Petroleum geological dynamics of Lower Paleozoic in the Ordos Basin, northwest China

Taking the hydrocarbon source rocks of Ordovician, Lower Paleozoic in the Ordos Basin as the main research object, the characteristics of petroleum geological dynamics about geohistory, geothermal history, hydrocarbon generation history and hydrocarbon expulsion history were studied by using the methods of basin numerical modeling dynamically and pool-forming dynamics. It is shown that the Ordovician strata had entirely undergone five stages of initial deposition, uplift and erosion, rapid subsidence, alternating uplift and subsidence, and differential uplift and erosion; that under the background of lower heat flow on the whole, the paleoheat flow of Ordovician strata in the basin could be divided into two large stages of relatively high heat flow values period before Cretaceous deposition and relatively low ones after it; that the thermal evolution of organic matters in the hydrocarbon source rocks of Ordovician had entered into high mature-postmature stage on the whole and the intensity of gas generated was greater than that of oil generated, the hydrocarbon being mainly natural gas; and that the curves of the intensity of oil and gas expulsion at each time unit showed the feature of multi-peak-type, the accumulative intensity of gas expulsion was greater than that of oil expulsion. Thus natural gas exploration potential is good.     

南黄海残留盆地宏观分布特征研究

由于前新生代残留盆地具有埋深大、构造复杂的特点,采用综合地球物理研究方法成为圈划残留盆地宏观分布及预测残留盆地油气资源的重要方法技术．本文以南黄海地区为例,以重、磁数据为主体,以钻井、地震等高精度数据为先验信息做约束,采用带约束界面反演方法求取重力基底,同时根据求取的磁性基底计算了中、古生界的残余厚度,给出了前新生界残留盆地宏观分布特征．结合石油地质条件,圈划了油气资源有利区．研究结果表明南黄海北部坳陷北部和东北部中生界残余厚度较大,中部隆起与勿南沙隆起古生界残余厚度巨大,是较好的前新生代油气前景区．     

Characteristics of China’s oil and gas pool formation in latest geological history

The structural activities took place extensively in the Asia continent during the Cenozoic era owing to the strong continent-to-continent collision and continuous compression between the India Plate and the Eurasia Plate. Huang Jiqing called such structural activities Himalayan movement. China’s sedimentary basins developed and took shape mainly during the Himalayan movement period. It is also the main period for formation and development of the oil and gas reservoirs. Of 366 large and medium-sized oil and gas fields currently found in China, 212 reservoirs were formed in the Neogene-Quaternary period. The proportion is as high as 68.2%. The oil and gas migration and accumulation in the latest geological period, which were controlled by the times, properties, styles and strength of the Himalayan movement, took place mainly in eight regions, such as the low uplift area of Bohai Sea, the onshore faulted sag area of Bohai Bay, anticlinorium zone in Daqing, the foreland fold-and-thrust belt in West China, the tilted structural zone in West China, the cratonic palaeohigh in the Tarim Basin, the zone of fault and fold belt in the East Sichuan Basin, and the biological gas zone in the East Qaidam Basin. The oil and gas pool formations in those regions have their own characteristics. With the great potential and broad prospect, those regions are the main exploration areas in China in the future.     

松辽盆地北安地区断陷期构造特征的地震学证据及其油气意义

北安地区位于松辽盆地内的东北部,共有姚家组顶界、泉头组顶界、营城组顶界、基岩顶界四个主要地震反射层位,缺失登娄库组反射层.北安断陷期地层反射能量均较弱,且基本为中低频反射.北安断陷是北安地区最重要的一个断陷,北安断陷西侧发育有北安西断裂,走向北北东,在平面展布上近"S"型,主要发育于侏罗系地层;北安断陷东侧发育有北安东断裂,走向北北东,其特点是上逆下正,从姚家组断至侏罗系地层.北安地区发育有较大的正向反转构造.北安地区反转构造对油气成藏的影响较大,主要表现在:(1)反转构造为油气聚集提供了圈闭;(2)反转构造作用促进了油气再次运移;(3)反转构造作用使地层拱张,产生了许多断裂,改善了储集性能.     

松辽盆地南部十屋断陷构造特征研究

十屋断陷位于松辽盆地东南隆起区南端,是一个断坳叠置型复合盆地,下部为西断东超单断箕状盆地,地层由西向东部斜坡区逐层超覆.本文通过对700多平方公里三维地震资料的解释成果研究认为,十屋断陷的构造特征呈 “三隆两凹”特征,三隆分别为：中央构造带、秦家屯-艾家构造带和皮家构造带;而其间由两个凹带（十屋深凹区、小宽深凹区）所分割.十屋断陷深层油气主要聚集在这三个构造带上.三个构造带的产生原因与基底断层密切相关.营城组末期和登娄库组末期的构造运动对油气的早期生成和聚集都起到至关重要的作用,在这两期形成的局部构造都是油气聚集的重要场所.     

Geochemical characteristics and accumulation of marine oil and gas around Halahatang depression,Tarim Basin,China

There exists a petroleum system rich of oil and gas around Halahatang depression, where the oil and gas possess obvious local distinctions of properties in different parts. The research proved that the discovered crude oil and natural gas in the region derived mainly from O₂₊₃ source rock, and the differences of its properties were controlled by the oil and gas filling intensity. The comprehensive study result shows the oil and gas reservoirs of the region mainly underwent three important accumulation phases: late Caledonian-Early Hercynian epoch, late Hercynian epoch, and Yanshan-Himalayan epoch. In the first phase, the oil and gas derived mostly from Cambrian source rock, which formed the primary ancient oil reservoirs, then suffered strong degradation and remained a great quantity of pyrobitumen in the high position of Tabei uplift in the present. In the second phase, the O₂₊₃ source rock of Manjia’er depression started its generation of hydrocarbon, which accumulated in the high position of Tabei up-lift afterwards, and then biodegradated to heavy oil in the late Hercynian epoch. In the last phase, the O₂₊₃ source rock of southern Halahatang depression and margin of Manjia’er depression started its peak of generating liquid hydrocarbon, which mostly accumulated in the trap formed before the Indo-China and Yanshan epoch, and in somewhere the heavy oil suffered dilutions in various degrees or serious gas invading, to lead to obvious crude oil divergence.

     

Geochemical characteristics and accumulation of marine oil and gas around Halahatang depression,Tarim Basin,China

There exists a petroleum system rich of oil and gas around Halahatang depression, where the oil and gas possess obvious local distinctions of properties in different parts. The research proved that the discovered crude oil and natural gas in the region derived mainly from O₂₊₃ source rock, and the differences of its properties were controlled by the oil and gas filling intensity. The comprehensive study result shows the oil and gas reservoirs of the region mainly underwent three important accumulation phases: late Caledonian-Early Hercynian epoch, late Hercynian epoch, and Yanshan-Himalayan epoch. In the first phase, the oil and gas derived mostly from Cambrian source rock, which formed the primary ancient oil reservoirs, then suffered strong degradation and remained a great quantity of pyrobitumen in the high position of Tabei uplift in the present. In the second phase, the O₂₊₃ source rock of Manjia’er depression started its generation of hydrocarbon, which accumulated in the high position of Tabei up-lift afterwards, and then biodegradated to heavy oil in the late Hercynian epoch. In the last phase, the O₂₊₃ source rock of southern Halahatang depression and margin of Manjia’er depression started its peak of generating liquid hydrocarbon, which mostly accumulated in the trap formed before the Indo-China and Yanshan epoch, and in somewhere the heavy oil suffered dilutions in various degrees or serious gas invading, to lead to obvious crude oil divergence.     

大兴安岭两侧控盆断裂域地球物理场基本特征与地质意义

大兴安岭重力梯度带两侧控盆断裂域的地球物理场基本特征与构造属性存在巨大差异,本文通过研究大兴安岭西坡德尔布干断裂以及松辽盆地中央孙吴—双辽断裂附近的重力、大地电磁测深资料,并结合满洲里—绥芬河地学断面(GGT)资料,对德尔布干断裂和孙吴—双辽断裂的控盆作用以及地质意义进行论述.研究结果表明:德尔布干断裂控制了海拉尔—根河盆地的演化,并在区域动力作用下被改造;使断裂深部倾向北西,浅部倾向南东.孙吴—双辽断裂控制着松辽盆地的形成演化,断裂深部倾向近垂直,浅部主要受太平洋西向俯冲和蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋闭合的影响,在浅部产生双向逆冲推覆构造.德尔布干断裂位于盆地的附近,由于岩浆沿断裂的侵入与喷发,因此有利于生烃也有利于形成重要的金属成矿带;孙吴—双辽断裂位于盆地中央,含油气层附近的双向逆冲推覆构造可能更有利于油气的聚集,使松辽盆地成为最重要的产油盆地之一.     

Paleozoic sedimentation and tectonics in Korea: A review

Abstract The geological history of the Korean Paleozoic is recorded in lower and upper Paleozoic strata, mostly distributed in two relatively large sedimentary basins, the Taebaeksan and Pyeongnam basins. The lower Paleozoic sedimentary rocks are exclusively of marine origin, dominated by shallow platform carbonate rocks with minor interbedded siliciclastic rocks. The development of the lower Paleozoic sequence was mostly controlled by eustatic changes, having cyclic sedimentation of various temporal scales. During the early Paleozoic the Korean Peninsula was located in a low‐latitude tropical region and experienced frequent storm activities. The upper Paleozoic sequence comprises paralic to non‐marine rocks with minor limestone intercalations in the lower part of the sequence. Upsection changes in sandstone composition and mudrock geochemistry of the upper Paleozoic Pyeongan Supergroup in the Samcheok coalfield indicate that sediments may have been derived from the continued uplift and unroofing of a collisional orogen source. There exists a great unconformity between the lower and upper Paleozoic strata, which spans the geological time from the Late Ordovician to Early Carboniferous. The unconformity period is conventionally thought to be of non‐deposition, but a recent study suggests that it is characterized by continuous sedimentation and significant removal (>1 km thick) of sediments by erosion. No Paleozoic tectonic history has been addressed so far, and thus it needs further study to elucidate geological events during the middle–late Paleozoic in the Korean Peninsula. Tectonostratigraphic correlation of the Korean Peninsula with neighboring Chinese blocks has been a hot issue for a long time. Although the eastward extension of the Chinese collision belt has been recently suggested to be the Imjingang belt located in the middle of the peninsula, further studies are needed to test this hypothesis because results of recent paleontological, sedimentological and stratigraphic studies on Paleozoic sediments are not in agreement with this possibility.     

南黄海盆地中部隆起CSDP-2井初步成果及其地质意义

南黄海盆地是新生代、中生代、古生代大型叠合盆地,具有良好的油气资源前景.中部隆起是南黄海盆地的二级构造单元,由于缺乏钻探资料,对中部隆起前新生代地层分布和油气资源前景的认识众说纷纭.因此,在中部隆起上实施科学钻探,探查中-古生代地层属性,对研究南黄海区域地质构造特征和油气地质条件意义重大.针对科学钻探目标,采用区域地质背景指导下的地质、地球物理综合研究的方法,拟定了科学钻探井(CSDP-2井)位置;利用叠前时间偏移成像处理剖面,采用地震相、地震速度分析和储层预测技术,进行了钻前层位预测和油气储层分析.该井由青岛海洋地质研究所负责的"大陆架科学钻探"项目实施,全取芯钻探成果表明,中部隆起上赋存了三叠系-奥陶系海相残余地层,发育中等—好级别的、厚度较大的海相中-古生界烃源岩,在三叠系青龙组、二叠系龙潭组和栖霞组、泥盆系和志留系中获得多层不同级别的油气显示.CSDP-2井的钻探发现,结束了关于中部隆起海相地层属性的争论,坚定了南黄海海相油气勘探的信心,为区域地质研究和油气地质条件分析提供了基础数据.     

海拉尔盆地中-上地壳电性结构特征研究

本文通过对横穿海拉尔盆地的一条长约222km的北西—南东向大地电磁测深剖面数据的定性分析及二维定量反演解释,首次获得了海拉尔盆地高精度大范围的电性结构图.海拉尔盆地中-上地壳电性结构纵向上具有典型的分层特性,总体可分为四层,即低阻层-高阻层-低阻层-高阻层,而横向上又具有分块特点.海拉尔盆地边缘及内部分布的众多断裂将盆地划分为隆起与坳陷相间的格局,并发现盆地内部坳陷区也存在有小规模凸起,每一构造单元内部电性结构各具特点.海拉尔盆地中-上地壳低阻层底面最深达28km,通常在6~16km之间,但厚度变化不大,在4~10km之间,且隆起区与坳陷区底面埋深差别较大.据电性结构模型推测出两条新断裂F8和F9,且断裂F9规模较大,为基底断裂.中-上地壳的低阻层可能在一定程度上控制着海拉尔盆地内油气田的分布格局.     

西藏羌塘盆地的深部构造与含油气远景评价

羌塘盆地是目前国内石油勘探的热点地区之一,作者综合研究了羌塘盆地的地球物理、石油地质调查资料及INDEPTH-3深部调查结果,得出:1, 盆地内烃源层、储集层、盖层及其组合条件很好, 局部构造发育,有利于形成和保存油气藏,断裂不会成为致命问题,提出了今后工作的主要目的层为上三叠世-中侏罗系组成的中构造层;2,对盆地二级构造作了新的划分,否定羌中隆起,提出盆地表层的主要构造方向为北西-南东向,成“三凹三隆”及“一深凹”的地壳结构特征,其中主沉降带内部及其两侧是最有利的找油气远景地带;3,本区壳幔之间的相互作用较强,盆地北部火山及热活动多,对油气远景评价有较大影响,而盆地南部沉积厚度大,受深层热影响相对较小,是找油气的更有利的地段。4,强调查明深部地层物性、油气赋存状况,烃类物质的来源和上下构造符合情况是当务之急。重点是加强点上的调查和评价研究;5,提出不能轻视伦坡拉陆相第三系盆地找油前景,它可能汇聚有两侧海相地层的油气。     

上地幔高导层与内生金属矿产及油气藏的关系

依据大地电磁测深所发现的上地幔高导层顶面深度可以给出大陆岩石圈-软流圈界面(LAB)的空间发育特征,为认识岩石圈结构及壳幔相互作用等提供重要信息.本文在1996年编制的中国大陆上地幔高导层顶面深度图的基础上,补充了1995—2010年大地电磁测深结果和大地热流数据,以1°×1°网度编制了新的中国大陆上地幔高导层顶面深度图.我国上地幔高导层顶面深度变化很大,具有南北分带,东西分块的特征,呈东浅、西深、北浅、南深的格局,从最浅的50~60km到最深的230km,平均深度为100~120km.据上地幔高导层顶面分布形态,全国共可划分出27个隆起区.通过与中国已知内生金属矿产和油气田的分布对比,发现我国大陆80%以上中生代内生金属矿床分布在上地幔高导层隆起带或其梯度带上方.中国大陆东部含油气盆地主体对应上地幔隆起区,油气田多位于隆起区上方或其边部的过渡带上;西部主体位于幔坳区,主要油气田对应盆地中心的幔坳向周边幔隆过渡的梯度带上;中部表现为仅盆地腹地对应幔坳,盆地周边对应规模较大的上地幔隆起带,主要油气田位于隆起带.总的来看内生金属矿床一般分布在上地幔隆起区靠近造山带一侧,而油气田一般分布在上地幔隆起区靠近盆地一侧.软流圈的不断上隆,造成岩石圈减薄、拉张,张性断裂的出现成为地球深部物质和热量向地壳上部运移的有利通道,为内生金属矿产的形成提供了成矿物质和能量保障,也为含油气盆地带来了生烃催化剂、热能和无机成因的石油与天然气.地球深部超临界流体的存在对上地幔高导层的形成、成矿物质运移可能发挥了重要作用.     

也谈地壳内第二深度空间石油、天然气的形成及勘探前景

在当前国内油气供需紧张的严峻形势下,开展"第二深度空间"的油气勘探"势在必行",也是"当务之急"."第二深度空间"的油气勘探需解决3个问题.一是油气无机成因的地球化学证据.原油、沥青、干酪根的Pb,Sr,Nd同位素示踪、原油中异常高含量的金属微量元素、原油中有机硅化合物的发现等均表明原油可以由无机反应而生成.二是油气无机成因论是可以指导油气勘探的.油气的分布与中地壳的低速、高导层的耦合表明有成因关系,中地壳的低速、高导层是油气的发生器,也是初始储层,据此可以对油气田进行预测.柴达木盆地昆北花岗岩油田的发现是一典型案例.三是"第二深度空间"的油气勘探需要地球物理方法和技术的支撑.目前第4代采集处理新理论、新方法业已提出.地球物理学家已经把深部勘探的新方法、新技术提到议事日程.总之,"第二深度空间"的油气勘探是有理论依据的,是可能的,是可操作的.发现大型、超大型油气田指日可待.     

T17断块岩性地层油气藏高效勘探开发模式研究

断陷湖盆缓坡带是油气运移的优势指向区,具备形成岩性地层油气藏的优越条件.本文采用地球物理技术与石油地质分析相结合的方法,分析了T17断块岩性地层油气藏的地质特征与油气展布规律,认为：（1）油气成藏受不整合面、岩性及构造因素综合控制;(2)单个含油砂体的油层在上倾部位受储层超覆尖灭线控制,下倾方向受油水界面控制;(3)多个含油砂体叠和构成了岩性地层油气聚集区带,整个区带油气层纵向上呈阶梯状产出,平面上由构造低部位向构造高部位呈条带状展布.据此,总结该区油气藏的高效勘探开发模式,并应用到该断块的勘探开发实践中,取得了较好的效果.     

第二深度空间(5000～10000 m)油、气成藏和潜力分析

近半个世纪以来,我国的油、气勘探和开发实践主要集中在中、新生代以来的陆相沉积盆地中,即第一深度空间(5000 m).对第二深度空间(5000~10000 m)陆相和海相,即双相沉积建造中的油、气能源未能给予切实关注,仅为在近年来才得以重视和践行.通过对国内外诸多油、气田中的油、气成藏、储存、运移与深层过程的分析和研究发现,我国广泛陆相沉积建造的深处尚分布着丰富的海相沉积建造;且我国古生代的沉积地层确属变质很浅或不变质的层系;以往的油、气形成温度、压力和孔隙度的门限已逐被国内、外油气勘探与开发的实践所突破;第二深度空间的油、气成藏具有很大潜力.以上理念的提出与实施不仅大为扩展了勘查油、气的深部空间,更为重要的是揭示了第二深度空间将必是21世纪上、中叶在深处发现大型、超大型油、气藏的必然轨迹.     

小江断裂带周边地区三维P波速度结构及其构造意义

作为青藏高原的东南边界,小江断裂带在高原物质的侧向逃逸中发挥着重要的作用.本文利用流动地震台阵及固定台站的走时观测资料,对小江断裂带及周边区域的壳幔三维P波速度结构进行了研究.结果表明,在中上地壳,小江断裂带内部主要为低速异常,其东侧主要为高速异常.在中下地壳,小江断裂带中部为低速异常,北部和南部主要为高速异常,其中北部的高速异常可延伸到地表附近,南部的高速异常可一直延伸到上地幔.我们推测,小江断裂带中部的低速异常与深部热作用有关;北部的高速异常可能是晚古生代地幔柱活动导致大量基性和超基性幔源物质侵入地壳引起的,它的存在对青藏高原物质向南逃逸起到了一定的阻挡作用,可能是导致川滇活动块体北部次级块体快速抬升的重要因素;南部顶界面向北倾斜的高速异常体对川滇活动块体向南滑移起到了进一步的阻挡作用,导致其上覆的中上地壳低速异常区发生较强的变形和强烈的地震活动,同时在上地幔深度范围起到了稳定的作用,使其南部区域的介质受青藏高原物质向南挤出的影响明显减小.     

基于地球物理方法预测二连盆地及邻区晚古生代潜在烃源岩分布

二连盆地及邻区是我国油气勘探的重点区域之一,普遍认为烃源岩层主要分布在中生代地层,对其晚古生代地层的烃源岩潜力研究较少,本文对研究区内晚古生代碳酸盐岩及泥岩进行了有机地球化学实验并分析其烃源岩潜力,评价结果表明二连盆地及邻区内晚古生代地层具有一定的生烃潜力,受高成熟度的影响,剩余潜力以生气能力为主.依据研究区内电法剖面、布格重力异常特征及磁性资料认为晚古生代潜在烃源岩层具有"低电阻、高密度、弱磁性"的地球物理性质,并初步预测了二连盆地及邻区晚古生代的深度大致分布在3～5km的范围内,进一步利用优化后的小子域滤波重力异常分离技术对晚古生代地层进行了厚度预测,刻画其平面分布特征,认为研究区内的晚古生代地层具有两个分布中心,其中心区厚度范围为1000～2000m之间,与野外地质剖面的厚度基本一致,晚古生代潜在烃源岩的平面预测可以为二连盆地油气勘探工作提供新方向.     

大兴安岭西盆地群域构造与地球物理场综述

中国东北地区大兴安岭西侧盆地群包括漠河盆地、根河盆地、拉布达林盆地、海拉尔盆地和二连盆地等,蕴藏着丰富的中、新生代油气资源.为研究该盆地群域古生代、中新生代构造演化,综合建立盆地群域地球动力学模型,补充东北亚构造演化理论,本文综述该盆地群域受控的区域构造与深部构造背景、盆地群构造特征与性质、主要控盆断裂特征、盆地群油气条件比较以及盆地群域已完成并取得重要结果的地球物理工作.归纳已有主要认识和研究结果:(1)对大兴安岭西侧的盆地群起构造控制作用的构造带包括蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋缝合带、西拉木伦河缝合带、黑河—贺根山缝合带、塔原—喜桂图缝合带、西太平洋板块俯冲带,以及额尔古纳—呼伦断裂和得尔布干断裂.(2)二连盆地、海拉尔盆地和漠河盆地的盆地构造轴向与蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋缝合带走向相关;而且三个盆地内的一级构造单元走向(隆起、坳陷和推覆带)也具有这类特点.(3)几个地学断面的综合地球物理研究表明,大兴安岭西侧盆地群岩石圈地幔厚度自北向南变厚,南部盆地基底与华北地台基底表现类似;盆地群基底电性结构因受到软流圈热物质作用可能在继续演化.(4)在盆地沉积地层方面,漠河盆地的下部是侏罗系陆相煤系地层,上部是白垩系火山岩地层;海拉尔盆地由下侏罗统的铜钵庙组、南屯组,上侏罗统的大磨拐河组和下白垩统的伊敏组共同组成扎赉诺尔群,厚约3000m;二连盆地中生代地层中,中下侏罗统主要为含煤建造,上侏罗统为火山岩建造,下白垩统主要为含油建造和含煤建造,上白垩统为砂砾岩建造.(5)盆地群整体勘探程度较低.基于上述研究结果,需要进一步研究的科学问题包括:由本研究区的地球物理、构造地质、石油地质等多学科的综合研究,解决研究区受控的区域构造应力场所包括的因素及其作用,以及在岩石圈尺度上三维空间的地球物理场表征;深部构造对盆地群域构造的作用;从晚古生代到中新生代研究区构造演化特点及其依据;从北至南约1650km长的盆地群域构造差异与依据;盆地群(域)油气条件与毗邻的松辽盆地在构造成因上的差异.     

南黄海中部隆起中-古生代地层发育新认识——基于大陆架科学钻探CSDP-02井钻探成果

南黄海中部隆起海相地层埋藏浅,是南黄海盆地油气勘探的重点,但由于缺乏钻井资料约束,中部隆起中-古生界的地层属性一直存在争议.大陆架科学钻探CSDP-02井是南黄海中部隆起第一口钻井,也是南黄海盆地钻遇地层最深的一口全取心井.本文在分析大陆架科学钻探CSDP-02井的岩心、测井和相应多道地震资料基础上,明确了中部隆起中-古生界的地层属性：在新近系充填沉积之下,依次发育三叠系下统青龙组下段、二叠系上统大隆组、龙潭组,二叠系下统孤峰组、栖霞组,石炭系船山组、黄龙组、和州组和高骊山组,泥盆系五通群和志留系高家边组、奥陶系.结合地球物理测井曲线分析与区域地质认识,确定了地震反射界面T2、T8、T9、T10、T11的反射特征与对应的地质界面.中部隆起地层分布特征整体受南黄海构造运动的影响,早古生代地层平缓,断裂不发育,加里东运动造成志留系上统及中下泥盆统沉积缺失,石炭系-二叠系在中部隆起广泛发育,厚度大,二叠系最大沉积厚度约1900 m,中生界残留地层分布局限,主要保存下三叠系,地层厚度变化范围较大.