HINDU VARANASI

ABSTRACT. Representations of Hindu faith in the built environment and pilgrim activities in the city of Varanasi, India, are explored through an analysis of the sacred geography of the place, of pilgrim travel to the city and activities within it, and of the act of crossing over from life to death through cremation. The roles of reconciling what seem to be paradoxes or contradictions and of the transcendence of geographical scale in reinforcing faith are also examined.     

自我叙事式解读回族宗教活动空间的意义

基于主位研究视角,以作者自我叙事的方式,对回族宗教活动空间的存在主义意涵进行了主体意向性解读,完整自叙和沉浸思考后作者认为,回族宗教活动空间存在以下特征：① 回族宗教活动空间的核心构成为家、清真寺和坟园;② 家、清真寺和坟园对回族宗教信仰者而言,不是单一的物理空间,而是具有特殊意义的宗教“地方”;③ 说明了回族宗教活动空间具有地方到无地方的转化特征,无地方转换的地方指向是清真寺;④ “接都哇”这一宗教仪式和宗教行为构建了回族宗教活动空间从空间到地方,从地方到无地方转换的桥梁。该分析过程与结论说明了回族宗教活动空间具有从地方的物质宗教空间结构到无地方的精神宗教空间结构的递进转换特征。     

MEDJUGORJE: FINDING PEACE AT THE HEART OF CONFLICT

ABSTRACT. Pilgrims to the Bosnian town of Medjugorje find peace at the heart of several conflicts that involve ethnic, religious, and political tensions; the natural and the supernatural; rural and urban lifestyles; the role of the Catholic Church; the sacred and the profane; and the Virgin Mary's messages. Peace within this place is found by creating community, the Other, ritual, and myth.     

新文化地理学视角下的国外宗教地理学研究

在文化全球化大背景下,宗教地理研究具有越来越重要的现实意义。国外宗教地理学研究在新文化地理学思潮的影响下,促生出许多新的议题和研究方向。本文依循于人文地理学中地方、景观、现代性和尺度这4 个重要概念,梳理了国外近10 年宗教地理学研究的新进展。发现其研究议题主要集中于日益重视对“非正式神圣”场所的探讨;基于人本主义研究范式下的神圣地依恋研究;随着跨国主义兴起的宗教移民身份和认同研究;宗教文化景观所暗含的政治和象征性意义的解读;宗教的多尺度分析,以及神圣与世俗间的互动分析等等。在总结国外宗教地理研究的新态势的基础上,对宗教的定义、宗教地理学与宗教性地理学的辩证关系、宗教地理学的研究趋势等进行了探讨和反思,以期为中国包括民间信仰在内的广义宗教地理的本土研究提供新的借鉴。     

The Geography of Religious Affiliation in Scotland

Academic study of the relationships between geography and religion constitutes a long‐established subfield of cultural geography. The tradition is particularly strong in the United States where the seminal work of the Berkeley School stimulated a wealth of research on mapping the religious landscapes of North America. Religion has received far less attention within British human geography, due, in part, to the marginal position of religion within cultural geography and, in particular, to the absence of reliable, comprehensive data on religious affiliation. The present research overcomes these ideological and methodological obstacles to advance knowledge of the geography of religion in the United Kingdom. Employing data from the latest Census of Population, embedded within an established tradition of mapping geographies of religion, the research provides detailed analysis of the geography of religious affiliation in Scotland at the advent of the twenty‐first century.     

U.S. Religious Regions Revisited

Religion continues to play an important role in the public and private lives of Americans. Therefore, a reexamination of U.S. religious regions is necessary in light of the rapid demographic changes that have occurred in the past few decades. This article presents a new regionalization of religion in the United States for 1980 and 2000, produced using multivariate cluster analysis. Comparing this new regionalization with earlier attempts, it demonstrates that religious regions continue to exist today and have undergone various levels of stability and change. Furthermore, religious regions continue to be relevant because they provide scholars with a method for identifying and characterizing the societal context in which individual religious communities function.     

Emotional Encounters in Sacred Spaces: The Case of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

Individual experience and emotion are critical to a complete understanding of the transformative effect of sacred spaces on people's lives. We implement an in-depth qualitative examination of the spiritual experiences from members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. They were allowed the opportunity to freely articulate their emotions when attending meetinghouses and temples as well as discuss the spiritual significance of these sites. We found that these spaces transcended the “everyday,” had a considerable capacity to inspire emotio-spiritual encounters, particularly feelings of peace, and further served as evidence of a deeper individual gradation of sacred space.     

地理学基础理论研究的方法变革及其发展前景

西方科学赖以发展的两大基础可以归结为源于欧氏几何学的形式逻辑和通过系统实验寻找因果关系。地理学如果不将自身作为一门“例外主义”的学科，无疑也要借助形式逻辑和系统实验发展基础理论体系。遗憾的是，逻辑思想只有借助数学方法才能发挥理论演绎的威力，而传统数学不适宜于地理系统空间结构与功能的描述；另一方面，系统实验必须是可以重复的受控试验，由于地理系统的不可控性，地理研究无法利用常规的实验方法寻找因果关系。地理学的理论研究如今正在经历着方法的变革：一方面，分形等后现代数学理论为地理学提供了有效的定量描述手段；另一方面，细胞自动机等仿生科学理论为地理学提供了模拟实验工具。不仅如此，由于新方法的引入，传统的实证研究方法也重新焕发生机。将数学、实证和计算机模拟三种方法有效结合，地理学的基础理论体系必将建立起来，发展前景将十分广阔。     

REGIONAL VARIATIONS IN DENOMINATIONAL SWITCHING AMONG WHITE PROTESTANTS*

This study examines the hypothesis that the determinants of denominational switching vary regionally among white American Protestants. Data for the analysis are taken from the National Opinion Research Center's General Social Survey for 1974 through 1984. Using logistic regression, the analysis compares the determinants of switching among respondents residing in the nine Census regions of the U.S. Results reveal significant regional differences in the determinants of switching, especially in the effects of conversion, childhood affiliation and interdenominational marriage.     

Geography as the world discipline: connecting popular and academic geographical imaginations

This article addresses and connects two areas of controversy within contemporary geography: the parochialism of contemporary human geography and the gulf between university and non-university geography. It is argued that we can find the cause of the latter phenomenon in the origin of the former, namely in academic geography's unwillingness to re-imagine the 'global claim' that it has inherited from its imperial past. This difficulty has created the conditions for the representation of popular geography as intrinsically dated, as politically suspect and/or as mere 'traveller's tales'. It is suggested that geography cannot escape the burden of its global claim. Rather it needs to critically engage this formerly imperial paradigm and, in so doing, re-ignite geography's role in public debate and as public knowledge.     

Festivals as a subject for geographical research

Festivals are an increasingly common phenomenon. They strongly influence geographical space, and so are studied in depth by geographers. The author shows that festivals are a subject for research in different geographical sub-disciplines. The author also defines the research paradigm of the geography of festivals as a part of human geography. He also establishes the main aspects of festival research in geography: cultural, social, economic and time–space analysis, political, historical, general and theoretical. Finally, he suggests future directions in geographical research on festivals.     

西方地理学思想史略及其启示——克拉瓦尔《地理学思想史》评介

西方地理学思想经历了启蒙主义时代、实证主义时代、马克思主义和人本主义时代,目前又进入后现代主义时代.地理学思想的每一次转变都反映了环境和社会的格局和过程变化,应社会之需而生,并受当时整体学术思潮的影响.先后出现的各种地理学思想并非简单地后者否定前者,地理学思想的多样性正如地理本身的多样性一样,既是合理的,也是有益的.对西方地理学思想的借鉴是现代中国地理学发展的一个重要源泉,但要运用之、发展之,则必须理解之,且结合中国的国情消化之.这就需要对各种地理学思想知其然且知其所以然,需要了解其产生的社会背景和知识环境.     

20世纪人口地理学研究进展

20世纪之前的人口地理学只是从属于传统地理学的人口地理研究.进入20世纪,人口地理研究尚未从人文地理学中独立出来,内容上延续了拉采尔的人类地理学思想;二战以后,人口地理研究逐步向人口地理学纵深发展,50年代人口地理学逐步成形.20世纪后半叶,人口地理学得到了持续快速发展:出生率与老龄化、迁移与流动、人口与脆弱性等世界性...     

Policies and Practices for an Antiracist Geography at the Millennium

As we enter the new millennium, geographers have a momentous opportunity to reflect upon the historical development of our discipline and the academic culture within which it thrives, with the aim of setting out an antiracist agenda. We advocate a fundamental refashioning of the discipline, not simply an extension of its research agenda; for racism, like gender, is not just another item in the lexicon of geographical subjects. The agenda includes, but is not limited to: clarifying relations between racism and law; racism and immigration policy; racism and poverty; and mobilizing racialized groups around policy issues. These items need to be addressed both through scholarship and through activism, as centering geographical practices in the streets rather than in the academy impels not only more effective social change, but also new theoretical understanding of geographies of engagement. Our agenda for antiracist geography also involves three aspects of institutional change: to build up on and extend traditional geographical scholarship; to change the basis of the discipline by extending the principles of antiracism throughout our institutional practices, particularly in the classroom; and to change the face of the discipline by increasing the participation and contributions of geographers of color.     

The geography of smoking in Leeds: estimating individual smoking rates and the implications for the location of stop smoking services

Smoking is an important and topical health issue in the UK. In Leeds, the target is to reduce smoking prevalence by 9 per cent by 2010. However, a key unknown is the likely distribution of smokers across the city. This paper aims to estimate individual smoking rates using microsimulation and hence evaluate the performance of established stop smoking services, e.g. how well do they serve local areas and to what extent does attendance vary between service point locations? Location-allocation modelling is employed to test various location scenarios and provide insight into where to optimally place centres.     

浅析文本在地方性形成中的作用——对近年文化地理学核心刊物中相关文章的梳理

新文化地理学是英国一批文化地理学者在1980年代建立起来的知识体系。它与传统文化地理学有所不同,区别之一在于是否关注电影、文学作品、绘画等文本所再现的地方性。近年在英美文化地理学的核心刊物中,许多文章研究了由文本再现出来的地方性。地方性是文化地理学最主要的研究议题之一,它是文化地理学与其他人文地理学分支结合的关键概念。梳理这些文章,旨在归纳出文本在地方性形成中所起的作用。分析结论如下:① 文本可以通过再现3种内容来建构地方性:当地的景观、日常生活实践和业已消失的文化;② 文本再现地方性的机制多来自人们的意识形态需要,"我"与"他者"的精神诉求不同,再现的地方性也不同;③ 文本的再现对地方性既会有强化作用,也会有削弱作用。归纳出这种三种结论后,尚需要进一步讨论如下问题:在地方性的形成中,文本的作用是否是或缺的。如果不是或缺的,而是必须的,那么文化地理学者则必须研究文本中再现的地方性。     

民国时期地理留学

近代地理留学在民国时期未然兴起,主要有自费,官费和中英庚款三种途径。在海外,中国地理留学生形成三大中心,即:中法里昂大学地理系,英国利物浦大学地理系和美国克拉克大学地理系。地理留学生学成归国之后,在地理学术研究和地理人才培养上都贡献甚大。朱家骅是民国地理留学的主要推动者。     

人文地理学科学化的总体目标与实现路径

当代人文地理学的发展呈现出多元化的发展态势,但无论如何,科学化应是人文地理学的基调,是中国人文地理学未来发展的基本选择和必由之路.无论是学科属性还是我国经济社会建设需求,人文地理学科学化不仅不是一个被动的目标而应该成为我们的主动追求.其基本目标有2 个:一是构建一个相对完整的区域空间结构理论体系,需要进一步发现新的区域空间结构模式、构建中心地等级体系演化模型,以及从类型学和发生学2 个角度梳理不同空间结构模式之间的内在逻辑关系等;二是构建一套相对成型的空间分析方法.将区域分为均质区域和功能区域,并进一步分解为点状、线状和面状3 大要素,寻找处理这3 大要素各自及相互之间内在空间耦合的表达技术,成为本文展开人文地理学空间分析理论框架的基本思路.其中,可达性分析技术的拓展、计量经济模型与空间分析技术的融合、综合性时空谱系空间分析方法体系的构建、依赖于空间概念拓展的新的空间分析技术的出现等,则是未来人文地理学空间分析的重要领域.为实现上述目标,需要树立科学的思维方式、融合资源环境基础、基于发生学视角的历史过程的长时段分析,以及充分利用现代分析技术等.     

On the Object and Subject of Geography

Danish Journal of Geography 96: 110–117, 1996.

Basic theoretical problems in geography are discussed. The development of the subject is seen primarily as a result of the division of labour among sciences. The subject's contextual dimension is made up of the different forces that influence the discipline, and the theoretical dimension comprises the method of presentation, the object and the metatheory. The subject can not be defined in the proper sense of the word, but its object can: the ecumene or the human habitat. An approach is discussed for the presentation (theoretical development) of geography by the means of dialectical method, using the labour as the basic category.     

地理学视角下犯罪者行为研究进展

犯罪地理学以社会问题为导向,关注犯罪现象的格局、过程与机理,沿着“揭示问题、服务安全、解决问题”的思路,去破解复杂的社会难题,并在公共安全和犯罪防控领域贡献力量。本文基于地理学视角,从犯罪出行、犯罪空间决策、重复犯罪三大研究主题出发,综述了国内外犯罪者行为的研究进展。结果表明,国外研究取得了较多成果,如：①犯罪出行方面发现了就近掠夺和外出犯罪的空间模式;不同犯罪类型的出行距离存在显著差异;以及犯罪出行距离受犯罪者个体特征、地理特征、犯罪收益和情感因素的影响。②犯罪空间决策受经济因素、社会因素以及犯罪者空间意识的影响。③重复犯罪存在时空聚集性和时空临近性。国内研究主要集中在国外理论与经验引介,犯罪时空分布、形成机理与空间防控,以及犯罪模拟与预测方面,而地理学视角下犯罪者行为研究尚处于初始阶段,有许多空白亟需填补。总体而言,在犯罪者研究领域,仍存在以下3点不足：①在犯罪出行方面,综合的视角不多;②在犯罪空间决策方面,尚未涉及犯罪空间决策的时间差异及形成机制;③在重复犯罪方面,尚未考虑过去的犯罪活动和经验。最后,论文从视角、内容、方法及应用上提出未来的研究重点：注重综合性视角的实证分析;开展针对犯罪团伙的研究;合理利用大数据分析犯罪者行为的规律、过程和机理,避免导致推理错误;注重理论研究成果的转化,满足国家社会治安的重大需求,并提升犯罪地理学的学科价值。