地闪回击电流测量综述

地闪回击电流是雷电的一个重要特征参数。其测量数据的积累对于雷电防护技术的提高具有重要意义。目前国内外的雷电研究人员通过矮塔、高塔直接观测，人工引雷观测和电场电流关系反衍的方法对地闪回击电流进行了大量的观测研究，并取得了丰富的观测资料。观测表明，负地闪首次回击电流平均为30kA，继后回击电流平均12kA。正地闪回击电流平均为35kA，有时可达几百kA。不同地区地闪回击电流平均值略有不同。高塔测量是主要的雷电流参量直接测量方法，但不同高度测量的地闪回击电流无论峰值还是波形都存在一定的差异。人工引发闪电和自然闪电继后回击雷电流的测量结果较为一致。间接估测雷电流参数的方法随着地闪回击模式的发展将成为主要的方法之一。     

2011—2021年安徽省闪电时空分布特征分析

利用2011—2021年安徽省地闪资料，对全省闪电时空分布特征进行统计分析。结果表明：负地闪为安徽省地闪主要类型，占地闪总数的94.02%，每年5—9月是闪电活动高发期，8月闪电频次最大，但地闪回击电流峰值最小，正地闪比例随总地闪发生次数的减少而增多。日变化特征中，闪电多发时段为14—19时，与强对流天气活跃时段对应，平均地闪回击电流峰值波动相对较小，最大值出现在06时。全省地闪平均密度为1.72次/（km2·a），空间分布呈南高北低特征，与地闪回击电流峰值分布大致相反。对安徽省总地闪频次进行主成分分析表明，前5个特征向量累计方差贡献达到90.05%，能够全面反映安徽省闪电整体异常结构，全省闪电活动及频次变化趋势基本一致，但南北存在明显差异，空间分布型可划分为全省一致型、大别山区型、江淮东部型、江南江北型和沿淮型，安徽省南部地区的水汽条件、热力条件和触发机制均优于北部地区，更易发生雷暴等强对流天气。     

揭阳地区雷电流幅值特征及累积概率公式分析

为研究揭阳地区雷电流幅值特征,本文利用2017－2020年揭阳地区雷电流数据,通过数理统计和matlab拟合工具箱,研究分析了雷电流幅值时间分布规律及幅值累积概率特征。结果表明：近4年揭阳地区共发生地闪回击62806次,其中0－200 kA幅值的回击次数占比约为99.81 %,正、负地闪回击频次随雷电流幅值变化整体呈现先增加后减少趋势。正地闪回击幅值大值区月份出现在3月和11月,负地闪回击幅值大值区月份为3月和10月,随着季节的推移,正地闪回击幅值大值区的出现时段逐渐推迟;负地闪回击电流幅值的大值区多出现在00:00－10:00。对比分析了IEEE和DL/T幅值累积概率推荐公式曲线,IEEE推荐公式曲线与实际值分布曲线基本重合,并得出了揭阳地区雷电流幅值累积概率拟合公式,与实际值的误差值介于-0.006－0.0005,为揭阳地区的防雷减灾工作提供参考。     

地闪回击辐射场波形的重构及地闪放电参量的估算

根据地闪回击传输线电流模式重新确立了地闪回击辐射场与电流之间的关系式,并在观测实验的基础上,重构了不同距离范围内(15～50km,50～100km,100～150km)的地闪回击辐射场波形,重构波形与实测波形之间有很好的一致性。同时在合理的假定下,将回击辐射电场与电流之间的关系进一步推广到先导过程,并估算了地闪先导放电过程中的三个参量。发现首次回击前最后一个先导脉冲电流为2.7kA,通道的电荷密度为(0.135～1.35)×10-3C·m-1,负地闪回击过程中和电荷量为2.06C。     

大兴安岭地区地闪回击辐射场特征

利用慢电场变化测量仪所获取的观测资料详细分析了大兴安岭地区地闪回击辐射场特征。结果表明,35次正地闪首次回击的慢前沿、10%～90%平均上升时间分别为7.8μs、4.5μs,其中11次正地闪首次回击的过零时间、负反冲深度平均值分别为34μs、23%。76次负地闪首次回击的慢前沿、10%～90%平均上升时间分别为3.5μs、1.9μs,继后回击的慢前沿为1.4μs,其中15次负地闪首次回击的过零时间、负反冲深度平均值分别为51μs、52%。另外,正地闪首次回击的半峰值宽度大于负地闪首次回击,平均值分别为13.6μs、5.6μs。与国内外已有结果的进一步对比发现,大兴安岭地区的地闪回击辐射场特征与瑞典、美国弗罗里达的地闪回击辐射场特征有较好的一致性,但与我国内陆高原的地闪辐射场特征有明显差异。     

香港地区地闪时空分布特征及其影响因素

通过对香港地区2006—2012年闪电定位数据、气象参数和海拔高度等相关数据的统计及相关性分析,对香港地区的地闪活动时空分布特征及其影响因素进行研究。结果表明,香港地区2006—2012年的地闪发生次数最多的是2010年,最少是2011年,每年地闪高发日的天数对地闪活动年际变化起到了关键性作用。地闪活动的发生主要集中在4—9月,逐月地闪回击次数与气温、相对湿度、降雨量及CAPE均呈现显著的正相关关系。地闪活动的日变化特征主要受到地闪高发日闪电活动、海陆热力差异及太阳辐射变化的综合影响,正、负地闪回击次数的日变化峰值均出现在01时。香港西部地区的正地闪回击密度明显高于东部,而负地闪回击密度的高值中心主要集中在海拔较高的山区。香港地区正、负地闪回击密度均随海拔的升高而有所增加,且六座典型山峰周围的负地闪回击密度与海拔高度在空间分布特征上具有很强的相似性。      

浙江省沿海陆域与舟山海域地闪回击特征分析

采用2016-2020年浙江省闪电定位资料,利用Access和MATLAB对浙江省陆域、舟山海域地闪回击特征进行分析.结果显示:浙江省陆域年平均地闪回击密度为1.97次·km-2·a-1,正地闪回击密度为0.10次·km-2·a-1,正地闪回击占总地闪回击的5.1％,正地闪回击平均电流强度为42.49 kA,负地闪为3...     

湖北省地形特征对雷电参数的影响

根据2007—2019年湖北省地闪监测数据、地表覆盖数据以及数字地形高程数据,采用数理统计方法,分析研究了地表覆盖类型、海拔、坡向、坡度4类地形信息数据与闪电频数、正闪比例、地闪回击强度、地闪回击陡度等雷电参数的关系。结果表明:(1)建成区单位面积闪电频数和小幅值地闪比例较高,分别为87.1次/km^(2)和8.6%;(2)耕地区和水域区地闪回击陡度值较高;(3)湖北省地闪回击主要集中在海拔0~700 m、坡度0.5°~35°,地闪回击密度随海拔增加呈减少趋势,地闪回击强度平均值随海拔增加呈现先增加后减少的趋势,地闪回击陡度平均值随海拔增加而减少;(4)坡向朝南或朝东地闪回击密度较高,坡向朝南或朝北地闪回击强度平均值较高;(5)不同坡度区间和海拔区间雷电参数的变化规律较为一致。     

合肥地区地闪特征

根据观测资料 ,分析了利用闪电辐射场信号大容量采集系统观测到的合肥地区地闪回击特征。结果表明 ,每次地闪回击数频率分布并不表现为简单的指数衰减特征 ,回击数在 5次以下的各回击数出现频率几乎相当 ,单次回击地闪的比重只有约 1 5 %。平均地闪回击数为 4 .2次 ,观测到的最大回击数为 1 6次。地闪回击归一化电场强度近似服从对数正态分布。 1 69例首次回击平均电场强度为 9.3V·m- 1 (归一化到 1 0 0km ,下同 ) ,485例继后回击的平均电场强度只有 4 .5V·m- 1 。 480例继后回击与首次回击场强之比平均为 0 .6 ,有 1 8%地闪过程至少有一次比首次回击强的继后回击。相邻两次回击间隔时间呈现对数正态分布特征。观测到的最短回击间隔为 1 .6ms ,约 30 %的回击间隔 >1 0 0ms,在40～ 1 0 0ms之间的回击间隔比重约为 50 %。回击间隔时间与间隔前后回击相对强弱之间存在系统性的变化趋势 ,当两次回击间隔在 40ms以下时总是以‘前强后弱’的回击组合占主导地位 ,相反 ,当回击间隔时间增加到 >1 0 0ms时 ,约 55 %的回击间隔表现为‘前弱后强’的回击组合。     

大兴安岭林区负地闪电荷源的反演

在中国东北大兴安岭林区进行了基于全球定位系统(GPS)时间同步的闪电地面电场变化多站观测.利用2010年7月14日一次过境雷暴多站同步的闪电电场变化资料,采用非线性最小二乘拟合法对雷暴成熟阶段的15次负地闪(包含57次回击和8次连续电流过程)中和的电荷源进行了拟合.大兴安岭林区负地闪单次回击中和的电荷量平均为1.0C(范围为0.1-5.0C),20%的继后回击中和电荷量大于首次回击,继后回击与首次回击中和电荷量的比为0.1-6.1,平均为0.8±1.0.单次连续电流中和的电荷量平均为3.8C(范围为0.4-7.3C),连续电流期间通道中的平均电流估计为25.3A(范围4.9-50.8A),一次负地闪中和的总电荷量平均为6.4C(范围为1.4-12.4C).负地闪回击和连续电流中和电荷源的高度分布与雷暴云的发展有关,对应的环境温度为-10--25℃.在雷暴成熟阶段前期,负地闪回击和连续电流中和电荷源距地面的高度从5.0km缓慢上升至10.5km;在雷暴成熟阶段后期,负地闪回击和连续电流中和电荷源距地面的平均高度从9.0km下降到6.0km,单次回击中和的电荷量也较前期减小约一个量级.与雷达回波的叠加显示,负地闪回击和连续电流中和的电荷源主要位于大于40dBz的强对流中心区,部分位于30-40dBz的强回波区边缘或较弱的回波区.     

Locating Parent Lightning Strokes of Sprites Observed over a Mesoscale Convective System in Shandong Province,China

In this paper, we report the location results for the parent lightning strokes of more than 30 red sprites observed over an asymmetric mesoscale convective system(MCS) on 30 July 2015 in Shandong Province, China, with a long-baseline lightning location network of very-low-frequency/low-frequency magnetic field sensors. The results show that almost all of these cloud-to-ground(CG) strokes are produced during the mature stage of the MCS, and are predominantly located in the trailing stratiform region, which is similar to analyses of sprite-productive MCSs in North America and Europe. Comparison between the location results for the sprite-producing CG strokes and those provided by the World Wide Lightning Location Network(WWLLN) indicates that the location accuracy of WWLLN for intense CG strokes in Shandong Province is typically within 10 km, which is consistent with the result based on analysis of 2838 sprite-producing CG strokes in the continental United States. Also, we analyze two cases where some minor lightning discharges in the parent flash of sprites can also be located, providing an approach to confine the thundercloud region tapped by the sprite-producing CG strokes.     

Evaluation of LPATS data using VHF interferometric observations of lightning flashes during the Eulinox experiment

During the Eulinox (European Lightning Nitrogen Oxides Project) campaign, two lightning sensors were available: a Lightning Position and Tracking System (LPATS), and the ONERA VHF interferometric (ITF) mapper. We looked for the typical VHF signature of positive and negative cloud-to-ground flashes in ITF records in order to separate intra-cloud (IC) flashes from cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes during five periods from 2 days. Then we used this set of data to check the efficiency of the South Germany LPATS. We concluded that this LPATS detected nearly all the negative CG flashes, but one-fourth of LPATS negative strokes are in fact IC flashes. The ratio of misinterpretation is much smaller (15%) for multi-stroke negative CG flashes. The LPATS recorded 62% of the positive strokes, but only 43% with the right polarity, and only 25% of LPATS positive strokes actually belonged to a positive CG flash. This reliability ratio is 100% if we consider only high-intensity LPATS strokes.     

Continuing current in multiple channel cloud-to-ground lightning

In this study we analyze the effects of continuing current initiated by strokes following a new channel to ground in multiple stroke flashes using high-speed video records, electric field measurements from a fast antenna and lightning detection network data. We observed that the long continuing current initiated by a stroke that follows a new channel also obeys the pattern in the initiation of long continuing current suggested by Rakov and Uman [Rakov, V.A., Uman, M.A., 2003. Lightning: Physics and Effects, 687pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.]. We also verify that the statement of Rakov and Uman [Rakov, V.A. and Uman, M.A., 1990. Some properties of negative cloud-to-ground lightning flashes versus stroke order, Journal of Geophysical Research. 95, 5447–5453.] reporting that: “...strokes initiating long continuing currents tend to have lower initial electric field peak than regular strokes” is valid for strokes that create a new channel to ground and are followed by long continuing current (CC). Apparently the reduction of peak current value (I_p) when the stroke is followed by a long CC is stronger than the I_p increase that is commonly observed when strokes follow a new channel. We also find that the “exclusion zone” proposed by Saba et al. [Saba, M.M.F., Pinto, O. Jr., Ballarotti, M.G., 2006a. Relation between lightning return stroke peak current and following continuing current, Geophysical Research Letters 33, L23807, doi:10.1029/2006GL027455.] is valid for new channels initiating CC, and finally we verify that a number of strokes in the same channel larger than four or the existence of a long CC current do not always consolidate the channel in a multiple stroke flash.     

基于LLS的多回击地闪及其雷电流幅值分布特征

为进一步研究多回击地闪参数分布特征,以便为雷电防护工程设计和雷电物理研究提供参考,根据湖北省雷电定位系统(LLS)2007年1月-2018年12月监测资料,采用计算机编程处理和数理统计方法,对多回击地闪次数、多重回击次数和不同类型多回击地闪雷电流幅值等参数进行了统计分析.结果 表明:多回击正地闪、负地闪和总地闪次数占其...     

回击电流及热效应与闪电光谱和通道温度的相关性分析

依据在青海地区由无狭缝光栅摄谱仪获得的2次多回击云对地闪电的光谱,结合同步辐射电场变化资料,计算了放电等离子体的温度、光谱总强度以及回击通道的峰值电流和作用积分。对观测结果和这些参数进行对比分析,结果表明:(1)同一次地闪的不同回击过程中,光谱总强度与放电电流的大小呈正相关;(2)相邻2次回击的时间间隔较长时,等离子体通道的温度与电流作用积分基本成正比;当相邻2次回击的时间间隔较短时,通道温度与作用积分不再线性相关。     

粤港澳大湾区两套闪电定位系统地闪探测性能的对比分析

根据2014—2018年粤港澳闪电定位系统(GHMLLS)和广东电网地闪定位系统(GDLLS)两套闪电定位系统的观测资料, 对粤港澳大湾区范围内二者的地闪探测性能进行评估和对比, 结果表明, 在粤港澳大湾区, 对于地闪回击记录, 从各月份记录和空间密度的分布上来看, GDLLS的探测数都多于GHMLLS, 二者的比值为1.24;两套系统总回击、负回击、正回击的月分布和日变化特征基本一致; 两系统地闪回击的匹配记录在大湾区大部分区域内的偏差量都在1.5 km内; 对于匹配后的负、正回击电流峰值, 二者有较强的相关性, 相关系数分别为0.99和0.98, GDLLS的负、正回击电流峰值分别为GHMLLS的1.47倍和1.45倍。      

Characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning in warm-season thunderstorms in the Central Great Plains

In July 2005, a field campaign was conducted in the Central Great Plains to obtain 60-field/s video imagery of lightning in correlation with reports from the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) and broadband electric field waveforms from the Los Alamos Sferic Array (LASA). A total of 342 GPS time-stamped cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes were recorded in 17 different sessions, and 311 (91%) of these were correlated with reports from the NLDN. Only 6 of the 17 recording sessions were dominated by flashes that lowered negative charge to ground, and 11 were dominated by positive CG flashes. A total of 103 flashes recorded on video were correlated with at least one NLDN report of negative CG strokes, 204 video flashes were correlated with one or two positive stroke reports, and 4 had bipolar reports. In this paper, we will give distributions of the estimated peak current, I_p, as reported by the NLDN, of negative and positive first strokes that were recorded on video, the multiplicity of strokes that were recorded on video, and the number of ground contacts per flash that were resolved on video. 41 (40%) of the negative flashes produced just a single-stroke on video, and 62 (60%) showed two or more strokes. The observed multiplicity of negative flashes averaged 2.83, which becomes about 3.14 after correcting for the finite time-resolution of the video camera. 195 (96%) of the positive flashes produced just a single-stroke on video, and 9 (4%) showed two strokes; therefore, the observed multiplicity of positive flashes averaged 1.04. Five out of 9 (56%) of the positive subsequent strokes re-illuminated a previous channel, and 4 out of 9 (44%) created a new ground contact. Simultaneous video, LASA, and NLDN measurements also allowed us to examine the classification of NLDN reports during 3 single-cell storms (one negative and two positive). Based on the LASA waveforms, a total of 204 out of 376 (54%) NLDN reports of CG strokes were determined to be for cloud pulses. The misclassified negative reports had |I_p| values ranging from 3.8 kA to 29.7 kA, but only 58 (24%) of these had |I_p| > 10 kA, and only one misclassified positive report had I_p > 20 kA. Radar analyses showed that most of the negative and positive CG strokes that were recorded on video were produced within or near the convective cores of storms. The radar imagery also showed that single-cell storms tended to produce one polarity of CG flashes at a time, and that such storms could switch rapidly from negative to positive CG flashes when the reflectivity was near maximum. Multiple-cell storms produced both negative and positive flashes over a broad region, but each polarity tended to cluster near regions of high-reflectivity.     

基于ADTD系统监测的雷电流幅值累积概率特征分析

雷电流幅值累积概率分布是雷电活动规律的重要指标.通过对ADTD闪电定位系统监测的雷电资料的数理统计分析,采用IEEE工作组和

推荐的公式对比分析了重庆地区的雷电流幅值累积概率的拟合效果.结果表明:雷电流幅值累积概率分布特征随极性存在显著差异,雷击大地密度随雷电流幅值不同而差异较大;同时,采用I...     

粤港澳闪电定位系统对高建筑物雷电的探测

基于2016—2017年广州高建筑物雷电观测站获取的资料对粤港澳闪电定位系统(简称定位系统)的性能进行评估,并根据2014—2018年定位系统历史资料对广州高建筑物区域的雷电活动特征进行初步分析,结果表明:定位系统对闪电的探测效率为93%(214/229),对回击的探测效率为93%(449/481),对下行闪电首次回击、继后回击及上行闪电回击的定位误差的平均值(中值)分别为361 m(188 m)、252 m(167 m)和294 m(173 m);当接地点高度低于200 m(不低于200 m)时,定位系统对下行负极性闪电首次和继后回击的云闪/地闪识别正确率分别为99%(80%)和93%(35%),有83%的上行负地闪回击被定位系统误判为云闪,广州高建筑物区域内绝大部分负云闪定位记录实际是高建筑物地闪;对定位系统得到的孤立高建筑物闪电密度中心进行分析后发现,广州塔(600 m)闪电密度中心200 m半径范围内年均回击次数约为中信广场(390 m)和广发证券大厦(308 m)的5倍,推测广州塔闪电的主要类型为上行闪电,而中信广场和广发证券大厦则为下行闪电。     

闪电辐射频谱的观测与分析

1984年8月，利用我们研制的闪电数字信号接收设备，在合肥地区进行了观测。并使用微机对信号进行数字滤波、Fourier变换等处理。所接收的信号一类具有明显的回击脉冲，而另一类则无。从前者中挑选出21个典型信号作为个例进行分析，得出了这类信号及其振幅频谱的主要特点，并与理论结果和其他的模拟观测结果作了比较。