CHARACTERISTICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN CHANGJIANG DELTA AND ITS POSSIBLE MECHANISM*

Characteristics of climate change in the Changjiang Delta were analyzed based on the annual mean meteorological data since 1961,including air temperature,maximum and minimum air temperature,precipitation,sunshine duration and visibility at 48 stations in that area(southern Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang),and its adjacent areas(northern Jiangsu,eastern Anhui and southern Zhejiang),together with the environmental data.The results indicate that it is getting warmer in the Changjiang Delta and cooler in adjacent areas,thus the Changjiang Delta becomes a big heat island,containing many little heat islands consisting of central cities,in which Shanghai City is the strongest heat island.The intensity of heat islands enhances as economic development goes up.From the year 1978.the beginning year of reform and opening policy,to the year 1997,the intensity of big heat island of Changjiang Delta has increased 0.5℃ and Shanghai heat island increased 0.8℃.However.since 1978 the constituents of SO₂,NO_x and TSP(total suspended particles)in the atmosphere,no matter whether in the Changjiang Delta or in the adjacent areas,have all increased,but pH values of precipitation decreased.In the meantime,both sunshine duration and visibility are also decreased,indicating that there exists a mechanism for climate cooling in these areas.Our analyses show that the mechanism for climate warming in the Changjiang Delta may be associated with heating increase caused by,economic development and increasing energy consumption.It is estimated that up to 1997 the intensity of warming caused by this mechanism in the Changjiang Delta has reached 0.8-0.9℃,about 4-4.5 times as large as the mean values before 1978.Since then,the increase rate has become 0. 035℃/a for the Changjiang Delta.It has reached 1.3℃ for Shanghai in 1997,about 12-13 times as large as the mean values before 1978.This is a rough estimation of increasing energy consumption rate caused by economic development.     

中国近80年来气候变化特征及其形成机制

自 2 0世纪 2 0年代以来 ,中国地区 4 0和 90年代出现了 2个暖期及 5 0～ 6 0年代相对冷期。最近的 90年代的最暖年 (1998年 )或 5a滑动平均气温几乎已达或略高于 4 0年代的最暖年 (194 6年 )或 5a滑动平均气温。变暖最明显是北方地区 (黑龙江和新疆北部 ) ,而 35°N以南和 10 0°E以东地区自 5 0年代以来存在一个以四川盆地为中心的变冷带 ,虽然 90年代有变暖趋势 ,但基本达到 4 0年代暖期气温。中国降水则以 2 0年代为最少 (192 9年最少 ) ,5 0年代为多水年代 ,以后缓慢减少 ,70年代以后变化不大 ,但多雨带在 80年代及以后由华北南移到长江中下游。195 1～ 1990年 ,大部分地区气温和降水呈负相关 ,在东北和长江—黄河间存在 2个负相关中心 ,表明北方是变暖变旱 ,江淮间是变冷变湿。这些气候变化特征和全球气候变化相比较 ,除北方外 ,变暖期明显的滞后于全球变暖 ,并且出现变冷带等明显差异。文中还综述了用诊断和数值模拟方法对影响中国变化的气候自然变化和人类活动影响 (热岛效应和气溶胶影响 )的研究结果。我们认为 ,以上提出的 3种人类活动对中国气候变化有明显影响 ,特别是工农业发展造成的气溶胶增加是四川盆地气温变冷的主要原因。     

气候变化对江苏省小麦生产的可能影响

根据国内外研究结果综合分析,得到ＣＯ２倍增时江苏省温度、降水的变化值,初步确定了ＣＯ２倍增时江苏省小麦生长季内的可能气候情景。分析未来ＣＯ２倍增时对小麦作物的直接影响、间接影响及紫外辐射影响。具体估算了温度升高、降水增加、ＣＯ２浓度上升、紫外辐射增强后江苏省小麦生育期不变和生育期缩短两种情景下的气候生产潜力,并由此分析了气候变暖对江苏省不同地区的利弊影响。结果表明：江北大部分地区小麦产量有所增加,     

低纬高原城市昆明的气候特征

以低纬高原城市昆明为研究对象，利用城市内的实测资料与城郊昆明气象站的资料进行了比较研究，分析了城市内外的气候特征、变化规律及其差异，得到了一些有益的结果，可为探讨低纬高原城市气候特征和形成机制、城市环境污染防治及城市建筑的规划、设计提供依据。     

广东气候变暖若干特征及其对气候带变化的影响

对广东省近50年的气温资料统计结果表明,广东省陆面气温增暖率为0．16℃／10年,低于全国和全球陆面增暖率;气候变暖的时空特征表现为冬季和春季明显大于夏季和秋季,沿海地区明显大于内陆地区,气候带向北移动的趋向明显,北热带区域面积在扩大,南亚热带区域面积在缩小,中亚热带区面积相对稳定。分析认为,在全球气候变暖的背景下,广东气候变暖具有地方性特征,主要是受大气环流、海温和人类活动等方面的综合影响。     

CHARACTERISTICS OF CLIMATE WARMING AND IMPACT ON CLIMATE ZONES CHANGE IN GUANGDONG

Based on temperature data in Guangdong in the past 50years, statistical methods are used to analyze the characteristics of temperature in spatial and temporal variation. The results show that land surface temperature warms by 0.16 °C/10a in Guangdong. The range of warming was lower than the average of nationwide and global land surface. Furthermore, the temperature has a larger increase tendency in winter and spring and coastal areas than in summer and autumn and inland areas. Climate zones move towards the north obviously. North tropical zone is expanding, south subtropical zone is reducing and central subtropical zone is relatively stable. Under the global climate warming, characteristics of climate warming in Guangdong were influenced by atmosphere general circulation, sea surface temperature and human activities etc.     

半个世纪来惠州气温的变化特征

利用广东省惠州市城市和乡村的气温资料,分析了半个世纪来惠州气温的变化特征和城市热岛效应对气温变化的影响.结果表明:(1) 惠州城市年和四季平均气温都呈显著上升趋势,其中冬季增温最大,Mann-Kendall突变检验显示年和四季都存在增温性突变,t检验表明突变前后均值有显著性差异.(2) 惠州城市年平均最高和最低气温呈非对称变化,最低气温的增温幅度大于最高气温,气温的日变化呈减小趋势;高温日数呈上升趋势,低温日数呈下降趋势.(3) 城乡气温的对比分析表明惠州城市气温的变化不仅受到区域气候变化的影响,城市化、工业化和人类活动引起的城市热岛效应对其也有重要影响,城市热岛效应的增温贡献率为38.1%.     

基于自动气象站的深圳近10年城市气候变化特征研究:2011—2020年

利用广东省深圳市30个自动气象站观测数据对深圳市近10年的气候变化趋势进行了分析,结果表明:（1）深圳市2011—2020年的平均气温增长率约1.47 ℃/(10 a),比上一个10年显著增加,气候变暖并未停滞;（2）受城市化的影响,深圳市气温日较差在较大范围内呈减小趋势,但在少数地区却反常地呈现了上升趋势;（3）深圳的地面风速总体呈下降趋势,其中发达地区风速下降更快;（4）2011—2020年深圳市的平均相对湿度呈上升趋势,最高每年增长1.33%;（5）统计深圳各区不同时次的极端降雨量数据可以发现,未发展地区的极端降雨量增速较大,年总降水量的增长率也较高,增长率最高为42.41 mm/a,而其他地区的6 h以内的滑动降水量极大值均呈下降趋势;（6）利用多个自动气象站长时间序列数据,可以对深圳局地气候变化特征进行更加精细化的分析,这对国家基本站而言是一种有益的补充,有助于更加深刻地发掘城市化与气候变化的关系。      

气候变化对海南岛旅游气候舒适度及客流量可能影响的分析

选取温度、湿度、日照、降水、风速等相关的气象要素,建立表征海南岛旅游气候的舒适度的旅游气候指数计算模型,利用1981—2010年海南岛气候数据和RCP4.5情景下的预估数据,分析1981—2010年、2011—2040年、2041—2070年海南岛旅游气候指数的空间分布规律。结果表明:表征海南岛旅游气候舒适度的旅游气候指数在不同月份发生明显变化;2011—2040年、2041—2070年海南岛旅游气候指数在温度和降水增加的情况下,与1981—2010年平均水平相比,1月适合旅游活动的舒适水平提高,TCI指数大于70的分布范围增加;在4、7、10月,适合旅游活动的舒适水平降低,TCI指数小于59的分布范围增加。同时选取吸引指数和旅游气候指数,选择海南岛5个旅游客流量较大的海口、三亚、万宁、儋州、五指山,建立海南岛气候-旅游流模型;利用RCP4.5预估数据,在假定旅游吸引指数不改变的情况下,以海南岛的热点城市海口、三亚为例,分析了气候变化情景下旅游气候指数的变化对各月客流量的影响情况,结果表明:随着旅游气候指数的减小将导致该月接待过夜游客数量呈下降趋势。     

近百余年北京气候变化的小波特征

文中对1870～1994年北京年、季平均气温,以及1841～1994年北京年、季降水序列进行了分析和小波变换计算,对所得结果进行了宏观分析。结果表明,温度增暖期和低温期与小波波幅中心间的周期增长、波幅加强相关联。降水距平绝对值越大,相应的小波周期越长和波幅越强。即小波分析在气候变化研究中显现了年与年之间、波长与波长之间的波幅变化形态与特征,从而为了解气温和降水随着年代的变化展示了一个视窗。     

中国气温的年代际振荡及其未来趋势

文章用1851～2000年中国年气温资料，讨论了它的变化及其未来趋势。指出：①我国气温有3次全国性的跃变，分别在1920、1955和1978年，每个阶段平均持续期为30年，这和北半球气温跃变点是基本一致的；②我国气温从1978年开始进入了一个稳定增温的气候阶段，直到目前全国年平均气温比上一气候阶段增加了0．3l℃，增暖地区主要在黄河以北的北方地区，冬季增暖比夏季明显，1998年是我国近百年来最暖的一年；③最近一次增温开始于1978年，至2000年持续了23年，估计这个增温阶段至少还能持续10年，但未来10年主要的增温地区有可能南移，长江流域将比现在暖，夏季气温37℃以上的日数要比现阶段增多。     

CLIMATE CHANGE AND NATURAL VEGETATION IN CHINA

The climate change scenarios due to the human activity for East Asia and China by 2050 have been estimated bymeans of a simple global social-economic-climate-impact model combined with seven GCMs.The climate change sce-narios present that the annual mean temperature might increase obviously,by about 1.4℃,and the annual total precipi-tation might increase by about 4% in whole China in comparison with the present climate.The change of the precipita-tion might be much smaller than that of the temperature.The potential impacts of human activity-induced climate change on natural vegetation in China were estimated us-ing the vegetation-climate model developed specially for Chinese vegetation types and different climate change scenariosderived from seven GCMs for 2050.All scenarios suggest a great change in natural vegetation although details of pre-dicted types vary among the scenarios.There will be a northward shift of the vegetation types,with increase in the arealextent of tropical rainforests and decrease of the cold temperate coniferous forest and tundra.Consequently,consideringthese changes and shifts,especially in combination with the likely negative balance of precipitation andevapotranspiration,the moisture stress,i.e.,less water availability arises,the possible influences of climate change onChinese agriculture is also assessed roughly in this paper.     

IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON CROPPING SYSTEM AND ITS IMPLICATION FOR AGRICULTURE IN CHINA

Based on the analyses on amplitudes of historical variation of temperature and precipitation inthe past 500 years and latest 100 years,according to the regional climate change scenarios forChina estimated by composite GCM,the potential impacts of climate change on cropping systemsin China in future are simulated and assessed using the cropping system model developmentspecially for the Chinese cropping patterns.It is shown that under the projected future climatechange by 2050 the most parts of the present double cropping area would be replaced by thedifferent triple cropping patterns while the current double cropping area would shift towards thecentral part of the present single cropping area.More explicitly,the northern boundary of triplecropping area would shift from its current border at the Changjing River to the Huanghe River,ashift of more than 5 degrees of latitude.And the shift of multiple cropping areas leads to asignificant decrease of single cropping area.Furthermore,considering the changes mentioned above in combination with the likely negativebalance of precipitation and evapotranspiration and,therefore,increase of moisture stress(i.e.less water availability),as well as the possible increase of heat stress disaster and decrease of LGS(length of growing season),the potential implication of climate change for agriculture in China arealso analyzed roughly in this paper.As a result,however,it is still very difficult to reach a specific conclusion that the futureclimate change will he favorable or unfavorable to farm in China because of the complicated Chinesefarming patterns,the complex-various social and economic environment of agriculturaldevelopment and,especially,a great scientific uncertainties in the investigation/prediction ofclimate change.     

北京及周边地区城市尺度热岛特征及其演变

采用北京及市郊地区共16个标准国家气候站的1961～2000年40年温度资料对北京及周边地区的城市尺度热岛特征及其演变进行了研究.研究表明北京城区与郊区温度是同位相升降,且郊区温度一直低于城区.其温差维持并同位向振荡,温度逐年升高,城区与郊区温差逐年增大,表明北京热岛效应一直稳定存在,而且北京的热岛效应在随时间加剧.以海淀为代表的北京城区大部热岛效应显著,门头沟、石景山、丰台、房山和通县等地是局地升温的显著区域.因此,北京具有城市、卫星城市"热岛"多中心的复杂特征.分析热岛效应增强的趋势表明世纪末的10年与80年代的10年相比,北京城区与郊区的热岛效应增强趋势显著.特别是以海淀为代表的北京城区大部,热岛效应进一步明显增强;北京的东南部的局地升温效应加剧,通县也是一个明显的升温区域,并有一个从河北省伸向北京东南部的"暖脊". 尺度滤波分析表明,北京城市热岛效应10年变化的增强区域与城市位置十分吻合.北京城市热岛效应还具有中尺度特征.以海淀为代表的北京城区大部是热岛的主要中心,主中心内还有几个更小的高中心嵌套其中,分别位于三环路以内的西部和北部.北京城郊热岛效应发展趋势仍是严峻的,须进一步努力进行北京及周边地区环境的改善.     

城市气候效应研究进展

城市是人类社会发展的必然产物.随着城市的快速发展,城市气候效应凸显,并对社会经济可持续发展和人体健康等造成影响.基于国内外已有的研究成果,综述了城市气候效应,包括城市热岛效应、雨岛效应、混浊岛效应、于岛效应和雷暴岛效应的研究历史、现状及其与城市化、天气气候变化的相互关系,并对未来城市气候效应的研究方向及技术方法进行了展望.     

CHANGE TRENDS OF EXTREME CLIMATE EVENTS IN CHINA

The variations of extreme climate events such as cold wave, typhoon, hot and cold days havebeen discussed using the recent 45-year data. The reductions of nationwide cold wave activities andannual cold day number in northern China all have close relationship with warming winters,especially during 1980s and early 1990s. Decrements of annual hot day number are associated withcooling summers. The typhoon variation has connection with the tropical Pacific sea surfacetemperature conditions. The increments of drought/flood events since 1980s may be connectedindirectly with climate warming up significantly since 1980s. The climate variability of theseextreme climate events has decreased with time since 1980s.     

EVALUATION OF CGCM AND SIMULATION OF REGIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE IN EAST ASIA

In this paper,experiment results about East Asia climate from five CGCMs are described.Theability of the models to simulate present climate and the simulated response to increased carbon dioxideare both covered.The results indicate that all models show substantial changes in climate whencarbon dioxide concentrations are doubled.In particular,the strong surface warming at high latitudesin winter and the significant increase of summer precipitation in the monsoon area are produced by allmodels.Regional evaluation results show that these five CGCMs are particularly good in simulatingspatial distribution of present climate.The main characteristics of the seasonal mean H500,SAT,MSLP field can be simulated by most CGCMs.But there are significant systematic errors in SAT,MSLP,HS00 fields in most models.On the whole,DKRZ OPYC is the best in simulating the presentclimate in East Asia.     

CLIMATE CHANGE IN CHINA AND ITS INFLUENCE ON AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION IN THE LAST 40 YEARS

Using the meteorological data set for 1951—1990 over 160 stations,a series of 10-year running mean curves oftemperature and precipitation averaged for the country and its 7 climate regions,as well as for each season,are obtainedand analyzed.The six aspects of main results can be summarized about the climate change in China and its influence onagriculture production in the last 40 years.     

全球热带气旋活动与全球气候变化相关特征

阐述全球气候变化对全球热带气旋活动的影响在国际上取得的进展。从3方面进行综合分析：（1）气候变化特征对全球热带气旋的影响;（2）热带气旋活动的年际变化和年代际振荡以及影响因子;（3）热带气旋活动与全球气候变化方面的数值模拟进展。总结国际上在这一领域取得的研究进展,全球气候变化主要以全球大气环流、海气相互作用、全球海面温度以及温盐环流（Thermohaline Circulation）这4个方面相互影响及其共同作用,可对全球热带气旋活动的发生频率、强度、路径趋势和登陆地区产生影响。     

南半球臭氧变化气候效应的数值模拟

采用一个陆气耦合的９层谱模式模拟了南半球臭氧减少所产生的气候效应。数值试验结果表明,南半球臭氧的减少不仅对南半球温度场的 大气环流有影响,而且对北半球的温度场结构和大气环汉也有一定的影响。其气候效应具有全球性。南半球臭氧减少总体上可以使平流层中层以上大气降温、平流层低层增温、对流层顶附近降温。此外,在北半球冬半年期间,南半球臭氧的减少可使南北半球的副热带西风急流都减弱,极锋急流都增强;在北半球夏半