabled them to better understand the interrelationship of the region's diverse cultures and lands.     

钱塘江和信江间的越岭运河试析

本文从钱塘江与信江间的沟通与河系网络关系,分析了越岭运河的重要意义.对择选区的自然条件作了评述,并对选择路线和运河型式的不同方案作了比较研究.     

近半个世纪来气候变暖背景下黄河流域潜在蒸散量的变化(英文)

According to the meteorological observation data of 72 stations from 1960 to 2010 in the Huanghe (Yellow) River Watershed, China, the long-term variations of potential evapotranspiration, calculated in the modified Penman-Monteith model of Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, were presented, as well as the meteorological causes for the decrease of potential evapotranspiration were discussed. Since 1960, temperature has risen significantly and potential evapotranspiration a decreasing trend, which indicated the existence of "Evaporation paradox" in the Huanghe River Watershed. This phenomenon was not consistent spatially or temporally with the increase of temperature, potential evapotranspiration decreased in spring, summer and winter, mainly over most parts of Shanxi and Henan, and some parts of Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, and Shaanxi. During the recent half century, the trends of temperature and potential evapotranspiration were negatively correlated at most of the stations, while precipitation and potential evapotranspiration exhibited a contrary trend. Calculated in multiple regressions, the contribution to potential evapotranspiration change of related meteorological factors was discussed, including mean pressure, maximum and minimum temperature, sunshine hours, relative humidity and average wind speed. The decrease of wind speed in the Huanghe River Watershed may be the dominating factor causing potential evapotranspiration decreasing.     

基于SWAT模型的梅江流域非点源污染时空分布特征

利用SWAT模型对亚热带季风湿润区红壤背景下江西省梅江流域非点源污染进行了模拟,并根据实测数据对模型的参数进行了率定和验证。在确定模型适用性的基础上,进行氮、磷营养盐负荷计算,分析了流域非点源污染负荷时空分布特征。结果表明：研究区非点源污染负荷具有显著的时空分布特征,在时间变化上,氮、磷污染负荷与降雨有明显相关性,R2分别是0.909和0.921;硝态氮年平均污染物负荷排放方式主要以下渗为主,下渗硝态氮排放量占总量的63%,与流域内高植被覆盖率有关;在空间分布上,有机氮与有机磷空间分布基本一致,流域内污染物主要分布在梅江中下游的黄陂河与会同河流域,不同土地利用下非点源污染负荷以耕地排放量为主。     

基于可达性技术的长江三角洲旅游区划

区划一直是地理学的核心研究领域,本文以长江三角洲为例,尝试探讨新时期下基于GIS技术的旅游区划分方法。以可达性空间表达技术为基础,通过对旅游点、线要素的相对系统分类,分别对所有A级景区、4A级以上景区和县级城镇、地级及其以上城市可达性进行测算,并分别计算了各自的腹地范围。在此基础上通过对不同时间阀值下腹地范围变化的判断,进行旅游景区腹地范围的空间合并,并对各旅游景区空间分布格局特征进行深入分析,最终将长江三角洲划分为5个旅游大区、27个旅游亚区和85个旅游小区。并进一步从旅游需求和旅游供给的组合角度,对现有旅游小区发展能力进行综合评价,据此构建长江三角洲综合性旅游服务中心等级体系。     

塔里木河流域基础数据库设计关键问题研究

根据塔里木河流域的现状和未来发展要求,基于GIS、GPS、RS等技术,采用当前非常流行的数据仓库管理技术即空间数据和属性数据一体化、多源数据无缝集成及基于C／S结构和关系数据库三层体系结构的建库思想,阐述了基础数据建库的数据获取、技术路线、数据组织、编码设计、索引建立、数据入库等关键技术问题,实现了多尺度、多类型海量空间数据和属性数据的无缝集成和统一管理。这对开展水资源优化调度、生态环境应用研究,具有非常重要的理论和实际意义。     

塔里木河流域生态系统健康评价指标体系的构建

流域生态系统健康评价研究是目前生态学研究的一个新概念、新问题,旨在探讨在人类强烈活动干扰下遭忖受严重污染与退化的流域生态系统的健康问题,生态系统健康是人类与环境间的相互协调关系及实现生态可持续发展的重要基础.依据野外调查资料、遥感影像和社会经济数据,分析表明：水资源是决定塔里木河流域生态系统健康与否的关键因素,人类对水资源的不合理开发利用是导致本流域生态环境恶化的根本原因.因此从水资源、生物多样性、生态系统的弹性和经济社会几方面的健康出发,选取相应的一系列指标,构建了塔里木河流域生态系统健康评价指标体系,并确立了各指标健康程度的度量标准.从而为本流域的生态环境管理提供可参考的理论基础.     

基于灰色关联法和德尔菲法的土壤侵蚀敏感性评价——以云南金沙江流域3个典型露天矿区为例

灰色关联法和德尔菲法是对系统中各因子的价值或贡献率进行评估的有效方法.土壤侵蚀敏感性的评价涉及自然界诸多因素,包括定性因素和定量因素,因此采用灰色关联法和德尔菲法进行土壤侵蚀敏感性评价将提高评价的效率和准确性.金沙江流域从上游到下游地理环境差异大,采用灰色关联法和德尔菲法对不同地理环境下的露天矿区进行土壤侵蚀敏感性评价,有助于流域的生态环境保护与治理.分别在该流域（云南部分）高山峡谷区、宽谷湖盆区、喀斯特中山丘陵区等3种地理环境下选取3个典型露天矿区为研究对象,以土壤质地、地形起伏度、坡度、植被覆盖度、植被类型、降水等6个因子作为评价指标,采用灰色关联度法、德尔菲法,在GIS软件平台下对3个典型露天矿区进行了土壤侵蚀敏感性评价,得出了3个典型露天矿区的土壤侵蚀敏感性.实践证明,两种方法与GIS相结合是实现土壤侵蚀敏感性评价的有效工具.     

基于遥感和InVEST模型的白龙江流域景观生物多样性时空格局研究

以甘肃白龙江流域为例,结合遥感、GIS技术和InVEST模型,从景观地理学角度选取区域生境质量、植物净初级生产力和景观状态指数为评价指标,构建区域景观尺度上生物多样性空间格局综合评估方法,并在栅格像元尺度上开展白龙江流域景观生物多样性时空变化特征分析。结果表明：白龙江流域景观生物多样性空间格局差异显著,其生物多样性高值区主要集中在自然保护区和林业管护区,低值区主要分布在舟曲-武都-文县的白龙江两岸及其以北区域、宕昌县岷江沿岸、高寒稀疏植被区和高山积雪-裸岩区。1990~2010年,流域景观生物多样性较为丰富,整体呈现不断增长的趋势,个别局部区域减弱,其增长区主要体现在生态工程实施区和林业管护区,减少区多分布在人类活动频繁的城乡农耕区和灾害多发区。     

Recent geomorphic changes in the Liaohe Estuary

This paper mainly analyzes the geomorphological changes of the tidal deposition in the Liaohe Estuary based on the multi-year bathymetric charts in 1990, 1996, 2002 and 2005 and Landsat TM images in 1987, 1994, 2002 and 2005. Evolution of the tidal depositional system during the past 20 years in the Liaohe River was studied on the basis of 50 boreholes drilling and 30 km shallow stratigraphic exploration from 2002 to 2005. The main tidal depositional body of the modern Liaohe River delta is located in the Shuangtaizihe Estuary. The stratum within the depth of 10 m includes tidal bank facies, tidal channel facies and neritic facies with paleo-delta facies underlying them. The sediments of tidal bank facies are mainly composed of sand and silt with siltation load and suspended load of about 50% respectively in proportion. The sediment of tidal channel facies and neritic facies is composed of clayey silt and silty clay which belongs to suspended load. The study area was a small bay between the old Daliaohe River, the old Dalinghe River and the Raoyanghe River complex delta since the Holocene to 1896. Many tidal banks formed and expanded rapidly after the Shuangtaizihe River was excavated by labor in 1896. The runoff and sediment discharge have decreased since the construction of brake at the Shuangtaizihe River in 1958.The Shuangtaizihe Estuary is in the state of deposition as a whole whose tidal bank is increasing and expanding southward, westward and northward. The maximum expansion speed is 87 to 683 m/a and the mean depositional rate is 0.189 m/a. Erosion occurred in some part of tidal bank with average erosional rate of 0.122 m/a. The tidal channel was filled up with sediment at a migration speed of 48–200 m/a. Geomorphologic changes have happened under the combined influences of runoff, ocean dynamics and human activities. The main source of sediment changes from river sediment to sediment driven by tidal current and longshore current.     

辽河三角洲地貌演化(英文)

This paper mainly analyzes the geomorphological changes of the tidal deposition in the Liaohe Estuary based on the multi-year bathymetric charts in 1990, 1996, 2002 and 2005 and Landsat TM images in 1987, 1994, 2002 and 2005. Evolution of the tidal depositional system during the past 20 years in the Liaohe River was studied on the basis of 50 boreholes drilling and 30 km shallow stratigraphic exploration from 2002 to 2005. The main tidal depositional body of the modern Liaohe River delta is located in the Shuangtaizihe Estuary. The stratum within the depth of 10 m includes tidal bank facies, tidal channel facies and neritic facies with paleo-delta facies underlying them. The sediments of tidal bank facies are mainly composed of sand and silt with siltation load and suspended load of about 50% respectively in proportion. The sediment of tidal channel facies and neritic facies is composed of clayey silt and silty clay which belongs to suspended load. The study area was a small bay between the old Daliaohe River, the old Dalinghe River and the Raoyanghe River complex delta since the Holocene to 1896. Many tidal banks formed and expanded rapidly after the Shuangtaizihe River was excavated by labor in 1896. The runoff and sediment discharge have decreased since the construction of brake at the Shuangtaizihe River in 1958.The Shuangtaizihe Estuary is in the state of deposition as a whole whose tidal bank is increasing and expanding southward, westward and northward. The maximum expansion speed is 87 to 683 m/a and the mean depositional rate is 0.189 m/a. Erosion occurred in some part of tidal bank with average erosional rate of 0.122 m/a. The tidal channel was filled up with sediment at a migration speed of 48–200 m/a. Geomorphologic changes have happened under the combined influences of runoff, ocean dynamics and human activities. The main source of sediment changes from river sediment to sediment driven by tidal current and longshore current.     

近30年玉门市土地利用与景观格局变化及其驱动力

干旱内陆河流域生态环境非常脆弱,是土地利用和景观格局变化的敏感区域,也是全球环境变化响应比较突出的区域。采用1976年、1989年、2000年和2010年的Landsat遥感影像,利用GIS技术和景观格局分析方法,系统地分析了疏勒河中游玉门市的土地利用和景观格局变化的时空特征,为研究区土地可持续利用政策的制定提供参考和依据。研究结果显示:近34a来,玉门市土地利用和景观格局发生了剧烈变化,土地利用变化经历了"缓慢变化—急剧变化—显著变化"的过程。研究区景观密度增大,多样性和均匀度先减小,后增加;不同斑块间的分离度减小。农业人口增长和经济发展是玉门市土地利用景观格局变化的最直接驱动力,同时还受气候因素和政策因素的影响。     

贵州省南北盘江流域地下水污染现状研究

贵州省境内的南北盘江流域集中了省内大量煤矿、煤化工企业,流经该流域的地表水均受到不同程度的污染,由于地下水与地表水水力联系极为密切,直接接受地表水的补给,地下水在一定程度上也遭到了污染,综合运用单项指数法和综合指数法对地下水污染现状进行评价,把该流域地下水污染现状分为4个区,找出了地下水的主要污染物和污染规律。     

新疆车尔臣河平原深部第四系划分研究

通过对TK17孔采用岩石地层学、磁性地层学、气候地层学多项测试研究。对新疆车尔臣河流域进行第四纪划分。根据《中国地层指南及中国地层指南说明》及古地磁年龄测定结果表明：孔深0～7．00m为全新统，底界时限0．011Ma；孔深7～46．6m为上更新统，底界时限0．128Ma；孔深46．6～124．1m为中更新统，底界时限0．78Ma；孔深124．1～368．7m为下更新统，底界时限2．6Ma；孔深368．7～400．22m为新近系上新统。     

乌伦古河流域水资源及其特征

根据乌伦古河流域各水文站１９５６～１９９８年的水文资料及近几年来水文调查成果,从径流特征、降水、蒸发、泥沙、水质、气候、水资源等多个方面分析其多年来来的水文水资源变化规律,初步查清各支流干流的水资源量的收支情况以及乌伦古湖入湖水量的变化规律。     

人类活动对别拉洪河流域水文情势的影响研究

为了研究人类活动对水文情势的影响,以别拉洪河流域1957～2004年水文、气象数据为基础,详细分析了降水量、蒸发量及径流量等要素的变化特征;利用累积滤波法、Kendal秩次相关法、径流量年内分配的不均匀系数和径流量的变差系数对径流量的变化及其趋势进行了分析;利用降水-径流双累积曲线法和Mann-Kendall法对径流量序列进行了突变检验;定量研究了人类活动对径流量的影响。结果表明,1957～2004年别拉洪河流域年径流量显著减少,1966年年径流量发生减少突变;人类活动对年径流量减少总量的影响率大于60％,是导致该流域水文循环要素发生变化的主导因素,其次才是年降水量。     

贵州省乌江流域人口分布与地形的关系

研究流域人口分布与地形的关系,有助于了解地理环境对人口分布的影响。以贵州省乌江流域为研究区,基于DEM数据和人口数据,提取海拔、坡度、起伏度等地形因子,研究人口分布与地形因子的关系。研究结论：① 人口数量在海拔800~1400 m的地区超过60%,人口密度在1000~1200 m的地区最高。② 人口数量与人口密度随着坡度上升总体呈下降趋势。③ 人口密度在起伏度小于50 m的地区超过1000人/km ²,人口密度随着起伏度上升总体呈下降趋势。     

引黄灌区节水灌溉分区与节水途径初探

依据气候、地形、地貌、土壤、植被、地质等自然地理条件的基本一致性、水资源条件基本相似、水资源利用水平大体相当、农业自然条件和作物布局基本一致、经济发展水平大致相当和照顾行政界限、流域边界等固有分区等 6个基本原则 ,将黄河流域引黄灌区节水灌溉分为河源至兰州、兰州至河口、河口至龙门、龙门至花园口、花园口至河口等5个大区 ,并对各分区的基本特点和节水灌溉的发展方向和主要途径作了深入的分析.