Hacked Landscapes: Tensions,Borders, and Positionality in Spatial Literacy

By focusing on critical geographies, landscape, and spatial literacy, this article evaluates a semester-long spatial justice project conducted in a preservice teacher education program. The analysis recognizes the limitations of reading the products literally as a means of comprehending spatial representation. It expands the analysis by hacking the products and producing new landscapes to read against or up against the products as sociospatial texts. It considers the deployment of landscape concepts—borders, the representation of tension, and the gaze and subjectivity of the reader-authors—as central elements of spatial literacy that is of consequence.     

The Spatial Knowledge of Indigenous People in Mountainous Environments: A Case Study of Three Taiwanese Indigenous Tribes

This article recounts information gleaned from a case study of three indigenous tribes in Taiwan regarding the origin and nature of their spatial knowledge. Sketched mental maps and GIS 3D virtual environment (VE) are used by indigenous elders and hunters to delineate their traditional territories. Spatial components representing the predominant spatial elements are identified. Spatial structures used for locational positioning are analyzed, as are spatial reference systems for orientation and movement. The results show that spatial components are used for daily activities, as well as having historical and cultural meaning; a quadrant structure is used for spatial positioning; and instead of using the directional reference system of east, south, west, and north, these indigenous people rely on the orientation analogies of uphill, downhill, upstream, and downstream for direction.     

中国互联网产业发展的区域差异及其动态演进——基于生产和消费的视角

进入21世纪以来,中国的互联网事业飞速发展。无论是网民规模还是网站数量,都有了较大幅度的增长。本文基于互联网产业的生产与消费两个方面,利用锡尔系数和集中化指数等方法,对2000年至2009年中国(不包括港澳台地区)31个省(市、区)的互联网产业发展状况进行了一系列研究。结果发现:中国互联网产业发展的区域差异仍然十分显著,但消费层面的省际差异明显小于生产层面,而且消费层面差异缩小的幅度也明显大于生产层面。同时,从空间来看,东部地区的变化显著,大部分省市有了较大发展,但中西部地区的大部分省份仍处于低消费一低生产的状况。     

Rockin' and Rappin' in American Music: Themes and Resources

Abstract

As a relevant aspect of contemporary culture, music is a significant part of the lifestyles of students at all levels of education. Thus, use of various genres of American music is framed in the context of the National Standards five themes of geography—location, movement, human-environment interaction, region, and place. Several classroom projects appropriate for grades 7–12 are identified, including data collection, map preparation, and development of a research paper. Teaching resources consist of references used in text, music geography bibliography in addition to references, data sources, useful music-related websites, and list of research paper topics.     

Knowledge rationales in human geography: Economic,policy, empowerment,and methodological

The article presents a systematic review of 152 articles in which the concept of knowledge is applied and that are published in international human geography journals. As the importance of knowledge in society is increasing, especially economic geography has taken up the task of reviewing the concept or role of knowledge in geography. However, there is a need for a more nuanced understanding of knowledge in economic geography, drawing more broadly on human geographical research. The authors analyse how the concept of knowledge is understood and applied in contemporary human geography. Their results demonstrate four knowledge rationales: economic, policy, empowerment, and methodological. Each rationale and their combinations display a particular role and purpose for knowledge, as well as a distinct approach to space. Separately, each rationale provides several insights into a more nuanced understanding of specific aspects of knowledge. When combined, the four rationales offer a holistic overview of the field. The authors conclude that the empowerment rationale offers novel methodological choices towards a more nuanced understanding of knowledge in economic geography.     

基于场所的GIS中的不确定性问题及分类框架

基于场所的GIS直接表达人类地理空间知识的管理和加工过程,而不确定性是人类智能的基本特点,因此GIS的智能化需要研究其中的不确定性问题。与传统的GIS相比,基于场所的GIS中的不确定性问题更为丰富,既包括随机性,也包括含糊性,而不确定性的主体既可以是地理要素、场所和空间关系,也包括命题和规则。该文介绍该领域相关的研究成果,基于不确定性主体、类型、表达手段及相关的活动4个视角,建立了基于场所的GIS中所涉及的不确定性框架,从而为相关的不确定性建模提供指导。     

Human-Environment Patterns of Metropolitan Spatial Restructuring:Atlanta,Georgia and Shanghai,PRC,1950-2000

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Metropolitan land-use patterns by economic function: a spatial analysis of firm headquarters and branch office locations in Australian cities

This paper develops a comparative means by which to understand metropolitan spatial structure through the dynamics of economic activities. Clustering and suburbanization have been key processes within the contemporary urban landscape, but few scholarly accounts have systematically merged the two to explain the geographies of economic activity. Using firm location as a variable to discern sector- and industry-based locational requirements, we explore land-use and economic activity in Australia’s five largest metropolitan areas. Drawing upon the respective headquarters and branch office locations of a set of publically traded firms, we seek to establish general spatial patterns across Australian cities using two proxy measures for clustering and suburbanization, being well-established drivers of firm locational choice. Despite the complexity that post-industrial and suburbanizing processes add to metropolitan land-use patterns, we contend that certain patterns exist that can be generalized from one context to another across urban space, and that certain emerging trends such as the development of CBD-fringe precincts merit greater attention.     

1980年以来中国高等地理教育机构的发展：类型、增长与分布演变

为了厘清中国高等地理教育机构发展脉络,论文基于多种类型资料,梳理了1980—2021年中国高等地理教育机构的专业、沿革、停办数据,从类型、增长、分布3个层面讨论其发展过程,并探讨其当前主要问题。研究发现,近40余年中国高等地理教育机构发展有如下特征：① 主要分布在科研机构和高校中,且高校涉及综合、师范、工程与矿业等11类高校;② 地理学专业数量及其在机构中地位的差异使之有必要区分学科机构与专业机构;③ 数量增长包括1980—1998年稳定增长、1999—2009年快速增长、2010—2021年波动增长3个阶段,并主要受高校地理院系增长的影响,不同阶段不同类型高校地理院系增长又有差异;④ 分布演变可分为与数量增长时段相一致的省级稳定扩展、省级与地市级双轨快速扩展、省级与地市级双轨缓慢扩展3个阶段,不同类型机构空间分布及扩展态势也存在差异。当前中国高等地理教育机构已形成学科机构为主体、专业机构为扩展翼的发展态势,但有必要加强学科认同和学科共同体建设,以避免多样化发展可能引起的误解,改变仍然存在的高校学科院系“名实不符”现象,降低高校专业院系停办风险。     

广东省乡村聚落空间分布的影响机制及研究内容框架展望（英文）

Based on land use classification data of remote sensing images, using kernel density, the minimal cumulative resistance model of road traffic accessibility, and a logistic regression model, the characteristics of the spatial pattern and the main factors influencing it were quantitatively examined in Guangdong Province from 1990 to 2013. The framework of the research concerning rural settlement evolution and its effect mechanisms were also discussed and generalized for the future. The results are as follows:(1) The spatial distribution of rural settlements showed spatial directivity of low altitude, low slope, and adjacent to rivers, as well as to villages and towns; thus a special pattern was formed, which was dense on the plains, sparse in mountainous areas, and included two core high density regions of rural settlements in the Chaoshan plain in the east and the Zhanjiang plain tableland region in the west. The spatial distribution of rural settlements was located along the rivers, valleys, and roads with traffic in the mountainous regions surrounding the Pearl River Delta region.(2) In addition to the spatial orientation of the open road, it was important to show that the accessibility of road traffic to the township has had the greatest influence on the spatial distribution of the rural settlements. The connected transport network between towns and villages is significant for rural transformation as a comprehensive increase in township production and service capacity will be the key to optimizing the town-village system in rural areas.(3) Elevation and slope were two basic but influential factors that have affected the distribution, scale, and form of rural settlements. The attributes of the physical geography are the first elements in optimizing village layout and planning spatial reconstruction.(4) In the current Internet and social media era, the reconstruction of market network system orders connects with the global market network system in rural areas. The rural life service circle will be constructed with the township at its core to explore the theory and practice of spatial reconstruction, including its production, life and ecology, and socio-cultural heritage and protection. It will also allow for exploration of the rural settlements' evolution, rural spatial production, rural social networks, group behavior, social autonomy, and social and cultural fields, which will bethe core focus of China's rural spatial reconstruction research against a background of globalization.     

1965年来中国对外贸易的地域差异及其格局演变

在研究近40 年(1965-2004) 全国及三大地带对外贸易总量、对外贸易密度、对外依存度变化及对外贸易区域格局演变的基础上, 进一步总结、分析我国七大经济区近40 年对外贸易总量、对外贸易密度、对外依存度变化的基本特点及其区域格局演变的基本趋势, 并总结对外贸易区域格局形成的基本成因。研究发现, 与全国和三大地带的演变趋势相似, ① 从时 间尺度看, 近40 年, 七大经济区的对外贸易发展亦呈长期增长态势, 外贸年均增长速度长期高于GDP 年均增长速度; ② 1978 年改革开放后国家发展战略、制度、政策的变革加剧推动了时间尺度上七大经济区的对外贸易发展; ③ 但从空间尺度看, 东南沿海经济区与其他经济区对外贸易的区域差异格局却没有根本改变; ④ 随着市场经济的发展, 其他六大经济区的相对地位反呈较大下降趋势。     

Rural settlement spatial patterns and effects: Road traffic accessibility and geographic factors in Guangdong Province,China

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Based on land use classification data of remote sensing images, using kernel density, the minimal cumulative resistance model of road traffic accessibility, and a...     

The Pen or the Sword: A Situated Spatial Analysis of Graffiti and Violent Injury in Vancouver,British Columbia

Graffiti is a ubiquitous feature of the urban landscape commonly perceived to be a symptom of disorder, deprivation, and violence. Broken windows theory asserts that it is also a cause. To examine this, we conduct a geographic correlation study of graffiti and violence using geographic information systems. A strong spatial covariation is observed, with spatially dependent residual clusters suggesting that the graffiti–violence relationship is context dependent and varied. Ferrell and Weide's spot theory provides a lens for situating hot spots and facilitating a more nuanced interrogation of graffiti and violence in several Vancouver neighborhoods. We advocate for situated spatial analyses of interpersonal violence to inform public health interventions and advance policymaking beyond the popular aesthetic symbolism of urban space.     

1978年以来广州市居民职住地选择行为时空特征与影响因素的代际差异

1978年以来,中国体制改革重塑了个体日常时空行为及其在生命过程中的活动轨迹,但鲜有文献解析长时间序列下不同代际群体对职住政策调整做出的响应及其代际差异。基于时间地理学视角与代际差异理论,将广州市微观个体职住地变动历程与代际问题相结合,利用问卷调查分析1988年和1998年居民职住制度改革前后,不同代际居民职住地变迁行为时空特征及其影响因素的结构性差异。结果发现：① 在居住地和就业地变迁方向方面,各代际居民住房迁出地主要集中于老城区,就业地变迁围绕两个城市中心,形成由老城核心地域向内城、近郊扩散的变迁过程。② 职住地距离变化方面,居民平均职住距离由1988年之前的4.91 km增至1998年之后的6.46 km,20世纪90年代出生居民（简称90后,下同）的职住分离度大于其他群体。③ 在职住地变迁率方面,住房商品化和就业社会化极大地增加了居民职住地选择自由度,60后和70后在1998年之后的迁居率分别为113.16%与112.33%,就业地变迁率分别为148.68%与197.26%,二者都远高于住房改革前的比例。④ 驻留时长方面,职住自由化使得驻留时长明显缩短。60后变化最为明显,该群体在一个居住地的居住时长由1988年以前的14.43年缩至1998年以后的5.43年,就业地驻留时长由12.43年降至3.95年;80后与90后在1998年以后的职住地驻留时长明显较短,70后相对较长。⑤ 能力、组合及权威制约中的房价、婚姻状况、学历、福利分房及下岗等因素对职住地变迁表现出明显代际差异,因子女上学及同事关系等组合制约对就业地变迁无显著群体差别。     

Observing Metropolitan Atlanta,Georgia: Using an urban field study to enhance student experiences and instructor knowledge in urban geography

Abstract

In urban geography courses, knowledge of a local area is especially useful for demonstrating geographic principles. These classroom examples are further enhanced when students conduct their own field observations, with direction from the instructor. This paper describes a field study of the metropolitan Atlanta area that is used in an intermediate geography class, in which students compare their observations of Atlanta with urban geography models and theories. I argue that the preparation of the project, and the completion of it by students, represents a valuable firsthand observation experience for both the instructor and the students.     

中、英、美地理学研究主题的进展与启示

国际化和本土化是中国地理学当代发展重要的议题。平行对比中、英、美三国地理学的发展特征,有助于摆脱从西方视角下审视中国地理学发展的“偏见”,同时也有利于透析“西方”地理学内部的异质性、复杂性和多样性,总结中、英、美三国当前地理学的发展阶段,并溯源其发展历程,对于在国际知识交互和融合的过程中,保持、挖掘和凸显中国地理学发展特色,具有一定意义。文章分别对Journal of Geographical Sciences、Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers、Annals of the Association of American Geographers三本期刊在2010—2020年的文献进行分析,揭示三国地理学在近年来的知识演进、历史热点和主题脉络。研究发现：1）美国地理学自然与人文并重,近年来对于“自然—环境—人文—社会”要素的综合地理研究比较活跃;2）英国在人文地理研究上更为“专注”,特别是社会文化地理学的发展极具特色;3）中国则以自然地理和区域研究为主,人文地理学和地理信息科学呈后起之势。中国地理学和以英美为代表的“西方”地理学在过去几十年间有着深刻的知识交互和影响,同时也基于各自社会基础,形成了不同的发展特征。中国地理学需要抓住中国时代变迁的重大需求牵引,加深和强化中国地理学在理论和实践方面研究,实现各分支学科的多样化发展和研究范式的转型融合,在与全球同行的对话中,讲好“中国地理故事”、总结“中国地理经验”,展现“中国地理理论”。     

中国县域土地城镇化的区域差异及其影响因素

中国经历了史无前例的快速城镇化进程,与之相伴随的是更加迅猛的土地城镇化过程。基于2000年和2015年中国土地利用现状遥感监测数据,综合运用空间分析、多元回归和地理加权回归的方法,深入分析了中国县域土地城镇化的区域特征及其影响因素。结果表明：① 中国县域土地城镇化率年均增长2.77%,其中近40%的区县城镇化率年均增长大于3%;在空间上呈现出不同于人口城镇化的扩散趋势。② 中国县域土地城镇化的南北分异规律较东西分异更为明显。土地城镇化的高值区域始终集中在胡焕庸线的东南半壁,而围绕主要的城市群地区则形成“组团式”增长的热点区,地区间差异趋于收敛。③ 人口集聚、经济发展、产业结构、城市特性与地理区位等要素对县域土地城镇化空间分异格局的影响较为显著、稳定,各要素对土地城镇化的影响均具有明显的时空依赖特征。分析揭示县域土地城镇化的时空特征及其动力机制,对于科学认识新型城镇化和实施城乡融合、乡村振兴战略,具有重要的理论价值与现实意义。     

The validity of the monocentric city model in a polycentric age: US metropolitan areas in 1990, 2000 and 2010

In this article, we use local indicators of spatial association (LISA) and other spatial analysis techniques to analyze the distribution of centers with high employment density within metropolitan areas. We examine the 359 metropolitan areas across the United States at three points in time (1990, 2000, and 2010) to provide a spatio-temporal panoramic of urban spatial structure. Our analysis highlights three key findings. (1) The monocentric structure persists in a majority of metropolitan areas: 56.5% in 1990, 64.1% in 2000, and 57.7% in 2010. (2) The pattern of employment centers remains stable for most metropolitan areas: the number of centers remained the same for 74.9% of metropolitan areas between 1990 and 2000 and for 85.2% between 2000 and 2010. (3) Compared with monocentric metropolitan areas, polycentric metros are larger and more dense, with higher per-capita incomes and lower poverty rates.