岩溶探测中井间地震波层析成像的应用

结合在岩溶地区开展的工程勘察实例,运用井间地震波层析成像技术研究钻孔之间的地质剖面.在确定岩溶、裂隙、破碎带的空间位置方面所能解决的程度、适用条件、准确性等方面,表明该技术是一种数字化、高精度的技术方法.     

声波CT在基桩检测及桩基勘测中的应用

从实践的角度介绍声波层析成像的原理、数据采集与处理方法。为保证反演精度,提高原始数据质量,特别强调慎重选择震源、记录仪器、传感器,以及合理选择采集参数与成像参数,并通过实例介绍声波CT在基桩检测及桩基础勘测中的应用。     

Fuzzy and Multiple Regression Modelling for Evaluation of Intact Rock Strength Based on Point Load, Schmidt Hammer and Sonic Velocity

Summary. Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS), considered to be one of the most useful rock properties for mining and civil engineering applications, has been estimated from some index test results by fuzzy and multiple regression modelling. Laboratory investigations including Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS), Point Load Index test (PL), Schmidt Hammer Hardness test (SHR) and Sonic velocity (V_p) test have been carried out on nine different rock types yielding to 305 tested specimens in total. Average values along with the standard deviations (Stdev) as well as Coefficients of variation (CoV) have been calculated for each rock type. Having constructed the Mamdani Fuzzy algorithm, UCS of intact rock samples was then predicted using a data driven fuzzy model. The predicted values derived from fuzzy model were compared with multi-linear statistical model. Comparison proved that the best model predictions have been achieved by fuzzy modelling in contrast to multi-linear statistical modelling. As a result, the developed fuzzy model based on point load, Schmidt hammer and sonic velocity can be used as a tool to predict UCS of intact rocks.     

我国区域地壳稳定性研究的新进展

区域地壳稳定性研究是工程地质学中与地质力学和构造地质学关系密切的一个分支学科。近10年来,随着国家大型工程建设的高速发展,区域地壳稳定性研究取得了长足的进步,逐步形成了自己的学科理论——区域地壳稳定性工程地质学。本文试图从两个方面介绍这门学科在基础理论、研究思维方法等方面的一些新进展。
(1)学科理论体系的建立和完善。重点论述地壳稳定性分析。主要地质灾害风险估算和地壳稳定性评价3个层次的基础理论。
(2)研究思路和方法不断更新。主要论述系统的、多层次的研究思路;动态的、发展演化的研究思路和多种方法相互补充验证的研究思路。      

UNESCO World Heritage sites in Italy affected by geological problems, specifically landslide and flood hazard

A National Research Council, Research Institute for Hydrogeological Protection (IRPI) study on Italian monuments included in the UNESCO World Heritage List has revealed that many are affected by geological, geomorphological, and engineering geological problems. These monuments are static entities set in an environment that often manifests highly dynamic processes. As part of the efforts to protect sites of cultural and natural heritage, this study has applied a preliminary and empirical Geographical Information System-based method developed to characterize the environmental hazards at the sites where the monuments are located. Because the study of hydrogeological degradation falls within the province of IRPI, this hazard zoning focuses on river and mountain slope dynamics specifically concerning landslides and floods.     

Risk assessment of cultural heritage sites clusters using satellite imagery and GIS: the case study of Paphos District,Cyprus

This paper aims to assess the risk of natural and anthropogenic hazards for cultural heritage in Cyprus by integrating multi-temporal GIS and earth observation analysis, in the area of Paphos District. The work presented here attends to re-evaluate previous results from earth observations and GIS analysis and go a step forward targeting more reliable outcomes for cultural heritage management. The scope of the paper was to develop a more accurate methodology for risk assessment against natural and anthropogenic hazards (e.g., soil erosion; urban expansion), based on homogeneous clustering of the monuments under consideration. The accomplished assessment approach, being lopsided and generic, cannot be applied across the board and undistractedly for cultural heritage management of all types of monuments of the district. Instead, the proposed clustering of monuments based on a variety of parameters is taking into consideration characteristics of their immediate environment, resulting rational local-based outcomes more useful for monuments and sites safeguarding and for prevention measurements. For each one of the five clusters of monuments located in the Paphos District, an analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method was followed in order to address the individual and unique characteristics of the monuments and sites within the same cluster area. Subsequently, the weight factors from these clusters were interpolated to the whole district, prior to the application of the overall AHP risk assessment. Ultimately, the results were compared with the overall AHP method applied for the entire Paphos District, indicating that the proposed methodology can be more accurate and realistic for the different groups of the monuments.     

Algal and fungal diversity on various dimension stone substrata in the Saale/Unstrut region

Physical, chemical and biogenic weathering considerably threatens all historic stone monuments. Microorganisms, though inconspicuous, are key players of stone surface colonization and penetration. This study highlights eukaryotic microbial communities on dimension stone surfaces from two representative monuments of the “cultural landscape corridor” in the Saale–Unstrut area. The historical buildings were erected from local Triassic limestone and sandstone and are prone to various deteriorative mechanisms. Generally, trebouxiophyceaen algae and ascomycete fungi dominate among the latter dematiaceous fungi and lichen fungi are abundant. Inside the stone substratum, ascomycetes, mosses and even large soil organisms (tardigrades) are present. This may be taken as a hint for the formation of pores with large radii, which are “risk indicators” for progressive weathering and degradation of the rock matrix.     

2D Self-Potential tomographies for studying groundwater flows in the Varco d''Izzo landslide (Basilicata, southern Italy)

A geoelectrical monitoring activity has been carried out to improve the geological and hydrogeological knowledge about the Varco d'Izzo landslide (Potenza, Basilicata, Southern Apennine, Italy), an active rotational–translational slide evolved in earth-flow. In this work we have focused on the Self-Potential (SP) method by applying three different SP measuring techniques and combining modern technologies for data acquisition and new methods for tomographic inversion. A SP map and three static SP tomographies have been carried out to better analyse the groundwater circulation system and to better reconstruct the geometry of the landslide body. In the accumulation zone, which is the area more exposed to the geomorphological activity, a new SP measuring strategy has been applied. This strategy, based on time-continuous 2D SP tomographies, helps identify water flow changes in subsurface by studying the time series of SP tomographic images. The analysis of time-dependent changes of water infiltration in near surface is the key to better understand the hydrogeological processes underlying the ground instability phenomena. The time-lapse analysis of tomographic images has allowed us not only to investigate the correlation between the temporal changes of SP signals and rainfall events, but also to quantify the range of these changes. The modification of the distribution of the SP source accumulation zones is associated with the dynamics of the groundwater flows. These preliminary results allow us to consider the SP tomographic method as a tool for geophysical monitoring of landslide areas and encourage to develop new measuring systems for near-real time applications.     

Influences of human activity on deformations of the ancient structures of Ichan-Kala in Khiva City

Like Bukhara and Samarkand, Khiva is one of the ancient cities of the world. After Khiva's 2500th anniversary in 1997 UNESCO added Khiva to the list of cities of world heritage. The architectural complex of monuments of Ichan-Kala is the work of ancient Horezm's XVIII–XIX century architects and consists of several structures such as the madrasahs: Alla-Kuli Khan (1835), Tash-Hauli (1832), Amir-Tura (1870), Muhammad-Amin Khan (1871), ancient masonry city wall (1780) and others. Unfortunately, in the course of time, it is inevitable that the monuments accumulate damage. The ancient monuments are less protected against the negative factors of environmental and human activities. With the purpose to find the reasons for the deformation of foundations of buildings of the monument of Ichan-Kala and for the development of techniques for improving the properties of soils, hydro-geological, engineering-geological and geophysical investigations were conducted. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Geography and general system theory,philosophical homologies and current practice

General system science, like geography, is an integrative discipline that spans the divide between the physical and social sciences. Geography, like general system science, seeks to examine the universe of observation as a functioning whole and attempts to study together the things other disciplines study separately. However, within both geography and the system sciences at large, there are many different philosophies and methodologies. A special attribute of the general system approach is an explicit adoption of an organismic rather than a mechanistic world view. This has caused general system practitioners to develop theory in more bioscientific areas of concern such as growth, hierarchical organisation and the theory of evolution. To date, much of the systems science in geography has preferred the static, mechanistic ethos of systems analysis and systems engineering. However, general system science's concern with historic processes and the dynamic self-determined relationships between systems structure, functioning and selfcreation may be more appropriate to geographical research. A search is made for general system methodologies in current geographical research and for particular applications of aspects of the new general systems theory of evolution and theory of systems attractors as defined by Ilya Prigogine and Erich Jantsch to geography.Today, we seem to be at the tip of an iceberg of scientific change... Every discipline is in the midst of a revolution... What is exciting about this theoretical chaos is not that each discipline will emerge with a new paradigm to guide future investigations but that a new grand paradigm may be forming, one that will integrate all structure and processes from the farthest reaches of the Universe to the reasonances of subatomic particles. The Grand Paradigm is somewhere in the future and we may live to see it THEISEN, (1981, p. 758).     

Building stone employed in the historical monuments of Eastern Sicily (Italy). An example: the ancient city centre of Catania

An archaeometric study of the stone materials employed in the Late Baroque historical monuments of the ancient city centre of Catania was carried out. Lithological maps of a selection of monuments, transferred to a digital format, revealed that the stone materials are both magmatic and sedimentary rocks, the colours of which are matched in a peculiar type of bichromy. Particular attention focused on sedimentary rocks, which consist of various types of limestone quarried near the city of Syracuse (Hyblean Plateau, south-eastern Sicily). Carbonate rocks were characterised in terms of mineralogy, petrography and geochemistry, by studying rock samples from both monuments and historical extraction sites. Results showed that, although only one name was historically attributed to the above lithotypes (i.e. “Pietra di Siracusa‘’), they were quarried from many locations and, as they belong to various geological formations, they therefore exhibit great variety. In order to examine the durability of Hyblean limestones employed in works of cultural heritage interest, salt crystallisation tests were carried out according to standard procedure norms (UNI EN 12370 (1999) Determination of resistance to crystallisation of salts, 6p). Results are consistent with the forms of deterioration observed in the monuments, and highlight the close relationship between textural characteristics and damage. Our purpose is to provide a basic tool, which may be useful both for conserving monuments of cultural heritage and for their restoration.     

重庆市綦江县莲花保寨:中国古人与恐龙足迹共存 的直接证据

重庆市綦江县老瀛山莲花保寨除了大量多样化的恐龙足迹之外,还保存了完好的要塞结构及历代题刻。从古迹可知,莲花保寨最早可追溯到南宋宝祐四年(1256年),很可能是当地人躲避蒙元军队对尚属南宋统治下的蜀地的进攻之用。此后,清朝又在此留下多处古迹。这些古迹与大量(至少以5种不同方式保存的)恐龙足迹(尤其是鸭嘴龙类足迹)共存,构成了中国古人在恐龙足迹化石点上长时间生活(可能长达700余年)的直接证据。而莲花保寨的泥裂、鸭嘴龙类足迹和波痕被引申为荷叶叶脉、莲花和水环境,也成为“莲花保寨”得名的证据。这项研究表明恐龙足迹参与了中国部分古地名、民间传说的形成,这些古地名、民间传说或可成为寻找恐龙足迹的重要线索。     

利用高阶交错网格有限差分法数值模拟VTI介质井孔声场

横向各向同性（TI）介质是岩石地球物理中常见的一种现象,研究其井孔声场传播特征对声波测井理论以及为声波测井解释提供依据具有重要意义。针对具有垂直对称轴的横向各向同性（VTI）介质,根据柱坐标系条件下的弹性波波动方程,推导了速度-应力交错有限差分公式,采用时间二阶、空间十阶的交错有限差分算法对VTI介质中的井孔声场进行数值模拟。给出了在均匀介质中井孔声场不同时刻的波场快照,以及不同各向异性系数的VTI介质中的波场快照,计算了井轴上声源激发出的声波全波列波形。结果表明,在其他条件不变的条件下,VTI地层的各向异性系数的增大对横波的传播影响不大,但会使得纵波在纵向上的传播速度相对变小,径向上变化不大。各向异性系数的增大会使声波测井全波列首波信号时差变大,声波幅度略变小。      

A hybridized numerical and regression method for estimating the minimum rock pillar width of twin circular tunnels

Twin tunnels can be used for many applications. Interaction between two tunnels is an important problem in tunnel engineering that should be studied specially. Numerical investigations are well adapted to field data and numerical methods can be used in design of rock pillar of twin circular tunnels. So far, no relationship has been provided to estimate the minimum stable rock pillar width. In this paper, the interaction between twin circular tunnels has been studied using 2D finite element analysis. To do this, a great number of twin tunnels were modeled in Phase2 software with different conditions of rock mass (RMR value) and depth of tunnel. Models were analyzed and minimum stable rock pillar width was determined. This process was repeated for three different ratios of K (ratio of horizontal stress to vertical stress, 0.5, 1, and 1.5). Finally, according to the linear and nonlinear regression methods, the best merit function was fitted to result of numerical analysis. Then, new approximate formula was proposed to estimate the minimum rock pillar width according to RMR value and depth of twin circular tunnels with different K values. The formulae are very accurate (coefficient of correlation equals to minimum 0.96) that can be used for estimating the minimum rock pillar width of twin circular tunnels.     

An overview of sensor calibration inter-comparison and applications

Long-term climate data records (CDR) are often constructed using observations made by multiple Earth observing sensors over a broad range of spectra and a large scale in both time and space. These sensors can be of the same or different types operated on the same or different platforms. They can be developed and built with different technologies and are likely operated over different time spans. It has been known that the uncertainty of climate models and data records depends not only on the calibration quality (accuracy and stability) of individual sensors, but also on their calibration consistency across instruments and platforms. Therefore, sensor calibration inter-comparison and validation have become increasingly demanding and will continue to play an important role for a better understanding of the science product quality. This paper provides an overview of different methodologies, which have been successfully applied for sensor calibration inter-comparison. Specific examples using different sensors, including MODIS, AVHRR, and ETM+, are presented to illustrate the implementation of these methodologies.     

Damage phenomenon and petrophysical properties of sandstones at the Phnom Bakheng Temple (Angkor,Cambodia): first investigations and possible conservation measures

Sandstones, clay in the form of bricks and laterite are the building materials used by the Khmer to construct the imposing and magnificent temples in Southeast Asia. Many of these monuments suffer from fracturing, sanding, contour scaling, crust formation and salt weathering. The affinity to weathering is closely connected to the type of material. Two sandstone types classified as feldspathic arenite and quartz arenite of Angkor as well as two arkosic sandstones from Thailand are described and investigated in this study. Important petrophysical properties determined for the different sandstones consist of hydric expansion, thermal expansion, pore radii distribution and ultrasonic velocity. Different investigations such as capillary water uptake, surface hardness, hygroscopic water sorption, and salt resistance tests were undertaken in the laboratory to characterize the various rock types. Observations and quantified damage mapping were done onsite at the Phnom Bakheng Temple. Contour scaling in the form of weathering crusts is one of the main deterioration features observable at the Angkor monuments. Comparisons are made between the building stone, the crust material from the Phnom Bakheng Temple and fresh stone material used for restoration. Significant differences in hydric and especially in thermal expansion of the crust and sandstone have been determined. The results seem to indicate that extensional processes occur, which can be considered a force for detachment (i.e., contour scaling, flaking). In an experimental trial, the hydric and thermal expansion of the weathering crust and the building stone was significantly reduced by using a weak acid for the crust and a swelling inhibitor for the original building stone.     

声波透射法在检测大直径灌注基桩的分辨率及应注意的几个问题

讨论了声波透射法检测大直径灌注基桩的分辨率问题。并以工程实例，说明声波透射法在检测大直径灌注基桩工作过程中应注意的问题，以避免给检测工作带来不必要的损失，防止对检测大直径灌注基桩质量的错判和误判。     

浅析声测岩石试件尺寸的确定

本文从声发射的辐射、散射理论出发，讨论了室内岩石试件在满足有关尺寸的情况下可视为无限体，从而对各单位的有关规定进行了评价，为今后室内岩石试件的声测从理论上找出了标准尺寸，统一了认识，以便更好地服务于工程建设。     

Environmental impact on the Roman monuments of Tarragona,Spain

The extant remains of the Roman monuments of Tarragona, Spain are made of different types of Miocenic rocks from the quarries surrounding the city, which vary from calcarenite to bioclastic limestones, showing different degrees of dolomitization, depending on their diagenetic evolution. The decay of these monuments is highly dependent on the mineralogy and the fabric of the stone as well as on the environmental conditions to which the monument subjected. As a consequence, different forms of decay are observed on these monuments, namely, granular disintegration, differential erosion between sparitic and micritic areas of the rock, and development of black crust and orange patinas, some of them attributed to a sulfation process. A number of processes have been established as being responsible for the decay forms observed: sulfation on sheltered areas of the building in the urban environment; differential dilatation because of the NaCl of the marine spray that crystallizes inside the porosity; hydric and thermal expansion of the stone, both related to the amount and crystallinity of the clay minerals forming the rock matrix; and biocolonization on the stone surface. An empirical model is proposed to explain the decay forms studied in relation to these factors (rock and environment).