中学生地理空间思维能力提高的影响因素——基于甘肃省白银市第一中学高一学生的实证研究

地理空间思维能力是人类认识地理环境的基本能力,也是学生的地理核心素养,其影响因素及作用机制是当前迫切需要解决的基础理论问题。本文初步假设一般智力水平、生活环境特征、地理学习兴趣、地图使用习惯、地理问题关注习惯、方向敏感程度、地理专业知识等7个因素为地理空间思维能力提高的影响因素。通过样本测试取得甘肃省白银市第一中学高一年级126个学生样本的地理空间思维能力及其假设的7个影响因素数据。借助SPSS 23.0软件,运用相关分析、独立样本T检验、单因素和多元线性回归分析等方法,证实一般智力水平、地理专业知识、地图使用习惯是学生地理空间思维能力提高的必要条件,地理学习兴趣是其重要条件,上述4个因素为地理空间思维能力提高的影响因素,其作用强度从大到小依次为：一般智力水平>地理专业知识>地图使用习惯>地理学习兴趣。其中一般智力水平和地理专业知识对地理空间思维能力有较强的预测作用。此外,还发现无论地理空间思维能力还是7个假设的影响因素,均未发现有显著的男女性别差异,说明上述规律具有性别普适性。     

Geospatial Thinking and Spatial Ability: An Empirical Examination of Knowledge and Reasoning in Geographical Science

This study examined the relationships between geospatial thinking and spatial ability, focusing on knowledge and reasoning about fundamental concepts in geospatial science. Scores on a geospatial thinking test had low correlations with each other, compared to high correlations among scores on spatial ability tests, and the degrees of relationship between geospatial thinking and spatial ability depended on the type of geospatial thinking. Expert geospatial scientists did not outperform students on spatial ability tests, suggesting that expertise in geospatial science might not simply be explained by superiority in spatial ability. The results point to the necessity of targeted instruction for geospatial learning.     

Teaching Spatial Thinking and Geospatial Technologies Through Citizen Mapping and Problem-Based Inquiry in Grades 7-12

Our project introduced students in grades 7 through 12 to spatial thinking and geospatial technologies in the context of challenges in their community. We used a mix of levels of inquiry to advance learning from teacher- to student-guided through a citizen mapping group activity. Student-suggested problem-based topics included parks and community gardens, crime, housing, and youth employment opportunities. Qualitative methods were used to evaluate students’ knowledge of spatial thinking and geospatial technologies, including map interpretation, a case study, daily exit slips, and interviews. Overall, the students’ awareness of their community, spatial thinking, and geospatial technologies increased as a result of participation.     

多空间尺度下知识溢出对中国研发活动效率的影响

在多空间尺度下的知识溢出机制框架基础上,将研发过程分解为知识创造和知识商业化2个阶段,建立空间计量模型考察不同空间尺度下的知识溢出对中国省际研发活动效率的影响.整体上,中国研发活动效率呈逐年提升趋势,但区域差异显著,呈现"东高、中快、西低"的发展态势;各阶段效率具有空间异质性,沿海地区知识创造效率高、知识商业化效率低,...     

中国与周边国家地缘经济关系测度与时空格局演变分析

基于修正的引力模型测算中国与周边国家的地缘经济关系,进而借助ArcGIS刻画地缘经济关系时空格局演化过程,以揭示其总体规律与特征。结果表明（：1）中国与周边国家地缘经济关系总体呈现出波动上升的态势,但国别间差异显著且逐渐扩大,并以2009年与2016年为转折点,将中国与周边国家双边地缘经济关系划分成缓慢发展期（2001—2008年）、平稳增长期（2009—2015年）和快速增长期（2016—2019年）;（2）地缘经济关系总体上呈现东高西低的空间格局,即中国与东亚地区的日本和韩国为中-高至高地缘经济关系值,与西亚、南亚大多数周边国家主要为低至中-低地缘经济关系值。地缘经济关系格局演进的影响因素包括国际地缘环境、地缘经济利益、地缘区位、经济规模、资源要素禀赋、地缘文化等。     

中国城市知识网络嵌入与科技企业孵化的交互影响研究

城市知识网络深刻影响着中国城市作为科技企业孵化苗圃的功能,深入揭示城市知识联系的创业驱动效应及其反馈机制已成为新时期经济地理学的重要课题,也将为中国创业政策的优化调整提供参考。本文以2020年中国274个地级以上城市为样本,利用专利权转让数据构建城市知识网络,以网络权力测度城市的网络嵌入特征,以科技型中小企业注册数量表征城市的科技企业孵化能力,通过联立方程模型检验了中国城市知识网络嵌入与科技企业孵化的内生交互影响及其空间溢出效应。研究表明：(1)城市在知识网络的嵌入特征与科技企业孵化能力存在交互的正向影响,即网络权力的提高通过改善城市对网络知识的利用能力正向影响着城市的科技企业孵化能力,科技企业的集聚发展又通过提高城市的知识交流能力正向影响着城市的网络权力。(2)城市知识网络嵌入与科技企业孵化存在交互的空间依赖效应,即城市在知识网络的权力地位正向依赖于周边城市的科技企业孵化能力,城市的科技企业孵化能力也受到周边城市网络嵌入特征的正向影响,并且这种交互的空间依赖效应呈现出随距离而衰减的特征。未来应解析中国城市知识网络嵌入与科技企业孵化交互关系的空间异质性特征,并关注城市在知识网络的嵌入特...     

融合式研究趋势下的地理信息教学体系探索

城市研究的范式在大数据和人工智能的影响下已经发生了巨大变化。本文根据城市研究及地理信息科学的发展历程和学科脉络,提出城市空间信息学是社会和产业需求导向的一个新兴知识领域,也是融合式研究趋势下地理信息教学和研究的一个发展方向。城市规划和地理信息科学两大类专业虽然具备孵化出城市空间信息学人才的学科基础,但是其学科体系都需要较大的改变才能实现突破;从现有的学科设置的体系看,地理空间信息工程专业由于提供了同时培养学生系统思维、空间思维和计算思维的框架,具备发展城市空间信息学本科教育的入口。本文在此基础上提出了城市空间信息工程本科专业的培养方案设计思路,期望能够对城市空间信息学的学科发展以及教学研究带来讨论契机,并推动地理信息学科和城市规划学科的可持续发展。     

The Decision‐Making/Accountability Spatial Incongruence Problem for Research Linking Environmental Science and Policy

Increasingly, scholars engage policy makers around fundamental, complex questions on environmental change in interdisciplinary settings. Researchers attempting to develop robust contributions to knowledge that can support policymaker understandings in this context face significant inferential challenges in dealing with the spatial dimension of their phenomenon of interest. In this paper, we extend an understanding of well‐defined methodological challenges familiar to applied spatial scientists by explicitly articulating the Decision‐Making/Accountability, Spatial Incongruence Problem, or DASIP. Three case studies illustrate how spatial incongruences matter to researchers who work on complex, interdisciplinary problems, while seeking to understand decision‐making or policy‐related phenomenon: urban heat‐island mitigation research in Arizona, water transfer conflicts in Kansas, and hydraulic‐fracturing debates in Texas. With such examples, we aim to evoke a deeper understanding of this problem in applied research and also inspire thinking about how scholars might innovate methods for creating knowledge about environmental change that supports spatially accountable decision making.     

Understanding the spatial knowledge of freshmen and sophomores about their university campus: A case study from Jimei University,Xiamen, China

The influence of environmental familiarity on spatial knowledge development in the context of campuses and their surrounding environments has been well documented. However, existing studies have rarely stressed the distinction between the architectural styles of a campus and its surrounding environment. This study thus targets a campus with a historical architectural style that contrasts strongly with the surrounding modern environment, to gain a fresh view on how spatial knowledge develops with environmental familiarity on such a unique campus. This study recruited 30 freshmen and 28 sophomores to complete landmark selection, route sketching, and distance estimation tasks used to measure their spatial knowledge. The results mainly revealed that spatial knowledge developed by freshmen and sophomores stayed at a similar level as no significant differences were detected. As such, the key implication of this study is that spatial knowledge could be developed to the largest cognitive extent within a short period (i.e., 1.5 months) after students have entered a new campus in which the architectural style contrasts strongly with its surrounding environment. Increased environmental familiarity did not significantly promote their spatial knowledge development as sophomores with about an added year of campus stay performed similarly to freshmen.     

全球城市知识合作网络演化的结构特征与驱动因素

以Web of Science合著论文数据为基础,参照以高端生产性服务业为对象的世界城市网络系列研究选取全球526个主要城市,借助空间分析和网络分析,分析全球城市知识合作网络演化的结构特征和驱动因素。结果显示：① 空间结构方面,“头部”城市格局稳定,欧美城市垄断明显;城市在全球知识合作网络与全球高端生产性服务网络中的空间分布存在差异;全球城市知识合作网络在不同地理尺度上均呈现出非均衡特征,网络重心有显著的东移和南移趋势。② 拓扑特征方面,全球城市知识合作网络的规模、密度和连通性不断增强;网络呈现出显著的“小世界性”和“无标度性”、“核心-边缘”结构和“社群”结构;不同城市在网络中发挥着不同的“全球功能”和“国家功能”。③ 驱动因素方面,全球城市知识合作网络的演化由内生和外生驱动因素共同作用。其中,内生驱动因素包括当代知识创新范式的转变、知识创新过程的非线性演进、知识组合的特定方式、合作对象择取的“偏好依附”以及维持合作关系的“社会纽带”;外生驱动因素包括地理邻近、国家边界、区域协定以及殖民历史。     

外部知识环境与内资企业新出口市场开拓

自中国加入WTO以来,出口贸易发展迅速。从出口主体来看,内资企业的出口行为对区域经济增长和中国自身实力的提升尤为重要。建立对外联系、利用外部资源能够有效地促进内资企业拓展海外市场。论文使用中国海关库2001—2011年企业层面的进出口数据,借助条件逻辑回归模型研究地级市尺度上外部知识环境对内资企业开拓新出口市场产生的溢出效应。研究区分了影响内资企业海外市场拓展的3种外部知识环境,内资企业可以：从同一区域的外资企业处获得外部知识;与邻近区域企业形成跨区域联系,获取外部知识;从国外进口获取外部知识。通过对比3种外部知识环境对于地级市尺度内资企业开拓新出口市场的影响,发现：① 3种外部知识环境对内资企业开拓新出口市场均表现出积极作用;本地外资企业出口的溢出效应最大,本地企业进口的溢出效应次之,邻近城市企业出口溢出效应最小;② 中西部地区与东北地区的邻近城市企业出口溢出贡献最大,且3种外部知识环境带来的溢出效应均明显强于东部地区;③ 本地外资企业与邻近城市企业出口溢出对高技术产品的影响明显强于低技术产品。     

GIS research to address tensions in geography

The rise of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technologies has been producing powerful tools for spatial data processing, management, analysis, modeling, and visualization. While supporting many tasks, GIS technologies have evoked new thinking and advanced intellectual inquiries in geography. Technological advances in other fields often stimulate new research questions and lead to revolutionary discoveries. The Hubble telescope revolutionizes our understanding of the universe, and 3D digital microscopes transform our knowledge of the coordination among biological, neurological, and physiological systems in living organisms. Can GIS claim similar revolutionary effects on geography? The answer is much up for debate. With GIS technologies, geographic studies can explore a broader extent across multiple scales in space and time and tackle problems through increasingly complex spatial statistics, visual analytics, computation, simulation, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. Both the Hubble telescope and 3D digital microscope were built based on scientific research that subserves the technological advances for inquiries into space and life systems. Likewise, GIScience research innovates GIS methods that enable novel geographic investigations and therefore contribute to geographic knowledge production. For the sake of simplicity, the term GIS used here represents both GIScience and GIS technologies. This essay attempts to clarify the intellectual contributions of GIS to geography on the following two questions: (1) What novel geographic thinking is driven by GIS? (2) How may GIS provoke new geographic inquiries and knowledge? Building on Nystuen's notion of four tensions that trigger geographic questions, the essay discusses how GIS innovations mediate historical tension, space‐time tension, dimensional tension and scale tensions.     

基于高速公路流的区域城市网络空间组织模式——以江苏省为例

在“流空间”理论的影响下,强调要素连接性和空间关联性的城市网络成为指示区域空间关系的核心视角,探讨城市网络空间结构将能为区域发展政策制定提供科学依据。以江苏省2014年日平均的高速公路流数据为依托,刻画城市网络的宏观格局与层级特征,利用社区发现算法对城市网络进行空间剖分并挖掘潜在的关联结构。研究发现：① 江苏城市网络宏观格局的空间构造呈现出类似围棋的“金角、银边、草肚皮”的分散性特征,可大致辨别内部发育出多个不同的子网络系统;② 城市节点和联系轴线具有明显的层级结构,城市等级的重要性与节点本身的社会经济属性、地理区位等具有一定的空间耦合性,轴线层级与地理距离具有明显的空间交互叠加作用;③ 社区发现算法对网络的空间剖分共识别出包括苏锡常社区、宁镇扬泰社区、通盐社区、连云港社区、宿淮社区和徐州社区等6个在空间上相连且边界清晰的“城市社区”,具有一体化效应、邻域效应、行政区效应、袭夺效应和置换效应等五个具有典型性的区域效应;④ 依据社区间的空间交互作用,可凝练出双核—多核交叉型、双核—单核交叉型、单核—多核交叉型、单核—单核集中型、双核—多点分岔型、单核—多点分散型和多核—多点分散型等7类空间关联结构。     

KBGIS-II A knowledge-based geographical information system

Abstract

This paper describes the architecture and working of a recently implemented knowledge-based GIS (KBGIS-II) that was designed to satisfy several general criteria for GIS. The system has four major functions, query-answering, learning, editing and training. The main query finds constrained locations for spatial objects that are describable in a predicate-calculus based spatial object language. The main search procedures include a family of constraint-satisfaction procedures that use a spatial object knowledge base to search efficiently for complex spatial objects in large, multi-layered spatial data bases. These data bases are represented in quadtree form. The search strategy is designed to reduce the computational cost of search in the average case. The learning capabilities of the system include the addition of new locations of complex spatial objects to the knowledge base as queries are answered, and the ability to learn inductively definitions of new spatial objects from examples. The new definitions are added to the knowledge base by the system. The system is currently performing all its designated tasks successfully, although currently implemented on inadequate hardware.     

An Evaluation of University World Geography Textbook Questions for Components of Spatial Thinking

ABSTRACT

Geography textbooks contain chapter or review questions that may engage students in spatial thinking. This research used Jo and Bednarz’s (2009) Taxonomy of Spatial Thinking to evaluate the percentage of spatial thinking questions in four university-level world geography course textbooks. The results from this study were then compared to the findings in Jo and Bednarz’s (2009) analysis of high school geography textbooks. Thirty-five percent of university level textbook questions are related to spatial thinking compared to twenty-four percent in high school geography textbooks. The results provide information useful to stakeholders, such as teachers, administrators, and textbook writers and may help these stakeholders to consciously incorporate the three components of spatial thinking as defined by the National Research Council (2006). A simplified taxonomy for identifying spatial-thinking concepts in textbook review questions is also suggested.     

Spatial econometric analysis on influencing factors of water consumption efficiency in urbanizing China

Due to the limitation of total amount of water resources, it is necessary to enhance water consumption efficiency to meet the increasing water demand of urbanizing China. Based on the panel data of 31 provinces in China in 1997–2013, we analyze the influencing factors of water consumption efficiency by spatial econometric models. Results show that, 1) Due to the notable spatial autocorrelation characteristics of water consumption efficiency among different provinces in China, general panel data regression model which previous studies often used may be improper to reveal its influencing factors. However, spatial Durbin model may best estimate their relationship. 2) Water consumption efficiency of a certain province may be influenced not only by its socio-economic and eco-environmental indicators, but also by water consumption efficiency in its neighboring provinces. Moreover, it may be influenced by the neighboring provinces’ socio-economic and eco-environmental indicators. 3) For the macro average case of the 31 provinces in China, if water consumption efficiency in neighboring provinces increased 1%, water consumption efficiency of the local province would increase 0.34%. 4) Among the ten specific indicators we selected, per capita GDP and urbanization level of itself and its neighboring provinces have the most prominent positive effects on water consumption efficiency, and the indirect effects of neighboring provinces are much larger. Therefore, the spatial spillover effects of the economic development level and urbanization level are the primary influencing factors for improving China’s water consumption efficiency. 5) Policy implications indicate that, to improve water consumption efficiency, each province should properly consider potential influences caused by its neighboring provinces, especially needs to enhance the economic cooperation and urbanization interaction with neighboring provinces.     

On Methods of Teaching Geography

This study investigates the location and varying spatiality of questions in geography textbooks. The results show that study questions posed in page margins address the three components of spatial thinking—concepts of space, using tools of representation, and processes of reasoning—more than questions in other locations within the text. Three practices are particularly recommended to help students develop spatial thinking skills through answering textbook questions: (1) utilize page-margin questions; (2) select questions around spatial representations; and (3) focus on higher-level cognitive processes.     

中国区域空间结构研究的回顾与展望

自古典区位论开创空间结构分析的先河 ,空间学派已成为现代地理学的四大学派之一。从理论上考察 ,归根到底是由地理学的特性 ,即区域性所决定的。区域性决定了地理学的学科地位 ,但区域性本身与理论模型的提炼确实存在着内在的逻辑冲突。因此 ,从区域性中剥离出空间性 ,就成为区域空间结构理论模型提炼的前提。然而 ,仅有空间性并不解决区域空间结构研究的全部问题。可以认为 ,正确协调空间与区域的关系是区域空间结构研究的基础性理论问题。改革开放以来 ,中国地理学界一方面已有数十年的实证分析积累 ,另一方面也充分意识到了理论研究的重要性 ,在空间结构模型的归纳与提炼方面取得了多方面的研究成果。本文在对此进行系统梳理的基础上 ,对今后空间结构研究的主要领域、研究方法等进行了初步探讨 ,认为空间结构模型、空间思维、分析技术、区域应用等 ,构成为区域空间结构研究的四大领域。参照自然地理学空间结构模型构建的思路与方法 ,本文认为区域空间结构模型的提炼可在水平至垂直谱系、空间至区域谱系等两个基本层面上展开。并在此基础上进一步探讨了形成有中国特色的空间学派的必要性和可能性。     

The Impact of Paper Versus Digital Map Technology on Students' Spatial Thinking Skill Acquisition

This study investigates whether spatial learning outcomes differ with respect to different instructional media. Spatial thinking skills were tested pre- and postlesson implementation via the spatial thinking ability test as eighth grade students participated in either paper-based or digital map-based instruction. Students' attitudes toward geography, past travel experience, and demographic variables such as gender, were also examined to search for differences in spatial thinking skill development. Results of the study reveal that both paper and digital media aid in developing and improving spatial thinking skill acquisition among students.