黑河流域中游湿地水禽资源与保护

黑河流域中游位于我国候鸟三大迁徙途径西部路线的中段,境内湖泊、沼泽、滩涂星罗棋布,是候鸟在迁徙飞越干旱荒漠、草原的过程中获得丰富食物、水源和得到良好休整的重要驿站,这里水禽资源丰富,共分布有水禽49种,其中国家Ⅰ、Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类8种;列入中澳候鸟保护协定的13种;列入中日候鸟保护协定的32种。必须从保护湿地水禽的生存空间、加强疫源疫病监测、加强基础研究、恢复水禽栖息环境、提高保护能力等方面入手加强水禽资源的保护。     

The autonomy of foreign subsidiaries. An analysis of headquartersubsidiary relations

Gjellan, A. 1975. Protection of bird wildlife. Norsk geogr. Tidsskr. 29, 21–38.

Plans for establishing bird wildlife nature reserves and areas where bird wildlife can be protected are discussed. Areas already established for this purpose are mentioned, as are other important areas worthy of protection. An attempt is made to evaluate the criteria for the selection of such important areas in the future.

A classification is made of the areas in question, such as wetlands and other biotope types in forest and mountain localities. The main criterion is that the area should satisfy at least one important life function, such as breeding, foraging and resting (primarily of migrating birds), moulting, and wintering. The man-made threat towards the maintenance of these natural areas for the preservation of bird wildlife must be controlled, and the resources available for conservation must be well argued by public and private nature conservation organizations and institutions.     

福州滨海湿地水鸟资源现状及保护对策研究

1997-2008年对福州滨海湿地水鸟进行了调查,记录到水鸟共132种,隶属9目21科,以鸻鹬类和雁鸭类为主,居留型以冬候鸟和旅鸟为主;拥有多种珍稀濒危水鸟,属于国家重点保护野生动物（1988）有15种、IUCN名录的有16种、中国濒危动物红皮书名录有16种。水鸟主要分布在闽江河口、福清兴化湾、福清湾、文武砂、罗源湾。同时针对福州滨海湿地水鸟情况提出了相应的保护对策。     

近年鄱阳湖鸟类救治调查

我国鸟类资源丰富,但缺乏专业的鸟类救护机构,故缺乏成熟系统的鸟类救治经验。鄱阳湖是我国重要的鸟类栖息地,由于各种原因,很多鸟类会被救助。研究以鄱阳湖地区救护鸟类为对象,对2012-2014年期间救护档案进行归纳整理和统计分析。结果表明:救护鸟类总共有15只,其中13只为成年鸟,2只幼鸟。救护鸟类中雁属的数量最多,达到7只。救护鸟类的来源主要包括:鄱阳湖自然保护区管理局移送、鄱阳湖自然保护区监测站移送、林业局野生动物保护站移送和市民移送4个方面,其中管理局送过来的鸟类数量最多,达到了10只,占总数的66.7%。救护鸟类所受伤害症状主要有3类:骨折、中毒和外伤。造成伤害的危险源可分成4类:天网、投毒、天敌和其他。救治成活率达到了80%。通过本研究,为野生鸟类保护和救助提供了参考。     

北京翠湖湿地鸟类资源现状及保护对策

2009-2011年对翠湖湿地鸟类进行了调查。结果发现:翠湖湿地记录到鸟类17目40科166种,其中非雀形目鸟类108种,雀形目58种。从居留型来看,旅鸟种类数量最多,留鸟和夏候鸟次之,冬候鸟最少。翠湖湿地拥有多种珍稀濒危鸟类,其中属于国家重点保护野生动物(2003)的34种,属于北京市保护野生动物(2007)的68种;翠湖湿地还拥有一些被列入双边国际协定保护中的候鸟,如《中日候鸟保护协定》、《中澳候鸟保护协定》。翠湖湿地鸟类生物多样性十分丰富,在保护野生动植物和候鸟方面发挥着重要的作用。     

城市“腾笼换鸟”产业转型升级的困境与出路——基于北京市的调查研究

剖析北京“腾笼换鸟”产业转型升级的现状,在针对“新鸟”进笼“老鸟”去哪问题,“老笼”空间结构合理优化问题,“老鸟”涅槃“新鸟”培育问题,“老鸟”和“新笼”承接问题的分析基础上,提出应完善京津冀产业链协作,“腾笼换鸟”拓展区域联动发展空间;东西城合并成首都特区,“腾笼换鸟”保护北京历史文化名城;切实发挥政府的职能作用,“腾笼换鸟”提升企业内在动力机制;规划建设“微中心”小城镇,“腾笼换鸟”促进北京人口有效疏解的建议。     

Restoring habitat for riparian birds in the lower Colorado River watershed: An example from the Las Vegas Wash, Nevada

The success of riparian restoration projects in the arid southwestern U.S. is often measured in terms of vegetation characteristics such as growth, cover, and structure. Among low-elevation riverine environments within the Colorado River watershed, restoration is typically conducted to improve degraded habitats for birds of conservation concern by replacing the exotic tamarisk (Tamarix ramosissima) with native cottonwoods (Populus spp.) and willows (Salix spp.). The working assumption for many restoration practitioners is that replacing exotic plants with native plants will improve habitat quality and will, therefore, benefit birds. Based on data collected at exotic and restored (i.e., native) sites along the Las Vegas Wash, Nevada, not all birds benefit from restoration. Broad measures of community benefit, including benefits to birds of conservation concern and riparian obligate/dependent birds, were not detected. There were, however, some species-specific benefits. Some environmental variables that were associated with exotic and native sites were significant in explaining the composition of the bird community. For example, the richness of forbs and grass-like plants (a proxy of soil moisture), invertebrate mass, and percent shade (a proxy for canopy characteristics) were important. Considering our results and depending on restoration goals, tamarisk replacement projects may not inherently provide benefits to birds.     

广州南沙湿地公园鸟类2014—2018年际动态及其对生境变化的响应

为了解广州南沙湿地鸟类迁徙规律,揭示鸟类整体迁徙动态变化,于2014年1月至2018年12月,连续在每月下旬日落前3 h采用样点法和样线法对南沙湿地公园鸟类群落多样性进行调查。结果显示：1) 2014—2018年共记录到鸟类139种,以冬候鸟为主。2）鸟类物种数年际波动较大,丰富度年际变化不明显,即鸟类种类在逐渐增加的同时,个体数量趋于稳定。3）鸟类月度变化呈现明显的候鸟迁徙规律,越冬期急速上升,繁殖期平缓。越冬水鸟迁飞时间有提前的趋势,且在富有食物来源的浅水滩涂地和在无瓣海桑等高大茂盛的红树林群落有更多种类与数量的水鸟分布。最后,建议在注重绿化连续性和整体性的同时,保护和管理鸟类的栖息环境,适当扩大滩涂地面积,增加红树林种植面积以及合理地围垦,科学维持浅水滩涂和红树林种植面积比例,吸引更多越冬候鸟。     

Parthenocarpy, attractiveness and seed predation by birds in Bursera morelensis

Parthenocarpy (production of seedless fruits) is a characteristic associated with a strategy to reduce seed predation by birds and to increase the attractiveness to frugivorous birds. Red cuajiote (Bursera morelensis) is an endemic tree species of Mexico that produces seeded and parthenocarpic fruits. The purpose of this work was to examine whether parthenocarpy is a factor that increases the number of bird visits to trees and if it is a strategy to diminish seeds predation by granivorous birds. We made field observations to determine the relation between the number of bird visits and fruit removal rate, to the total number of parthenocarpic fruits produced, and the number of birdpredated fruits to the number and proportion of parthenocarpic fruits in the trees. We found that in trees with a bigger amount of parthenocarpic fruits, both frugivoruos and granivorous birds made more visits; we then suggested that parthenocarpic fruits can act like a signal of attraction by means of a density and coloration effect. Also, we found that in trees with bigger proportions of parthenocarpic fruit, predation by granivorous birds is smaller. Parthenocarpy has an adaptative value for B.morelensis increasing bird visitation and reducing seed predation in the Tehuacan Valley.     

Environmental Science Education Programs: Opportunities for Geographers

Abstract

Environmental agencies in most states have an environmental education Web page that can point geography teachers to a variety of opportunities and resources to enhance their teaching. Most states provide linkages to local and national programs such as Project WET and Project WILD, and access to lesson plans and other teaching materials. A number of state agencies have environmental resource centers, teacher workshops, and grant programs for field trips and class projects. A few states have workshops that provide graduate academic credit and special certification. Much of the content of these programs contributes to fundamental geographic education themes as specified in the 1983 Guidelines in Geographic Education K–12 and Geography for Life: National Geography Standards 1994.     

鸟类在湿地生态系统监测与评价中的应用

湿地是鸟类的聚居地,一方面湿地为鸟类提供了不可替代的生境,另一方面鸟类的分布、数量、繁殖、生理等特征对湿地所承受的种种干扰有所响应。因而鸟类可以作为湿地生态系统监测与评价的指标。从湿地植被、湿地水环境、湿地生物多样性、湿地污染、湿地生态系统监测与评价几方面论述了鸟类作为指示生物的作用。鸟类是湿地中主要的顶级消费者,其生存与低营养级生物乃至无机环境密切相关,而且所处营养级与人类更接近,所以鸟类作为指示生物不仅适于快速的生态系统水平的评价,也对人类所面临的环境风险有参考价值。在未来的湿地生态系统监测与评价中,繁殖分布范围大的鸟类、顶级肉食性鸟类应当受到足够的重视。     

Influence of cattle grazing on population density and species richness of granivorous birds (Emberizidae) in the arid plain of the Monte, Argentina

Cattle grazing is an important disturbance in the Monte plain, reducing grass biomass and rates of fruit setting. Grass seeds are the most important food for granivorous birds (Emberizidae) during winter. The objective of this study was to test whether granivorous bird populations (Emberizidae), grass seed production, and vegetation structure differed at sites with different intensities of grazing. Emberizid density and species richness were higher in the ungrazed site than in the two grazed paddocks. Seed abundance was also higher in ungrazed vs. grazed sites. Woody vegetation, that serve as safe nest sites, did not differ among treatments. Granivorous bird populations seemed to be affected by cattle grazing; however, the main mechanisms of this process remain unknown.     

广东南岭国家级自然保护区森林鸟类多样性监测

野生鸟类资源是自然保护区生物多样性的重要组成部分,为了解广东南岭国家级自然保护区鸟类种类和数量动态变化以及鸟类栖息地环境状况,2017年4月、7月和10月对区内11条鸟类监测样线进行了调查。调查结果显示：1）记录鸟种11目27科89种,其中雀形目15科61种;发现频次888次,记录数量3 367只,频次和数量均居前五的有栗背短脚鹎Hemixos castanonotus、灰眶雀鹛Alcippe morrisonia、灰树鹊Dendrocitta formosae、红嘴相思鸟Leiothrix lutea。2）居留型以留鸟为主,共61种,占68.5%;夏候鸟15种,占16.9%;旅鸟7种,占7.9%;冬侯鸟6种,占6.7%。鸟类区系组成以东洋界鸟种为主,共62种,占总数的69.7%;广布种19种,占21.3%;古北种8种,占9.0%。3）4月份是南岭鸟类繁殖活跃期,也是调查记录鸟种和数量最多的月份。11条样线中,相思坑、炉田、横水、南木、泽子坪、电视台、第一峰鸟类多样性（Shannon Wiener index）较高,怡坑、仙洞、担杆冲、竹坳多样性较低。4）根据海拔和植被类型,样线鸟类群落可分为4类：低海拔针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林、高海拔针阔混交林和山顶矮林。300~1 500 m的针阔混交林和常绿阔叶林生境鸟类群落并没有很大差异,优势种均为栗背短脚鹎、灰眶雀鹛、灰树鹊等;而高海拔山顶矮林（1 300~1 800 m）生境鸟种则明显不同,以画眉科（Timaliidae）的红嘴相思鸟、红头穗鹛、赤尾噪鹛、褐胸噪鹛、灰眶雀鹛及莺科（Sylviidae）的金头缝叶莺、比氏鹟莺、栗头鹟莺、冠纹柳莺为主。建议建立南岭鸟类多样性监测网络和评价体系,以鸟类长期监测数据,如种类变化、种群波动,作为评价保护区生态环境质量的指标。     

广东湛江红树林国家级自然保护区鸟类调查监测及保护对策

广东湛江红树林国家级自然保护区位于中国大陆最南端的湛江市,分布有全国最大面积的红树林。红树林生态系统生物多样性丰富,非常适宜鸟类生存,而保护区地处西伯利亚-澳大利亚候鸟迁徒路线,每年都有大量候鸟在红树林区内栖息繁衍。如何保护这些珍贵鸟类及红树林栖息地是保护区的主要工作之一。介绍了湛江红树林保护区鸟类资源特点及变化情况,并提出了一些可行的保护措施。     

Crops,trees, and birds: Biodiversity change under agricultural intensification in Uganda's farmed landscapes

Geografisk Tidsskrift, Danish Journal of Geography 106(2): 115–130, 2006

This paper examines the relationship between the intensity of agricultural land use and the abundance and richness of trees and birds in a humid tropical developing region where natural vegetation is being rapidly converted into farmland under market and population pressures. We analysed survey data on land use, birds and woody plants collected in 14 study sites situated within smallholder cropland and commercial plantations in southern Uganda. Commercial plantations had very few trees and only 10% of the original bird species. Land use intensification in smallholder systems also showed losses in bird abundance and species richness, but not nearly as much as in plantations. In both systems the impact of intensification was much bigger on the specialised and threatened birds compared to the less specialised species. This argues strongly for ‘species-sensitive’ conservation policies combining protected areas with land use regulation in areas undergoing intensification. We also found a much higher loss in bird biodiversity during the first phases of land use intensification (when larger tracts of forest are cleared) than in later phases characterised by clearing of smaller patches of vegetation and improved management of farm trees. This suggests high pay-offs to geographical targeting of conservation efforts in farmed landscapes.     

An Assessment of the Use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in Teaching Geography in Singapore Schools

Abstract

In 1998, geographical information systems (GIS) were introduced to secondary schools in Singapore as a tool for teaching geography at the secondary and junior college levels. However, general observations and feedback from school teachers suggested that only a small number of secondary schools and junior colleges in Singapore were actually using GIS to support the teaching and learning of geography. The present research study was designed to establish the level of GIS usage and to investigate the reasons for the slow integration of GIS in the Singapore secondary schools. This article presents the findings of this research and provides some insight into the use of GIS in Singapore secondary schools.     

Sources of Literature for Commercial Geography

Abstract

The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) legislation has resulted in declining classroom time dedicated to geography instruction, especially in grades K-8. To combat this problem, a National Geographic Society Grosvenor grant provided resources allowing 28 teacher-authors to generate a package of more than 80 lessons that combine the teaching of geography and mathematics skills tested on Arizona's state mandated testing. When taught in 113 piloting classrooms that mirror Arizona's student demographics, GeoMath lessons generated statistically significant increases in performance in math skills and improved understanding of geography standards. In addition, a fourth of the K-8 piloting teachers surveyed felt that teaching GeoMath lessons increased in their level of comfort in teaching mathematics. Given the success of this GeoMath strategy, and a prior GeoLiteracy program, we advocate here a national agenda of articulating geography curriculum to high-stakes tested subjects of reading and math.     

Using Audience Physiology to Assess Engaging Conservation Messages and Animal Taxa

Abstract

We used heart rate change as a tool to study how positive and negative wildlife conservation messaging impacts a viewer, and which types of animal images stimulate greatest reaction. We used scenes from five wildlife conservation videos available from environmental organization websites and YouTube, with positive and negative messaging. We found both very positive and very negative messaging in videos may be similarly effective in engaging viewers. A trend in greater changes in heart rate when insects, mammals, and birds appear on the screen suggests generally high human interest in these taxa, potentially due to avoidance and attraction responses. The number of scenes (N?=?54) in which various taxa appear reflects bias toward mammals (65%) and birds (17%) to capture viewers’ attention. Arousal is a primary step in engaging an audience to attend to a message. Physiological research offers innovative new techniques to evaluate public responses to communications about biodiversity conservation.     

The Fundamental and the Incidental in Geography

Abstract

An increased use of artistic literature as a resource in both teaching and research is evident in geography. With the growing interest of some scholars in the behavioral aspects of geography, traditional resources are being supplemented with more humanistic, subjective information sources. In historical geography, for example, literature is a particularly suitable resource for studies of man's role in past geographies and of human perception of past environments.¹ Specialists in regional geography and area studies also have shown a growing appreciation of such sources.² A parallel and related development has occurred in geographic education. In many different courses, but particularly in those dealing with regions, literature has become a recommended resource. The purposes of this paper are (1) to review the relevance of the novel as a resource for geographers and (2) to suggest that a current novel, Centennial, by James A. Michener,³ particularly warrants consideration for use in courses on the historical geography of the United States.     

THE HARVEST OF RAIN–FOREST BIRDS BY INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES IN PANAMA*

In this article I attempt to shed light on the relationships between indigenous communities and bird populations through research on hunting in five neighboring villages in western Panama. Over eight months, 59 households captured 1,584 birds using rifles, sling‐shots, traps, and other methods, resulting in a total yield of 252 kilograms. Although hunters captured more than 125 avian species, just four species account for more than half of the total harvest. The most important game bird is the great curassow (Crax rubra), followed by the great tinamou (Tinamus major) and crested guan (Penelope purpurascens). The type and quantity of avifauna captured varies significantly according to habitat and hunting strategy. The spatial distribution of bird kill sites is highly concentrated, with 62 percent of the harvest by weight captured within just 1 kilometer of the participating households. Even the more vulnerable species are encountered close to home, suggesting that overhunting has not occurred.