空间数据分析与空间模型

虽然GIS已在各个领域得到广泛应用,但它相对较弱的空间分析功能正在限制其应用的广度和深度。文中系统论述了空间数据的基本特征,GIS中空间数据分析的基本需求,空间统计分析,空间数据探索分析以及空间模型,探讨了GIS与空间模型结合的必要性,结合途径以及结合中的问题与对策。     

Decisions of the U. S. Board of Geographic Names. June 5, 1900, To January 8, 1902 II

ABSTRACT

Spatial literacy is a new frontier in K–12 education. This article describes a place-based introductory GIS/GPS middle school curriculum unit in which students used measuring tools, GPS units, and My World GIS software to collect physical and spatial data of trees to create a schoolyard tree inventory. Maine students completed “memory maps” of their schoolyards as a pre/post exercise assessment. A statistically significant increase in students’ spatial awareness was documented. A technology-based curriculum can significantly increase students’ spatial awareness especially in a place and context relevant to each student.     

Future Teachers’ Spatial Thinking Skills and Attitudes

The spatial thinking skills and attitudes of geography majors were compared with those of future teachers majoring in elementary education and secondary social studies education. Scores were obtained for each group on two measures: the spatial skills test and the attitude toward spatial thinking inventory. Mean differences were examined based on five factors: major, gender, travel experience, geography courses, and experience using geographic information systems (GIS). For both outcome measures, results showed that the mean scores for elementary education majors were significantly lower than scores from secondary social studies majors and geography majors. Geography majors outperformed both groups of education majors on both measures. Implications for the preparation of geography teachers are discussed.     

Spatial Measures of Segregation and Gis1

Traditional segregation measures have limitations in discerning different patterns of population distributions. Spatial measures of segregation have been introduced, but have not been widely adopted partly because of the difficulties in using them. A recent effort is to implement several spatial segregation measures as additional GIS tools in a popular desktop GIS package so that researchers and practitioners not savvy in GIS can use these tools to compute spatial segregation indices. This paper provides a concise review of these measures and elaborates the new tools developed.     

Spatial video and GIS

GIS elemental unit representations of spatial data are often defined in terms of points, lines and areas. However, another type of spatial data that is becoming frequently captured, but as yet is largely ignored in GIS, is that of video. While digital video recording is a commonly encountered medium in modern society and encompasses many forms, from simple personal camcorders through to sophisticated survey and surveillance systems, its geographical representation in a GIS has not been fully examined or realised. In the majority of cases the video footage is usually captured while the device and/or the objects being viewed are in motion. What is of particular interest is when video streams can be, or have been, associated with spatial data such as location and orientation to create geographically referenced videographic data, which, for simplicity, will be defined as spatial video. Fundamentally, the nature of video is to record space, so when spatial properties can be accurately acquired and associated with this footage, an important geographical element can be considered for integration and analysis within a GIS.

Existing spatial video systems, both commercial and research, are predominantly used in survey or LBS roles and are usually bespoke and application specific. These systems do not model spatial video to any recognised standards that is generalised to be both data and platform independent. They do not support GIS integration and/or analysis from a purely spatial content perspective. A video-image/remote-sensing centric approach prevails where usage options range from simple visualisation interfaces to interactive computer vision systems. What has been largely overlooked is a spatial approach where the inherent geographical extent recorded in each video frame can be modelled and used in a geo-spatial analysis context. While this modelling approach has not been fully realised, it does exist in a GIS form based on Open Geospatial Consortium standards, where the spatial context of video is defined in a structure called a ViewCone. However, a ViewCone only defines a 2D model of the geographical extent of each frame and is restricted to a three-or-five sided polygon representation.

Thus, this article examines the potential of modelling spatial video through the use of elemental data types within GIS; gives some examples of using this approach; describes some problems in using spatial video within GIS; and then demonstrates how these problems are being solved. This is done in three stages: Firstly, a detailed overview of spatial video in its current GIS role is provided – this is achieved through a complete introduction to the distinct elements of spatial video followed by a review of its use in both commercial and academic application areas. Secondly, a brief theoretical overview of an alternative GIS-constrained ViewCone data structure is given that defines a more flexible spatial video model for both 2D and 3D GIS analysis and visualisation. Thirdly, a selective sample of results is presented based on an implementation of this approach being applied to a constrained spatial video data source in a specific study area.     

基于空间数据库技术的地籍管理系统研究

随着GIS应用的深入发展,以文件管理空间数据的方式已不能满足当前GIS应用的需要,而空间数据库技术正是为解决GIS应用的企业化和社会化问题而发展起来的新技术,空间数据库技术及其应用研究是当前GIS技术研究的热点。本文分析了空间数据对象、空间数据库、空间数据库技术及其实现,研究了基于空间数据库技术的地籍管理系统在空间数据共享、海量数据管理、大范围查询检索、分布式空间数据处理与维护、地籍制图、数据安全控制等方面的应用实现,通过具体应用系统建设,提出了基于空间数据库技术的地籍管理信息系统的解决方案。     

Structure and contents of a new geomorphological GIS database linked to a geomorphological map — With an example from Liden, central Sweden

This paper presents the structure and contents of a standardised geomorphological GIS database that stores comprehensive scientific geomorphological data and constitutes the basis for processing and extracting spatial thematic data. The geodatabase contains spatial information on morphography/morphometry, hydrography, lithology, genesis, processes and age. A unique characteristic of the GIS geodatabase is that it is constructed in parallel with a new comprehensive geomorphological mapping system designed with GIS applications in mind. This close coupling enables easy digitalisation of the information from the geomorphological map into the GIS database for use in both scientific and practical applications. The selected platform, in which the geomorphological vector, raster and tabular data are stored, is the ESRI Personal geodatabase. Additional data such as an image of the original geomorphological map, DEMs or aerial orthographic images are also included in the database. The structure of the geomorphological database presented in this paper is exemplified for a study site around Liden, central Sweden.     

基于地学信息图谱的矿业城市空间扩展研究——以徐州市为例

以矿业城市徐州市区1979,1989,1999和2009年4期遥感信息图谱数据为基础,借助GIS空间分析技术和相关统计分析方法,从城市建成区面积变化、扩展强度、分维数、重心坐标、紧凑度等方面对徐州市城市扩展的时空变化特征和驱动力进行分析.结果表明:1979-1999年间,徐州市建设用地面积持续增加,分维数有所变化,扩展强度逐渐增强,1989年以后城市重心朝东部和东南方向移动,城市紧凑度增加,分形维数逐渐减少,城市空间形态趋于合理.自然地理环境、煤炭资源的开采、政策、经济和人口等因素是城市空间扩展的主要因素.     

空间负载平衡探讨

设计、应用合理的空间负载平衡算法是当前分布式地理信息系统研究的一个重要方向。该文介绍了空间负载平衡的基本概念,给出了空间负载平衡的基本算法和改进算法及其空间应用研究现状。对于各种算法进行对比讨论,分析其优劣,指出存在的问题和未来研究的方向。     

基于场所的GIS研究

探讨从地理空间认知出发,实现基于场所的GIS（PB—GIS）的相关问题。PB—GIS以场所为核心,显式表达地理空间知识,并遵循特定规则进行定性空间推理,从而服务于空间行为决策。比较PB—GIS与基于坐标的GIS（CB—GIS）之间的差异和适合解决的问题,并描述定性空间推理的特点及其在PB—GIS中的应用。在分析实现PB—GIS的关键技术基础上,采用三层架构设计了一个PB-GIS的概念体系结构。     

空间分析技术与地理信息系统的结合*

空间分析和地理信息系统是两种有效的空间信息分析和处理技术,二者的结合一方面可以大大拓展GIS的空间分析功能,另一方面也可使得迅速发展的空间分析得到GIS的有力支持,文中对此进行了探讨,并分析了二者结合的途径。     

遗传算法和GIS结合进行空间优化决策

资源的有效利用和管理往往涉及到空间的优化配置问题。例如需要在空间上确定n个设施的最佳位置。当选址问题涉及多个目标和不同的约束性条件时,就会变得十分复杂。利用一般的brute-force搜索方法无法对涉及高维数据的问题进行求解。利用遗传算法和GIS结合来解决复杂的空间优化配置问题,具有智能的搜索方法可以大大提高空间的搜索能力。在基于进化的优化过程中,根据GIS的空间数据来计算不同解决方案 (染色体) 的适应度。针对不同的应用目的,GIS可以给出不同的适应度函数。实验表明,所提出的方法比简单的搜索方法和退火算法有更大的优越性。该方法在处理复杂的空间优化问题有更好的表现。     

元阳县土地利用空间格局及其变化的图谱方法研究

信息图谱为区域土地利用空间格局及变化提供了一种谱系化、定量化与定位化相结合的研究方法.以云南省元阳县为例,在遥感、GIS空间分析和统计分析模型的支持下,从土地利用时空演变模式、空间扩展过程、斑块的空间分布特征三方面建立土地利用空间格局及变化信息图谱,并对其图谱特征进行分析.结果表明:土地利用时空演变征兆图谱更直观形象地揭示了区域土地利用变化的基本模式,提供了时空复合的表达方式;土地利用斑块形态与空间扩展图谱的建立应用空间格局研究中的相关概念和方法,将微观、宏观层次的图形信息与变化过程相结合;利用等步长变距离缓冲区分析法建立的VCM曲线可直观地描述不同土地利用类型斑块的空间分布特征及不同研究时段内其空间分布特征的变化情况.     

中国高尔夫球场时空演变、影响因素和扩散模式

利用空间分析和数理统计等方法探究了1984—2016年中国高尔夫球场数量时空演变、影响因素和扩散模式。结果表明：1）球场数量变化经历了低速增长期、稳定增长期、加速增长期和紧缩期；2）球场空间分布范围经历了扩张期和收缩期，向北、向西扩散较为明显；3）目前球场主要分布在经济发展水平较高且外向型经济突出的长三角、珠三角和环渤海地区；4）人均GDP、人口规模、区域开放程度、交通优势度、气候类型和土地资源稀缺性与球场空间分布均呈显著正相关，其中交通优势度相关系数最大；5）高尔夫球场空间扩散模式兼具接触性扩散和等级性扩散。     

GIS在历史、文化地理学研究中的应用及展望

通过对文献的综合分析,总结了GIS应用于历史地理学、文化地理学、考古和文化资源管理以及空间社会科学的研究进展,并介绍了我国历史文化地理信息系统的建设实践。尽管在历史地理和文化地理研究中GIS应用仍面临一些问题,但它拥有巨大的潜力。因此,国内历史地理和文化地理学者应该重新认识GIS的作用,开发适合的GIS应用软件,搭建跨学科的合作研究平台,争取将GIS在历史文化研究中的应用纳入数字城市计划之中。     

广东省矿泉水的基本特征及开发利用建议

广东省矿泉水资源丰富,形成条件好。文章搜集了广东省矿泉水现状以及开发方面的各项数据信息,通过整理比对,发现广东省矿泉水具有分布范围广、分布与地质构造的走向大体一致、品种全、储量丰富以及补给条件好的基本特征;分析了开发利用中存在的问题：水源地污染、开发力度有待加强以及市场指导力度弱。再借鉴国内外矿泉水开发利用的经验,对广东省矿泉水开发利用提出了合理布点、加强矿泉水资源保护、适当加大开发力度与科学规划矿泉水市场的建议,并认为应使矿泉水产品多样化、系列化,联合旅游业,扩大消费领域,使广东省矿泉水资源更好地服务于民。     

海西城市群工业空间格局与演化分析

通过构建工业水平指标体系,采用客观性较强的主成分分析法测算城市工业化综合水平,并以此作为空间分析的基础变量,探讨了1990年代以来以福建省为主体的海西城市群工业化现象的时空分异规律,从工业整体空间格局、热点区域演进及基于制造业层面的空间结构分析,得到结论:①工业空间的点—轴格局明显,核心区对外围区的空间溢出效应不断加强;②空间格局保持相对稳定性,闽西、闽北地区的边缘化地位基本没有改变;③制造业层面首先表现为沿海与内陆的差别,其次是二者内部的差异,再者体现为行业内部集聚水平的差距。从总体上看,已初步形成核心—转承—边缘—辐射的圈层递进式空间体系结构。最后,提出了该区域未来工业空间格局的发展方向。     

GIS支持下三峡库区秭归县滑坡灾害空间预测

基于GIS空间分析和统计模型相结合进行区域评价与空间预测是滑坡灾害研究的重要方向之一。以三峡库区秭归县为研究区,选择坡度、坡向、边坡结构、工程岩组、排水系统、土地利用和公路开挖作为评价因子。为提高模型的预测精度、可信度和推广能力,利用窗口采样规则降低训练样本之间的空间相关性。建立Logistic回归模型,对滑坡灾害与评价因子进行定量相关性分析。计算研究区滑坡灾害易发性指数,对其进行聚类分析,绘制滑坡易发性分区图,其中高、中易发区占整个研究区面积的38.9%,主要分布在人类工程活动频繁和靠近排水系统的区域。经过验证,该模型的预测精度达到77.57%。     

发展时态GIS的可操作性时空数据模型

当前GIS广泛采用的空间数据模型不足以满足时态GIS发展的需要。该文探讨时态GIS所需的、可操作性时空数据模型,并且以土地利用和交通发展的时空相互作用为例,说明如何设计和实施相关的时空数据模型,用于支持发展时态GIS。     

探索性空间分析及其与GIS集成模式探讨

探索性空间分析基于让数据说话的理念,可以避免野值或非典型观测值的误导。在对探索性空间分析的基本原理和概念界定的基础上,探讨交互式和动态空间数据分析、地学可视化及可视化空间分布、确认性空间分析、空间数据挖掘等探索性空间分析的主要技术。由于统计分析软件和GIS的数据格式差异很大,直接将二者简单集成存在一定困难,因此切实可行的集成方式是采用对象连接和嵌入(OLE)技术,分别调用统计分析软件的探索性分析功能(或者函数)以及GIS的地图显示和空间分析功能,并进行必要开发,实现二者的集成。最后对探索性空间分析的发展方向进行展望。