东海精致真刺水蚤(Euchaeta concinna)种群生态特征

根据1997—2000年东海23°30′—33°00′N、118°30′—128°00′E海域4个季节海洋调查资料,采用聚集强度等生态学方法和回归方差贡献等统计分析方法,对东海浮游桡足类精致真刺水蚤自然种群特征进行了研究,并与1979—1980年资料进行比较。结果表明,精致真刺水蚤在东海的优势性主要表现在秋季;其丰度和优势度有显著的季节变化,依次为秋季>冬季>夏季>春季;除夏季东海北部近海丛生指标I为1·34外,冬、春和夏3季I均为负值,秋季I值最高,有明显的聚集现象。与20年前结果相比,东海精致真刺水蚤优势度和占浮游桡足类总丰度的比例有所上升,这种现象可能与全球气候变暖相关。底层水环境的变化和暖流势力的强弱是影响东海精致真刺水蚤数量分布的主要因子。     

黄、东海平滑真刺水蚤种群遗传结构的ISSR分析

为探求黄东海平滑真刺水蚤(Euchaeta plana)是否存在分化,对南黄海、东海2个海域平滑真刺水蚤进行ISSR分析。利用筛选出的4个ISSR引物对平滑真刺水蚤进行PCR扩增。共获得18个扩增位点,其中多态性位点14个,所占比例为77.78%。利用POPGENE软件计算遗传距离为0.071 8,遗传相似系数为0.930 7,从而说明2个群体之间遗传分化很小,并推断为黄海暖流影响其分布的结果。     

厦门港海区真刺唇角水蚤不同季节种群的同工酶分析

于1989年10月—1990年1月在厦门港海区采集真刺唇角水蚤,对其不同季节种群4种酶的6个酶区,即:苹果酸酶(ME)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)、醛氧化酶(AOX_1,AOX_2)和酯酶(EST_1,EST_2)进行了分析。结果表明,苹果酸酶和苹果酸脱氢酶是单态的,而其余的两种酶是多态的。除了EST_2之外,冬春种群与夏秋种群在其余5个酶区的等位基因频率非常相似;EST_2在有的个体不出现酶带,冬春种群的表达频率高于夏秋种群。温度对EST有明显的影响,在55℃中EST_1和EST_2全部失活;在45℃以下各温度组中EST_1的表达频率全部为1,但在EST_2则有所变化,变化规律与自然种群的相近。     

真刺唇角水蚤对鱼卵和仔鱼的捕食

鱼类幼体的死亡常常被归因于食物的缺乏,实际上,以桡足类为主的浮游动物对鱼卵和仔鱼的捕食是其死亡的最主要原因之一,也是影响鱼类资源补充的主要因素;所以,研究桡足类对鱼卵和仔鱼的捕食不仅对海洋食物链研究而且对研究鱼类资源补充和产量的估算,也具有重要的意义。有关这方面的实验国内尚未见专门报道,本文为厦门港     

两种不同生境的白骨壤种群的遗传结构

本文研究了广西沙质土壤和淤泥质土壤白骨壤种群的遗传多样性和遗传分化。结果表明，不同生境的白骨壤种群维持着较高的遗传多样性，观察杂合度为0．350，预期杂合度为0．259。不同生境的白骨壤种群的遗传分化很低，种群间的遗传分化为FST＝0．062 ，表明总的遗传变异中有93．8％来自种群内。基因流顺畅，Nm=3.78。种群间的遗传一致度和遗传距离分别为0．955和0．046。     

单环刺螠(Urechis unicinctus)微卫星标记开发及5个地理种群遗传结构分析

采用高通量测序法从单环刺螠基因组中开发微卫星标记,并通过一个秦皇岛单环刺螠野生群体对其进行多态性评价,利用获得的多态性引物对秦皇岛、烟台、潍坊、青岛、大连5个不同海区的野生单环刺螠群体进行了遗传多样性及遗传结构分析。结果表明:本实验设计的50个微卫星标记能稳定扩增的有38个,其中22个微卫星位点在5个群体中均表现为高多态性,等位基因数(Na)介于24—44之间,多态信息含量(PIC)介于0.921—0.967之间。5个群体总的平均有效等位基因数(N_e)范围为6.629—8.850,平均观测杂合度(Ho)和平均期望杂合度(He)范围分别为0.790—0.912、0.851—0.896,大连群体的杂合度最大(H_e=0.8962),潍坊群体的最小(H_e=0.8510),其中有12个微卫星位点在不同群体中出现显著偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡的现象。平均遗传分化指数(FST)表明,群体分化水平处于中等分化水平(FST值为0.0880—0.1136);聚类分析显示烟台群体先与青岛群体聚为一支,再与秦皇岛群体聚类,然后跟潍坊群体聚为一支,大连群体单独聚为一支;遗传距离模式(IBD)显示单环刺螠群体的地理距离与遗传距离间不存在显著的线性关系。本研究开发的22对微卫星标记可以用于单环刺螠遗传结构分析研究,为下一步单环刺螠种质资源保护和人工繁育提供参考依据。     

中国东南沿海地区球状伪镖水蚤种群遗传多样性及遗传结构研究

为了探究球状伪镖水蚤群体的遗传多样性及其遗传结构,本研究以线粒体细胞色素氧化酶Ⅰ（mtCOⅠ）基因作为分子标记,提取了中国东南沿海地区5个采样点135只球状伪镖水蚤个体的基因组DNA并进行分析。结果表明：在获得的580bp的COⅠ基因序列中,碱基A+T的平均含量为63.4%,明显高于G+C的含量（36.6%）,显示出较强的AT偏好性。5个采样群体共检测到49个多态位点和38个单倍型,单倍型多样性指数（h：0.6285—0.9214）和核苷酸多样性指数（π：0.00766—0.02010）均处于较高水平,各群体之间遗传距离为0.009—0.031。系统进化树和单倍型网络图显示：5个采样群体聚成多个支系;除广州与顺德、上海与无锡以外,其他各采样群体之间均具有显著遗传分化;5个采样群体可以划分为3个种群。中性检验和核苷酸不配对分布显示,各种群均未经历过种群扩张事件。     

不同盐度梯度的桐花树种群的遗传多样性和遗传分化

采用垂直板型聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳测定了九江江口不同盐度梯度的桐花树种群的遗传多样性和遗传分化，桐花树种群维持有较高的遗传变异性，观察杂合度为０．３００，期望杂合度为０．２１５。种群间遗分化系数较小为ＧＳＴ＝０．１０１，表明总的遗传变异中有１０．１％来自种群间。种群间遗传距离和遗传一致度均值分别为０．０４５和０．９５５，其中流畅，Ｎm=2．09。     

基于28S rDNA的南海刺长腹剑水蚤(Oithona setigera)种群遗传多样性研究

长腹剑水蚤属是海洋中小型浮游动物中最为丰富的类群之一, 在生物地理学与海洋生态学研究中均具有重要地位。本研究基于28S rDNA分析了南海长腹剑水蚤属中较为常见的刺长腹剑水蚤Oithona setigera的单倍型多样性和种群遗传结构。结果显示, 792bp长度的核苷酸片段中, 碱基G+C的平均含量为58.2%, 高于A+T含量(41.8%)。种群平均遗传距离Φ_ST为0.011。在22个种群共计186个个体中, 发现了28个单倍型, 其中单倍型H10在21个种群中均被发现, 最远距离超过1000km, 说明刺长腹剑水蚤可以实现远距离的扩散且受到南海海流影响。Mantel检验结果显示, 刺长腹剑水蚤种群遗传距离和地理距离无线性相关性(R=-0.04615, P=0.678); RDA变差分解结果显示, 空间变量全模型对种群遗传结构的解释率为53.3%, 结合种群平均遗传距离Φ_ST为0.011, 我们判断目前观测到的刺长腹剑水蚤的种群遗传结构可能由历史上种群扩展带来的拓殖隔离造成。     

东海北部黑潮区的浮游桡足类

根据1987年夏季、冬季和1989年春季、秋季采自东海北部黑潮区的浮游生物样品,鉴定出浮游桡足类227种,其中1种为我国海区新记录,21种为东海区新记录.文中还描述了浮游桡足类的总个体密度和主要优势种的分布,并对其与海洋环境的关系进行了讨论.     

春、秋季东、黄海营养盐的分布变化特征及营养结构

利用2000年10～11月和2001年3～4月的调查资料,分析讨论了春、秋季东、黄海营养盐的分布变化特征及营养结构状况。结果表明:该海域表层营养盐高值主要出现在长江冲淡水影响区和江浙近海海域,低值出现于东海陆架区和黄海西北部,黄海中部水域春、秋季因温跃层强弱不同表层营养盐含量差别较大。东、黄海海域春、秋季表层水N/P、Si/N和Si/P值(除秋季黄海北部局部水域N/P值小于10外)均远高于Redfield比值。春季东海海域N/P、Si/N和Si/P值明显高于黄海海域,并高于秋季;秋季黄海海域N/P、Si/N和Si/P值要高于东海海域,变化也大于春季。在强温跃层存在期间和浮游生物旺发季节,表层水域N/P、Si/N和Si/P值原本高的区域往往进一步升高,而温跃层较弱或浮游植物生长繁殖能力较弱的季节,表层水域N/P、Si/N和Si/P值将略有降低。东、黄海水域浮游植物光合作用受N限制的可能性极小,绝大部分水域主要是受P限制,Si的含量普遍较高,它不可能成为限制因子。长江冲淡水区和江浙近海海域过量的N及高N/P值特性且持续升高的趋势可能是近20年来这一地区富营养化程度加剧、赤潮频发的主要原因。     

东、黄海2000年冬季底层鱼类群落结构及其多样性

根据2000年12月～2001年1月东、黄海冬季底层鱼类资源调查资料,分析了该海域的鱼类群落结构。本次调查共捕获鱼类4716.72kg,395796尾,138种。其中,暖水种(WW)居第1位,有81种,占60.00%;暖温种(WT)次之,有53种,占39.26%;冷温种(CT)最少,只有1种,占0.74%。全调查海域的优势种(相对重要性指数QIRI大于500)有5种:带鱼、黄鲫、发光鲷、小黄鱼和鳀;与历史资料相比,优势种个体变小、有被小型鱼类更替的趋势。以质量计算的多样性指数(种类丰富度指数D,Shannon-Wiener多样度指数H′W,种类均匀度指数J′W)呈现由北至南逐渐递增的趋势,而以尾数计算的多样性指数(H′N,J′N)呈现东海北部最高,东海中部次之,黄海南部最低的趋势。生物多样性指数中除种类丰富度指数(D)与水深、海水表温、表层盐度都呈显著性正相关外,而其它生物多样性指数与前述3种环境因子之间的相关性都不显著。单因素方差分析表明,东海北部和中部渔获组成和生物多样性指数都无显著性差别。     

Three-dimensional structure of tidal current in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea

A three-dimensional tidal current model is developed and applied to the East China Sea (ECS), the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea. The model well reproduces the major four tides, namely M₂, S₂, K₁ and O₁ tides, and their currents. The horizontal distributions of the major four tidal currents are the same as those calculated by the horizontal two-dimensional models. With its high resolutions in the horizontal (12.5 km) and the vertical (20 layers), the model is used to investigate the vertical distributions of tidal current. Four vertical eddy viscosity models are used in the numerical experiments. As the tidal current becomes strong, its vertical shear becomes large and its vertical profile becomes sensitive to the vertical eddy viscosity. As a conclusion, the HU (a) model (Davieset al., 1997), which relates the vertical eddy viscosity to the water depth and depth mean velocity, gives the closest results to the observed data. The reproduction of the amphidromic point of M₂ tide in Liaodong Bay is discussed and it is concluded that it depends on the bottom friction stress. The model reproduces a unique vertical profile of tidal current in the Yellow Sea, which is also found in the observed data. The reason for the reproduction of such a unique profile in the model is investigated.     

Sediment transport in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea

Eight survey cruises in different seasons have been conducted in the Yellow Sea (YS) and East China Sea (ECS) during the period from 2000 to 2008. Suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and hydrological data were collected during each cruise. Data analysis showed that total suspended sediment mass was approximately 0.18 × 10⁹ tons in the surveyed area during spring and autumn seasons. Highly turbid waters were found in the shallow waters between the Subei coast, the Changjiang estuary and the Zhejiang coast with seasonal variations.     

Spatial and temporal variations of macro-and mesozooplankton community in the Huanghai Sea (Yellow Sea) and East China Sea in summer and winter

The study was conducted during two cruises of June–August 2006 (summer),and January–February 2007 (winter) in the Huanghai (Yellow) Sea and East China Sea.Spatial and temporal variations of zooplankton abundance,biomass and community structure and its relation to currents and water masses over the continental shelf were examined.A total of 584 zooplankton species/taxa and 28 planktonic larvae were identified during the two surveys.Copepods were the most abundant component among these identified groups.Zooplankton abundance and biomass fluctuated widely and showed distinct heterogeneity in the shelf waters.Five zooplankton assemblages were identified with hierarchical cluster analysis during this study,and they were Huanghai Sea Assemblage,Changjiang Estuary Assemblage,Coastal Assemblage,East China Sea Mixed-water Assemblage and East China Sea Offshore Assemblage.Seasonal changes of zooplankton community composition and its geographical distribution were detected,and the locations of the faunistic areas overlap quite well with water masses and current systems.So we suggest that the zooplankton community structure and its changes were determined by the water masses in the Huanghai Sea and East China Sea.The results of this research can provide fundamental information for the long-term monitoring of zooplankton ecology in the shelf of Huanghai Sea and East China Sea.     

Seasonal distribution of Calanus sinicus (Copepoda, Crustacea) in the East China Sea

On the basis of the four-season investigation in 23°30′~33°N and 118°30′~128°E of the East China Sea from 1997 to 2000, the seasonal distribution of Calanus sinicus was studied with aggregation intensity, regression contribution and other statistical methods. It was inferred that C. sinicus’s predominance presented from winter to summer, especially in spring and summer, because its dominance amounted to 0.62 and 0.29 respectively. The percent of its abundance in copepod abundance was 76.71% in summer, greater than 66.60% in spring, greater than 19.02% in winter, greater than 4.02% in autumn. The occurrence frequency in winter and spring was 83.08% and 93.89%, higher than that in summer and autumn, 76.71% and 73.87%. Compared with other dominant species of copepods, C. sinicus’s contribution to the copepod abundance was obviously greater than that of the other species in winter, summer and spring, but smaller in autumn. C. sinicus tended to have an aggregated distribution. The clumping index peaked in summer (50.19), followed in spring (19.60), declined in autumn (13.18) and was the lowest in winter (3.04). The abundance changed in different seasons and areas, relating to temperature but not salinity in spring and autumn, to salinity but not temperature in summer; to neither temperature nor salinity in winter. In spring and summer, its high abundance area was often located in the mixed water mass formed by the Taiwan Warm Current, the Huanghai Sea Cold Water Mass, the coastal water masses and the Changjiang Dilute Water. In spring and autumn, its abundance was affected by the warm current, as well as the runoff from continental rivers affected it in summer. It can be inferred that C. sinicus was adapted to wide salinity and temperature, as a euryhalinous and eurythermous species in the East China Sea.     

东海和黄海二甲基亚砜（DMSO）的季节和空间变化

Seasonal and spatial distributions of dissolved and particulate dimethylsulfoxide(DMSOd,DMSOp)were measured in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea during March–April 2011 and October–November 2011.The concentrations of DMSOd and DMSOp in the surface water were 20.6(5.13–73.8)and 8.90(3.75–29.6)nmol/L in spring,and 13.4(4.17–42.7)and 8.18(3.44–22.6)nmol/L in autumn,respectively.Both DMSOd and DMSOp concentrations revealed similar seasonal changes with higher values occurring in spring,mainly because of the higher phytoplankton biomass observed in spring.Moreover,the ratios of DMSOp/chlorophyll a also exhibited an apparent seasonal change with higher values in autumn(35.7 mmol/g)and lower values in spring(23.4 mmol/g),thereby corresponding with the seasonal variation in the proportion of DMSO producers in the phytoplankton community between spring and autumn.In addition,DMSOd and DMSOp concentrations in the surface seawater revealed obvious diurnal variations with the maxima appearing in the afternoon.