4种海洋贝类对水体中Pb的富集规律

为了研究泥蚶、菲律宾蛤、缢蛏和单齿螺等海洋贝类对海水中Pb的富集规律,本文在设置Pb质量浓度分别为0.001 0,0.003 5,0.006 0,0.011 0,0.026 0和0.051 0 mg/L 6个试验组中,采用半静水法进行泥蚶、菲律宾蛤、缢蛏和单齿螺对海水中Pb的富集试验,分别在0,1,3,5,10,15,20,25和30 d时取出部分贝类用微波消解原子吸收光谱法测定Pb含量,并探讨了贝类对Pb的富集机制,比较了不同贝类对Pb的富集能力。实验结果表明:4种贝类均表现出了对Pb有一定的富集效应。水体中Pb质量浓度达到0.003 5 mg/L时,泥蚶对Pb富集明显;水体中Pb质量浓度达到0.006 0 mg/L时,菲律宾蛤对Pb富集明显。水体中Pb质量浓度达到0.011 0 mg/L时,缢蛏和单齿螺对Pb富集明显。总体上,贝类体内重金属含量随着水体中Pb质量浓度和富集时间的增加而增加。在Pb质量浓度低于0.051 mg/L的所有试验组中,时间越长,贝类体内富集的Pb含量越高,但在3 d左右时,贝类体内富集的Pb含量却出现低值。     

深圳福田白骨壤红树林Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd的累积及分布

于1994年3月，采用样方法分析、探讨深圳福田自然保护区车公庙林区白骨壤红树林重金属Cu，Ph，Zn，Cd元素的累积及分布。结果表明：该林地表层土壤（0—3cm深），Cu，Ph，Zn，Cd的含量分别为383．28．7，1140，0136×10－6，储量分别为5285.40，3960.60,15732.00,18.77mg／m2、植物体各部位Cu，Pb,Zn，Cd含量范围分别为1.81-13.8，0.402－3．51，3．42－69.5，0.013－0295×10-6对表层土壤加权平均富集系数为Cd＞Zn＞Cu＞Pb.该群落Cu，Pb，Zn，Cd现存累积量分别为53．70,19．27，187.89,0.72mg／m2；年净存留累积量分别为4063.91，1318.14，16358.62，60．21μg／m2；林地残留物相应元素的储量分别为2091.18，1958.66,5046.60,19.30μg／m2。该林区不同群落叶层Cu，Pb,Zn，Cd现存累积量为白骨壤林＞桐花树林＞秋茄林。     

深圳湾福田潮滩重金属含量及对大型底栖动物的影响

根据2002年1月和10月在深圳湾福田潮滩同时获得的大型底栖动物和重金属数据进行分析表明，深圳湾福田潮滩Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd含量明显超标．2002年10月Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn含量的平均值比2002年1月高．与历史资料对比，近几年Cu含量有增加趋势．2002年1月，深圳湾福田潮滩奇异稚齿虫密度与沉积物中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn含量均有显著负相关关系．尖刺缨虫密度与Pb、Cd、Zn含量均有显著负相关关系，与Cu的相关系数也接近显著相关临界值．2002年10月，只有小头虫密度与Cd有显著正相关关系．文中分析了影响重金属与大型底栖动物数量关系的环境因素．     

热致死小球藻生物富集Cr3+的研究

研究了热致死小球藻对微量Cr^3 的生物吸附富集和机理。结果表明，培养72h左右的热致死小球藻吸附富集Cr^3 的能力最强；当pH为4．5—5．0，藻浓度为1—2g／L时，死体藻对Cr^3 有较好的生物吸附作用；随着Cr^3 浓度增加，单位质量藻的Cr^3 吸附量呈上升趋势，但其Cr^3 吸附率却急剧下降。热致死小球藻对Cr^3 的吸附可以用Freundlich模型描述，拟合方程为：q＝5．3369C11/2.6295，R^2＝0．9974；在生物吸附的起始阶段，藻体对Cr^3 的吸附较快，40min左右时藻体达到最大吸附量。     

不同海产动物和烟台海域不同海区的紫贻贝（Mytilusedulis）对重金属

产于烟台的５种海产经济动物对Ｃｒ的富集存在明显差异。底栖的滤食性贝类的富集量远远超自游泳的种类。紫贻贝为理想的海洋重金属Ｃｒ污染的指示动物。烟台海域各海区紫贻贝体风Ｃｒ含量最高，向国远海区逐渐降低。５种海产动物体内Ｃｒ的含量均在食品允许范围之内。     

季节变化和个体大小对河蚬积累重金属的影响

以长江河口湿地生态系统一种习见的大型底栖动物河蚬Corbicula fluminea为研究对象,分析了季节变化和个体大小对河蚬积累Zn,Cu,Pb,Cd和Cr的影响。结果表明。季节变化对河蚬积累重金属没柯显著的影响,春季和秋季河蚬体内的重金属含量较为接近。河蚬体内Cu的积累量在不同大小个体间存在着显著的差异,大个体体内的Cu含量明显高于小个体,但Zn,Cd,Cr和Pb的含量在不同大小个体间的差异不显著。总体上看,季节变化和个体大小对河蚬积累重金属的影响均不是很显著。     

不同海产动物和烟台海域不同海区的紫贻贝（Mytilus edulis）对重金属（Cr）富集的研究

产于烟台的５种海产经济动物对Ｃｒ的富集存在明显差异。底栖的滤食性贝类（紫贻贝Ｍ．ｅｄｕｌｉｓ、栉孔扇贝Ｃｈｌａｍｙｓｆａｒｒｅｒｉ、菲律宾蛤仔Ｒｕｄｉｔａｐｅｓｐｈｉｌｉｐｐｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）的富集量远远超过自游泳的种类（中华马鲛Ｓｃｏｍｂｅｒｏｍｏｒｕｓｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ，长额七腕虾Ｈｅｐｔａｃａｒｐｕｓｐａｎｄａｌｏｉｄｅｓ）。紫贻贝为理想的海洋重金属Ｃｒ污染的指示动物．烟台海域各海区紫贻贝体内Ｃｒ含量最高，向边远海区逐渐降低。５种海产动物体内Ｃｒ的含量均在食品允许范围之内。     

羟基对微生物细胞的核酸、蛋白质、葡萄糖作用研究

羟基自由基对细胞的三大基本分子核酸、蛋白质、葡萄糖有着强烈破坏作用。压载水中羟基的比值浓度达到0．63mg／L时，含有微生物液体中的总蛋白质含量从1．49g／100mL降到0．993g／100mL，减少了33．4％；核酸中RNA、DNA的含量分别从2．43μg／mg、0．96μg／mg分别减少到1．29μg／mg、0．19μg／mg，分别减少46．9％、80．2％；葡萄糖含量从0．246mg／100mL增加到0．492mg／100mL，增加了1倍。试验数据表明，羟基自由基氧化、分解、破坏了微生物细胞三大基本分子核酸、蛋白质、葡萄糖，这是微生物致死的主要生化原因之一。     

红树林区底栖动物污染生态学研究进展

综述了底栖动物污染生态学研究的现状。目前有关底栖动物的污染生态学研究主要有以下几个方面：（1）污染物在底栖动物体中含量测定及一些污染物在底栖动物中累积分布的研究。（2）污染物对底栖动物生理特性影响的研究。（3）污染物如城市污水对底栖动物群落的影响研究。（4）底栖动物在水质和底质污染中的监测应用。分别综合和评述了红树林底栖动物污染生态学在重金属、城市污水和有机物污染对红树林区底栖动物的生态效应等方面的研究现状。提出今后红树林区底栖动物污染生态学的研究，应着重生态毒理学和实验生态学的研究。     

黄河三角洲潮间带泥螺重金属含量与生物质量评价

泥螺(Bullacta exarata)作为黄河三角洲区域成功引入的滩涂养殖种类, 为当地获得了巨大的经济效益, 但对其生态影响还了解不多。为了解该区域泥螺体内重金属含量并评价其生物质量, 于2012年8月对该区域进行泥螺和沉积物样品采集调查和分析。采用富集系数K、残留量指数I以及金属污染指数I_MP进行分析。结果表明, 黄河三角洲沉积物及泥螺体内6种重金属含量均相对较低, 多数符合国家海洋沉积物质量标准第一类。泥螺对不同重金属的富集系数K有明显差别, 其中对Cu 和Cd 的富集能力最强。残留量指数I富集系数K及金属污染指数I_MP均表明, 黄河三角洲潮间带泥螺对重金属的富集程度均较低, 说明该海域泥螺未受到重金属离子的污染。根据国家生物质量标准分析, 黄河三角洲潮间带泥螺的生物质量总体较好, 生物体内重金属含量总体上与海水中重金属含量无显著的相关性。     

中国鱼类名录Ⅻ--鳚亚目、(鱼衔)亚目、喉盘鱼亚目、鰕虎鱼亚目、微体鱼亚目、刺尾鱼亚目、带鱼亚目、鲭亚目、鲳亚目、金枪鱼亚目、攀鲈亚目、刺鳅亚目

鳚亚目 4 科 33 属 95 种，鰕虎鱼亚目 5 科 98 属 259 种，刺尾鱼亚目 5 科 11 属 65 种，鲈形目 19亚目 104 科 535 属 1799 种。     

The distribution of Mn,Fe, Cu,Ni, Co,Ga, Cr,V, Ba,Sr, Sn,Zn, and Pb,in some soil-sized particulates from the lower troposphere over the world ocean

Soil-sized particulates have been collected on board ship by a mesh technique from the lower troposphere of the North, Equatorial and South Atlantic Ocean, northern and southern Indian Ocean, South and East China Sea and various coastal localities.Spectrographic analysis reveals that, on average, the particulates have concentrations of Mn, Ni, Co, Ga, Cr, V, Ba, and Sr which are of the same order of magnitude as those in average crustal material. In contrast, the average concentrations of Pb, Sn, and Zn are one order of magnitude higher than those in average crustal material.Within this “world-wide” average there are significant geographical variations in the distributions of Pb, Sn, and Zn which may be related to anthropogenic sources.On the basis of trace-element distributions lower tropospheric soil-sized marine particulates have been divided into four genetic components; local, zonal, inter-zonal, and global. The proportions of these components vary geographically, and each component may have both a natural and an anthropogenic fraction.     

Distribution, abundance, and growth of larval tautog, Tautoga onitis, in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA

Tautog, Tautoga onitis, is an abundant species of fish in estuaries of the northeastern United States. Planktonic tautog larvae are abundant in summer in these estuaries, but there is little information on rates of growth of tautog larvae feeding on natural assemblages of food in the plankton. We examined abundance and growth of larval tautog and environmental factors during weekly sampling at three sites along a nearshore‐to‐offshore transect in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA during summer 1994. This is the first study of a robust sample size (336 larvae) to estimate growth rates of field‐caught planktonic tautog larvae feeding on natural diets, using the otolith daily‐growth‐increment method. The study was over the entire summer period when tautog larvae were in the plankton. The sampling sites contrasted in several environmental variables including temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and chlorophyll a concentration. There was a temporal progression in the abundance of tautog larvae over the summer, in relation to location and temperature. Tautog larvae were first present nearshore, with a pronounced peak in abundance occurring at the nearshore sites during the last 2 weeks in June. Larvae were absent at this time further offshore. From late June through August, larval abundance progressively decreased nearshore, but increased offshore although never approaching the abundance levels observed at the nearshore sites. The distribution and abundance of tautog larvae appeared to be related to a nearshore‐to‐offshore seasonal warming trend and a nearshore decrease in DO. Otoliths from 336 larvae ranging from 2.3 to 7.7 mm standard length had otolith increment counts ranging from 0 to 19 increments. Growth of larval tautog was estimated at 0.23 mm·day^?1, and length of larvae prior to first increment formation was estimated at 2.8 mm indicating that first increment formation occurs 3–4 days after hatching at 2.2 mm. Despite spatial and temporal differences in environmental factors, there were no significant differences in growth rates at any of three given sites over time, or between sites. Because larval presence only occurred at a narrow range of temperature (17–23.5 °C) and DO (6.5–9.3 mg·l^?1), in situ differences in growth did not appear to be because of differences in larval distribution and abundance patterns relative to these parameters.     

Arsenic,barium, germanium,tin, dimethylsulfide and nutrient biogeochemistry in Charlotte Harbor,Florida, a phosphorus-enriched estuary

Concentrations of dissolved nutrients (NO₃, PO₄, Si), germanium species, arsenic species, tin, barium, dimethylsulfide and related parameters were measured along the salinity gradient in Charlotte Harbor. Phosphate enrichment from the phosphate industry on the Peace River promotes a productive diatom bloom near the river mouth where NO₃ and Si are completely consumed. Inorganic germanium is completely depleted in this bloom by uptake into biogenic opal. The $\text{Ge}\text{Si}$ ratio taken up by diatoms is about 0·7 × 10^?6, the same as that provided by the river flux, confirming that siliceous organisms incorporate germanium as an accidental trace replacement for silica. Monomethylgermanium and dimethylgermanium concentrations are undetectable in the Peace River, and increase linearly with increasing salinity to the seawater end of the bay, suggesting that these organogermanium species behave conservatively in estuaries, and are neither produced nor consumed during estuarine biogenic opal formation or dissolution. Inorganic arsenic displays slight removal in the bloom. Monomethylarsenic is produced both in the bloom and in mid-estuary, while dimethylarsenic is conservative in the bloom but produced in mid-estuary. The total production of methylarsenicals within the bay approximately balances the removal of inorganic arsenic, suggesting that most biological arsenic uptake in the estuary is biomethylated and released to the water column. Dimethylsulfide increases with increasing salinity in the estuary and shows evidence of removal, probably both by degassing and by microbial consumption. An input of DMS is observed in the central estuary. The behavior of total dissolvable tin shows no biological activity in the bloom or in mid-estuary, but does display a low-salinity input signal that parallels dissolved organic material, perhaps suggesting an association between tin and DOM. Barium displays dramatic input behavior at mid-salinities, probably due to slow release from clays deposited in the harbor after catastrophic phosphate slime spills into the Peace River.     

Large amplitude, leaky, island-generated, internal waves around Palau, Micronesia

Three years of temperature data along two transects extending to 90 m depth, at Palau, Micronesia, show twice-a-day thermocline vertical displacements of commonly 50–100 m, and on one occasion 270 m. The internal wave occurred at a number of frequencies. There were a number of spectral peaks at diurnal and semi-diurnal frequencies, as well as intermediate and sub-inertial frequencies, less so at the inertial frequency. At Palau the waves generally did not travel around the island because there was no coherence between internal waves on either side of the island. The internal waves at a site 30 km offshore were out-of-phase with those on the island slopes, suggesting that the waves were generated on the island slope and then radiated away. Palau Island was thus a source of internal wave energy for the surrounding ocean. A numerical model suggests that the tidal and low-frequency currents flowing around the island form internal waves with maximum wave amplitude on the island slope and that these waves radiate away from the island. The model also suggests that the headland at the southern tip of Palau prevents the internal waves to rotate around the island. The large temperature fluctuations (commonly daily fluctuations ≈10 °C, peaking at 20 °C) appear responsible for generating a thermal stress responsible for a biologically depauperate biological community on the island slopes at depths between 60 and 120 m depth.     

4-溴苯甲酸-2,3,4,5,6-五溴苯酯的合成(英文)

以苯酚和4—溴苯甲酸为原料,合成一种尚未见文献记载的新化合物——4—溴苯甲酸—2,3,4,5,6—五溴苯酯,用无水三氯化铝催化苯酚的全溴化。此产物可望在阻燃剂方面得到应用。     

The behavior of Zn,Cd, Cu,Ni, Co,Fe, and Mn in anoxic baltic waters

In June 1981, dissolved Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, and Mn were determined from two detailed profiles in anoxic Baltic waters (with extra data for Fe and Mn from August 1979). Dramatic changes across the O₂H₂S interface occur in the abundances of Cu, Co, Fe, and Mn (by factors of ?100). The concentrations of Zn, Cd, and Ni at the redox front decrease by factors between 3 to 5.Equilibrium calculations are presented for varying concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and compared with the field data. The study strongly supports the assumption that the solubility of Zn, Cd, Cu, and Ni is greatly enhanced and controlled by the formation of bisulfide and(or) polysulfide complexes. Differences between predicted and measured concentrations of these elements are mainly evident at lower ΣH₂S concentrations.Cobalt proved to be very mobile in anoxic regions, and the results indicate that the concentrations are limited by CoS precipitation. The iron (Fe²⁺) and manganese (Mn²⁺) distribution in sulfide-containing waters is controlled by total flux from sediment-water interfaces rather than by equilibrium concentrations of their solid phases (FeS and MnCO₃). The concentrations of these metals are therefore expected to increase with prolonged stagnation periods in the basin.