The Main Factors Affecting the Distribution of Oil Fields in the West Siberian Platform

It has been found that the main oil fields in Western Siberia are attributed to Triassic rifts, because the rifts drain the upper mantle, and the deformations of the sedimentary cover are determined by the basement. On average, the thickness of the basement is 14 times greater than that of the sedimentary cover. Taking into account the mean strength (153 ± 10 MPa) of the basement rocks, the basement strength is two orders of magnitude greater than the strength of the sedimentary cover. The sialic blocks, considered as Precambrian, are composed of light granites and metamorphic rocks. They ascend to the level of the upper crust at the time of Triassic rifting and continued to emerge. As a result, antiforms were formed above the sialic blocks in the sedimentary cover; these antiforms were filled with oil.     

Geological structure,sedimentation conditions,and petroleum potential of sedimentary basins in Southeast Asia

Sedimentary basins located in the continent-to-ocean transition zones with an active tectonic regime are extremely different in terms of both geological structure and composition of rocks with the hydrocarbon-hosting potential. Oil-and-gas fields in such zones are confined not only to the deltaic, coastal-marine, and submarine-slope sandstones, as well as limestones and dolomites of buried carbonate banks, but also to silicic and volcanic rocks. Such fields have been discovered in weathering crusts of granite plutons, metamorphic rocks of the basement, fissured basalts, and other magmatic rocks. This is demonstrated vividly by the Southeast Asia region, including Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, Bangladesh, and other countries, where fore-arc, back-arc, inter-arc, and marginal-rift sedimentary basins are assigned to petroliferous areas.     

Lateritization processes of ultramafic rocks in Cretaceous times: The fossil weathering crusts of mainland Greece

The lateritic weathering crusts exposed in mainland Greece were developed on ophiolitic ultramafic lithologies during lower Cretaceous times. The lateritic profile consists of four zones: bedrock, saprolite clay (nontronite) and goethitic. The profiles show large variations in thickness, continuity, mineralogy and chemical characteristics. They are broadly similar to clay nickel laterite deposits. The uppermost gravelly ferruginous sector was eroded and the material reworked and redeposited partly on the lateritic crust. Silcrete layers, characteristic of groundwater silcretes, were formed into the clay and goethitic zones. Significant supergene nickel enrichments occur in the clay and saprolite zones, indicating that water moved downward to a very low water table. The structure and mineralogy of the weathering crusts indicates that environmental conditions were likely to have been dominated by alternating wet and dry periods.     

Structural features of the northern West Siberian geosyneclise and new exploration targets

The northern part of the West Siberian geosyneclise is characterized by a thick sedimentary cover and widespread Triassic sedimentary and volcanosedimentary rocks and Paleozoic platform structures. New targets have been recognized in the basement and deeply buried horizons of the geosyneclise cover. Reservoirs might be found in the following formations: Paleozoic cover deposits, weathering crusts, zones of Paleozoic rock deconsolidation, Triassic sedimentary and volcanosedimentary deposits, buried structures in the lower part of the cover, Lower and Middle Jurassic basal layers, pinch-outs of Jurassic horizons, Upper Jurassic bituminous shales and cavernous carbonates. Exploration of these potential structures will change the structure of the existing resource base toward the long-term replenishment of hydrocarbon resources and a stable rate of production replacement.     

花岗质基岩风化壳结构特征及油气地质意义:以柴达木盆地东坪地区基岩风化壳为例

近年来,不少学者开始关注基岩油藏,但有关基岩风化壳的研究尚未有报道.以柴达木盆地东坪地区基岩风化壳为研究对象,结合东坪地区的地质资料、测井资料及地球化学资料,对花岗质基岩风化壳的结构特征及其与油气储集的关系进行了系统的研究.结果表明:(1) 建立了以Al₂O₃、CaO、Na₂O、K₂O为主要判别依据的花岗质基岩风化指数,准确的识别出古土壤层、残积层、半风化层、未风化层;(2) 根据成像测井响应特征及常规测井曲线可以很好地识别古风化壳特征;(3) 东坪地区基岩风化壳的主要储集空间有基岩溶蚀孔洞、基质矿物溶孔和基岩裂缝,共3种,为致密储层,风化壳由风化基面向上,孔隙逐渐发育,至半风化岩石中部的孔隙度较大,且以大孔隙为主,由半风化岩石到风化粘土层,孔隙的规模变小,逐渐以微孔隙为主,纵向上,孔隙度与风化程度、构造缝发育情况、埋藏深度及其和应力释放中心的距离具有相关性.风化壳的存在大大的改善了储层物性,扩展了含气面积,增加了含气层系,对花岗质基岩地层油气藏和深层油气勘探具有重要的理论价值和科学意义.      

大洋富钴结壳研究现状与进展

在研究富钴结壳的地质构造背景时,发现富钴结壳的形成与板内地幔柱活动胡关,并与基岩类型和基岩的风化程度有关。由于现代分析测试技术的进步,对富钴结壳的结构造,矿物组成和地球化学特征的研究正在逐渐深入,特别是各种微区观察测试技术和同位素年代学方法的应用,使富钴结壳的高分辨率部面研究取得长足的发展。以此为基础,生长速率缓慢,在无沉积物时期生长的富钴结壳近年来被尝试用于古海洋学和全球变化的研究,它不但能反映千万年级的环境变化,而且能弥补深海沉积物所不能反映的沉积间断的历史,因此正成为该领域研究中的一个热点。在富钴结壳的成矿物质来源方面,逐渐认识到包括火山,热液和低温水岩反应等在内的内源物质供应的重要性。在结壳的成因机制研究方面发现微生物在结壳的形成过程中起到了主要作用。     

中国东部陆相断陷盆地成熟探区油气勘探新领域分析*

经过50多年勘探开发,中国东部陆相油气田均已进入勘探中后期阶段,受石油地质认识局限性和勘探技术的限制,待发现目标日趋隐蔽,油气勘探难度日益增大。针对中国东部陆相断陷盆地深层低孔渗—致密砂岩储集层评价方法的局限性、深部砂砾岩储集体成因模式问题以及基岩风化壳形成和分布的复杂性问题,作者经过近几年的探索和总结,取得以下主要研究进展: (1)基于砂岩储集层物性演化动力学原理,提出了致密砂岩储集层动态评价的新思路和新方法,指出过去评价较低的深部凹陷带低孔渗—致密砂岩体仍然具有较大的勘探潜力; (2)运用地震地层学方法,通过建立断陷盆地陡坡带斜向大型扇三角洲沉积模式,指出斜向大型扇三角洲砂砾岩是断陷盆地深层有利的储集体,可以作为下一步有利勘探方向; (3)根据基岩风化壳双层结构新模式,结合风化壳储集层改造—破坏—保存机理的动力学新模型,指出断陷盆地中低部位是最有利风化壳储集层发育带,断陷盆地缓坡内带(洼槽区)风化壳是下一步油气勘探的重要新领域。文中提出的上述3大勘探新领域不仅是对断陷盆地油气成藏模式的补充和发展,更重要的是展现出中国东部断陷盆地深层常规和非常规油气勘探领域的巨大潜力,为深化东部成熟盆地油气勘探指出了明确的方向。     

中国东部陆相断陷盆地成熟探区油气勘探新领域分析*

经过50多年勘探开发,中国东部陆相油气田均已进入勘探中后期阶段,受石油地质认识局限性和勘探技术的限制,待发现目标日趋隐蔽,油气勘探难度日益增大。针对中国东部陆相断陷盆地深层低孔渗—致密砂岩储集层评价方法的局限性、深部砂砾岩储集体成因模式问题以及基岩风化壳形成和分布的复杂性问题,作者经过近几年的探索和总结,取得以下主要研究进展: (1)基于砂岩储集层物性演化动力学原理,提出了致密砂岩储集层动态评价的新思路和新方法,指出过去评价较低的深部凹陷带低孔渗—致密砂岩体仍然具有较大的勘探潜力; (2)运用地震地层学方法,通过建立断陷盆地陡坡带斜向大型扇三角洲沉积模式,指出斜向大型扇三角洲砂砾岩是断陷盆地深层有利的储集体,可以作为下一步有利勘探方向; (3)根据基岩风化壳双层结构新模式,结合风化壳储集层改造—破坏—保存机理的动力学新模型,指出断陷盆地中低部位是最有利风化壳储集层发育带,断陷盆地缓坡内带(洼槽区)风化壳是下一步油气勘探的重要新领域。文中提出的上述3大勘探新领域不仅是对断陷盆地油气成藏模式的补充和发展,更重要的是展现出中国东部断陷盆地深层常规和非常规油气勘探领域的巨大潜力,为深化东部成熟盆地油气勘探指出了明确的方向。     

盆地岩石圈结构与油气成藏及分布

本文综述了大陆岩石圈研究现状和克拉通盆地、裂谷盆地和前陆盆地的岩石圈结构特征,指出在古裂谷、褶皱带或区域性深断裂等陆壳构造薄弱带上发育起来的多期叠合盆地,具有很好的含油气前景。大型含油气盆地往往存在地幔上隆、地壳减薄和地壳内低速层,盆地基底沉降与盖层沉积厚度较大。适度的后期构造活动改造和岩浆活动有利于沉积盆地内油气生成与保存。     

Nonconventional hydrocarbon targets in the crystalline basement, and the problem of the recent replenishment of hydrocarbon reserves

Analysis of the distribution of oil pools in sedimentary cover has shown that known platform hydrocarbon fields are closely associated with faults in the crystalline basement and the sedimentary cover itself. Oil pools in the lower productive beds of the sedimentary cover are linked to faulted zones in the crystalline basement. A genetic relationship between oil fields and tectonic dislocations indicates a dominant role for vertical migration in the accumulation of commercial hydrocarbons in the Paleozoic. The conducted geochemical, palynological, geophysical and geological studies have shown that oil and gas pools in the upper sedimentary cover have been formed due to the vertical migration of hydrocarbons, which is also confirmed by the vertical alignment of the oil pools.     

微地域搬运——碳酸盐岩红色风化壳形成过程的一种方式

由于差异溶蚀作用,由碳酸盐岩强烈风化形成的红色风化壳通常表现出独特的剖面构型:风化壳发育深厚、下伏基岩面强烈起伏波动、溶沟和石牙相间展布。以黔中岩溶台地之上发育的红色风化壳——平坝剖面为例,通过宏观地质、地球化学、粒度分析以及矿物学等方法,并以邻近的两个石灰土剖面(罗吏剖面和龙洞堡剖面)作对比,对碳酸盐岩红色风化壳的形成过程进行了讨论,论证了微地域搬运是碳酸盐岩红色风化壳尤其是厚层红色风化壳形成过程的一种方式。溶沟部位的风化壳,从风化前锋向上的一定深度范围内,为原位残积风化的产物(残积层);在此深度以上的部分,为地势较高的相邻石牙部位不同风化程度的残积物的搬运堆积(堆积层),也是导致风化指标随深度呈锯齿状波动的直接原因。后者一般组成剖面的主体。风化壳的年代地层学表现为,在残积层,从风化前锋向上,风化年龄由新到老;在堆积层,从下到上,风化年龄由老到新。风化前锋是一个重要的地球化学作用场所,在这一狭窄的界面上,伴随碳酸盐矿物的快速淋失,残余酸不溶物开始了明显分解。而风化壳的后期演化是一个缓慢而长期的过程。达到重力平衡的剖面(即风化壳表面平缓、不发生微地域搬运的剖面),在由表及里的风化作用下,从地表向下的一定深度范...     

中国双相沉积盆地、古老结晶基底与东北地区深层潜在油气藏

基于我国双相沉积盆地与东北地域深部岩性地层潜在油气的必然前景,故必须把握全区沉积建造、结晶基底的起伏,火山岩分布和油、气盆地在浅部与深部不同岩相的空间展布;特别要在新的理念导向下,突破已有框架,重新进行油气远景的剖析和区划,深化认识油气形成和储集空间展布的深层动力过程.为此,揭示不同构造地域"透明"沉积建造、古老结晶基底和壳、幔深层动力学响应,必将成为我国在深部发现大型和超大型潜在油气藏的关键所在.通过国内外油气能源分布状况的研究指出,中国在多元共享世界能源的同时,必须立足于本土并强化安全、可靠与可持续供给的能源战略后备基地的建设.在剖析和研究我国沉积盆地中油气储层、沉积建造和结晶基底的基点上发现,在沉积盆地地域陆相地层下面仍普遍存在着海相地层,即盆地应为双相沉积盆地(陆相 海相);基底不应专指中、新生代沉积地层的底部,而应为古老的变质岩基底,即结晶地壳的顶部.基于这样的理念和对几个双相沉积盆地层序实例的分析提出:我国油气能源勘探在深部尚具有广阔的空间;在我国东北地域应全面进行双相沉积建造、火山岩分布、古老结晶基底的高精度探查;油气和沉积盆地形成的深层过程、动力学响应乃东北大庆、吉林等油气田及深部和周边地域发现新的油气藏、大幅度提升油气藏深部潜在空间的必须.基于双相沉积盆地和古老变质岩基底的研究,对在东北地域查明双相沉积建造、古老结晶基底、火山岩分布和第二深度空间(5 000～10 000 m)油气藏地球物理勘探与整体规划提出了布署和建议.     

发育完整的灰岩风化壳及其矿物学和地球化学特征

对于碳酸盐岩土覆土壤成因、尽管碳酸盐岩风化残积成土说被多数学者认同,但由于碳酸盐岩中酸不溶物含量极低,在风化成土过程中会伴随着巨大的体积缩小变化,原岩结构和半风化带无法保留,从而缺失了探索上覆土壤物质来源的重要中间环节,使得这种观点缺乏野外宏观证据的支持。最近,我们在贵州、湖南等地发现了数个以泥质灰岩和泥质白云岩为基岩的碳酸盐岩风化壳剖面,尚保留有较好的原岩结构,具有明显的风化壳分带和过渡现象。这些风化壳剖面的发现为深入研究碳酸盐岩风化成土过程提供了良好的研究场所。本文选取了较为典型的吉首泥灰岩风化壳剖面,从矿物学地球化学的角度来探讨碳酸盐岩风化壳的形成过程和发育特征,结果表明该风化壳既遵循非碳酸盐岩（主要是结晶岩类）风化壳的发育特征,也具有自己独特的地球化学演化规律。风化壳总体特点受碳酸盐中的酸不溶物矿物组合及化学成分的影响甚至控制,风化非碳酸盐风壳相似的发育特征。吉首泥灰岩风化壳剖面的发育特征和作者早先提出 的碳酸盐岩风化成土的两阶段模式是一致的,即以碳酸盐矿物大量淋失、酸不溶物逐渐堆积或残积为特征的早期阶段和残积物进一步风化成土的阶段,后一阶段的演化类似非碳酸盐岩类的风化过程。     

Tectonic zoning of Wrangel Island,Arctic region

The Northern, Central, and Southern zones are distinguished by stratigraphic, lithologic, and structural features. The Northern Zone is characterized by Upper Silurian–Lower Devonian sedimentary rocks, which are not known in other zones. They have been deformed into near-meridional folds, which formed under settings of near-latitudinal shortening during the Ellesmere phase of deformation. In the Central Zone, mafic and felsic volcanic rocks that had been earlier referred to Carboniferous are actually Neoproterozoic and probably Early Cambrian in age. Together with folded Devonian–Lower Carboniferous rocks, they make up basement of the Central Zone, which is overlain with a angular unconformity by slightly deformed Lower (?) and Middle Carboniferous–Permian rocks. The Southern Zone comprises the Neoproterozoic metamorphic basement and the Devonian–Triassic sedimentary cover. North-vergent fold–thrust structures were formed at the end of the Early Cretaceous during the Chukchi (Late Kimmerian) deformation phase.     

内蒙古二连盆地凝灰岩潜山多期风化壳形成及油气成藏效应

火山喷发的多期性是导致凝灰岩潜山纵向多期风化壳(带)发育的重要原因。从地球化学、测井响应特征和岩石学 证实了二连盆地凝灰岩潜山多期风化壳(带)的存在及其特征:(1)哈31井凝灰岩地层在1062~1080 m和1165~1179 m两 个井段表现为 K,Na,Ca 等元素淋滤,CIA 指数较大,而 Al,Fe,Mn,P 等元素相对富集,S/A 指数变小;(2)这两个层段 测井响应表现为风化壳的特征,而且其测井曲线在纵向上具旋回特征并有连井上的可对比性;(3)不同喷发期次形成的凝 灰岩结构、组分以及粒度不同。凝灰岩潜山多期风化壳(带)的存在对潜山油气藏的形成具有重要作用,成藏效应主要表 现在储集层垂向分带性、风化壳油藏(晚期风化壳中)和内幕油藏(早期风化壳中)纵向叠置和复式油气聚集成藏模式等 3 个方面。文中对多期凝灰岩古风化壳的认识扩展了火山岩潜山的勘探深度,为火山岩潜山内幕油气勘探提供了理论依据。     

Linear weathering crusts in the upper Amur region

The upper Amur region comprises weathering crusts (waste mantle developed at copper-nickel sulfide deposits included), which appreciably hamper the prospecting for such deposits. In order to develop their prospecting criteria, the composition of linear weathering crusts above a nickeliferous cortlandite dike and barren pyroxenite dike, as well as in the fracture zone above metamorphic rocks, was investigated. The chemical composition of material in the weathering crust and the mineral composition of newly formed clay fractions and heavy concentrate were determined. It was established that weathering crust in the nickeliferous cortlandite dike is characterized by the prevalence of fine jarosite fraction with crystobalite admixture. The heavy concentrate samples contain jarosite along with a small amount of relict sulfides (pyrite and galena) and native gold. These criteria can be used in the prospecting for copper-nickel sulfide mineralization in the upper Amur region and other similar regions.     

Formation of oil and gas fields

Cycles of the geosynclinal-orogenic-platformal development of the continental crust are separated by natural phases of crustal destruction. They are determined by pulses of degassing of the Earth’s core marked by decelerated inversions of the magnetic field. Such pulses occur under the influence of fluid flows that ascend from the core and loss hydrogen. Consequently, the fluids acquire acidic properties and become aggressive to rocks of the continental crust (H₂ + 2CO = H₂ O + 0.5CO₂ + 1.5C). Oceanization of the continental crust represents the main result of its destruction accompanied by the formation of seas and sedimentary basins largely on the underwater margins of continents. Development of geodynamic compression setting of the Earth’s crust due to its evolution creates conditions that impede the loss of hydrogen from ascending fluid flows. Consequently, they acquire the ability to generate hydrocarbons (4H₂ + 2CO = 2H₂O + CH₄ + C) and produce oil and gas pools. This setting is marked by intrusions of alkaline rocks with characteristic water-hydrocarbon inclusions in minerals and by the development of fold-thrust and reversed fault dislocations in depressions. The dislocations controlled not only the fluid-related leaching of rocks, but also the distribution of oil and gas pools within both sedimentary basins and their basement.     

Heterogeneity of Parent Rocks and Its Constraints on Geochemical Criteria in Weathering Crusts of Carbonate Rocks

Owing to the low contents of their acid-insoluble components, carbonate rocks tend to decrease sharply in volume in association with the formation of weathering crust. The formation of a 1 m-thick weathering crust would usually consume more than ten meters to several tens of meters of thickness of parent rocks. The knowledge of how to identify the homogeneity of parent rocks is essential to understand the formation mechanism of weathering crust in karst regions, especially that of thick-layered red weathering crust. In this work the grain-size analyses have demonstrated that the three profiles studied are the residual weathering crust of carbonate rocks and further showed that there objectively exists the heterogeneity of parent rocks in the three studied weathering crusts. The heterogeneity of parent rocks can also be reflected m geochemical parameters of major elements, just as the characteristics of frequency plot of grain-size distribution. Conservative trace element ratios Zr/Hf and Nb/Ta are proven     

厚结壳的形成条件及控制因素分析

当前对于大洋厚结壳的研究较少,而厚结壳是未来开发利用的重点,同时它记录的地质历史长,控制和影响结壳生长发育的各种因素必然能在厚结壳上充分体现出来。因此,开展厚结壳的形成条件及控制因素的研究,具有重要的理论与现实意义。文章利用GIS空间分析技术与地质统计方法,对厚结壳的定义、结壳厚度与水深、结壳厚度与基岩、结壳生长与构造活动、结壳厚度与沉积速率、结壳厚度与经纬度、结壳厚度与主成矿元素之间的关系进行了分析,结果表明,结壳的厚度变化受控于水深、基岩、构造活动、沉积速率、经纬度等因素,同时结壳厚度与主成矿元素之间存在明显的相关性。     

中国南方红土年代地层学与地层划分问题

南方红土是我国热带、亚热带以各类岩石和第四纪松散沉积物为母质发育的红色风化壳,也是我国分布最广的第四纪土状堆积。本文在探讨第四纪松散沉积物上红色风化壳的形成机制的基础上,根据风化壳发育程度将其划分为砖红土风化壳、红壤土风化壳和红化土风化壳3种类型。南方地区第四纪松散沉积物主要有河流相沉积、滨海相海滩砂和海岸风成砂——"老红砂"以及以下蜀土为主的风尘堆积。近年来在上述沉积物中多处发现旧石器遗址,促进了南方红土的地层年代学研究。根据前人及近期对南方红土的研究成果,讨论了南方红土的年代地层学问题,提出了以风化壳岩性特征为基础的岩石地层单位初步划分框架:老红砂划分为中更新统北海组、晚更新统晋江组;风尘堆积划分为中更新统宣城组、晚更新统下蜀组;河流相沉积只划出中更新统白沙井组,晚更新统留待以后研究再划出。