地下水位对黄土土层地震动影响初探

场地条件对地震地面运动的影响很大,而对于黄土地区地震地面运动规律又有其自身的特性。鉴于兰州市区地下水位的不断上升,本文选取典型黄河南岸Ⅱ级阶地黄土场地,假设水位逐次提高1m,通过土层地震反应分析计算,分析地下水位上升对地表峰值加速度及反应谱的影响。结果表明:随着地下水位的不断上升,地表峰值加速度及土层地震动放大作用都有减小趋势,地下水的上升一定程度上对地表加速度峰值具有减震作用;但场地的特征周期却有增大趋势,平台范围越来越宽,反应谱双峰现象越来越显著,尤其当水位上升较多(文中11m),在罕遇地震动作用下对所有结构物加震显著,在常遇地震动和设计地震动作用下对自振周期0.7～1.3s结构物加震明显,应引起重视。     

液化场地强震记录的频谱特征

为研究液化场地上建筑物承受地震作用的特性,本文利用11组液化场地实测记录,对液化场地的地震动特征进行了分析。结果显示,场地液化后,地表加速度幅值减小,长周期成分显著增多,记录中出现明显的 “尖刺” 。对比国内外抗震规范设计反应谱与液化场地实测加速度反应谱,分析得出:在短周期T＜0.3 s,规范设计反应谱值与实测记录反应谱基本一致;在中长周期段0.3 s＜T＜1.5 s,规范反应谱值明显低于实测记录反应谱值;在长周期段T＞1.5 s,规范设计谱较实测记录反应谱值略低。基于5种数值方法模拟的液化场地地震动结果显示:周期T＜1.0 s时,数值计算的反应谱值基本高于液化场地实测反应谱值,或与之吻合;而周期T＞1.0 s时,数值计算的反应谱值均低于液化场地实测反应谱值。      

输入地震动相位特性对不同类别场地土层地震反应影响

以某Ⅷ度设防区基岩场地地震危险性计算为基础,拟合不同随机相位的人造地震动时程作为输入,采用一维等效线性化方法,计算了Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类和Ⅳ类典型场地的土层地表地震反应。结果表明:(1)在不同地震动强度、不同随机相位基岩时程输入条件下,对不同类型场地土层地震反应计算得到的地表加速度峰值和反应谱值相对极差差别较大,地震动相位特征对土层地震反应的影响不可忽略;在反应谱特征周期2.0 s内,地表峰值和反应谱值变异系数随输入地震动强度的增大有增大趋势;(2)采用统计学方法计算给出了不同场地类别的基岩输入随机相位样本时程的必要数量,不同场地类别不同地震强度输入条件下所需要的最少样本量不同。在输入地震动强度不大(PGA0.20 g)且满足反应谱变异系数在均值加1倍标准差范围内时,不同类别场地至少需要15组不同随机相位的基岩时程,基本能满足均值统计要求;在输入地震动强度较大(PGA≥0.20 g),满足反应谱变异系数在均值加1倍标准差范围内时,至少需要30组不同随机相位的基岩时程,才能满足均值统计要求。     

砂土液化对设计反应谱和场地分类的影响

本文采用有效应力原理分析了液化土层对设计反应谱的影响，分析中考虑了砂层的厚度、埋深和输入地震动等因素。选择Ⅱ类场地，将其标准反应谱合成的三条地震加速度时程在考虑土层非液化下反演到基岩，再正演计算存在液化层时的地面运动时程和反应谱。分析结果表明，从特征周期的变化来看，液化土层使Ⅱ类场地易变为Ⅳ类场地，对地震影响系数的作用则不是很大，但频谱上0．8s是一个分界线，液化土层对分界线以下的高频分量有一定减震效果，对分界线以上的低频分量有显著的放大效应。     

加速度反应谱规准化对场地位移时程的影响

文中以某一实际工程为例,讨论工程场地地震安全性评价中加速度反应谱规准化对工程场地地震位移时程所带来的影响。数值结果表明,根据规准化加速度反应谱得出的位移时程存在很大的误差。建议在工程场地地震安全性评价工作中,不宜进行加速度反应谱的标定工作。     

液化土层对地表加速度反应谱的影响

采用一种改进的有效应力方法研究土层液化对地表加速度反应谱的影响，分析中考虑了砂层的厚度、埋深和输入地震波的幅值和波型等因素。分析结果表明，土层液化使地表加速度反应谱的特征周期至少延长0．1秒以上，使原Ⅱ类场地变为Ⅲ类场地，高烈度时易变成Ⅳ类场地，反应谱中周期0．8秒-1．0秒是液化砂层加震或减震的一个分界点，液化对反应谱短周期分量具有一定的减震作用，而对长周期分量有非常显著的放大作用。     

适用于结构时程分析法的输入地震波

本文对建筑结构抗震设计时程法所需的输入地震波提出一种基于规范反应谱的、与设防烈度、场地条件、设计近震或远震、结构自振特性有关的选择原则和方法。按远、近震和四类场地标定了反应谱、延性谱和积累损伤谱。通过对六幢不同高度的剪切和弯曲型结构模型的弹塑性分析,表明离差很小。建议在进行结构时程法分析时,按地震加速度反应谱特定的分布规律选择4条加速度记录作为输入计算。两个实际的例子表明按上述方法计算的结果与按底部剪力法计算的结果基本相符。     

工程场地地震安评中加速度反应谱标准化问题的讨论

文中计算了不同地震输入模式下的拱桥地震反应,讨论了输入指定地震波进行时域计算结果和按对应的反应谱进行计算所得结果之间的差异,特别分析了分别按地震波的实际反应谱和经过标定的反应谱计算得到的拱桥地震反应之间的不同.数值结果表明:在工程场地地震安全性评价中,采用标准反应谱的方式所提供的场地地震加速度参数,将会抹杀土层场地动力特性对地表地震动的影响.因此,按此地震动参数进行结构反应计算时,有时会低估结构的地震反应,留下结构抗震不安全的隐患.     

弹塑性地震反应谱的长周期特性研究

在基于性能抗震设计中弹塑性反应谱在计算结构地震位移反应方面越来越受到重视。利用统计分析方法研究了等强度的延性需求谱和等延性的强度折减系数谱的长周期(至5 s)区段的特性,关注的重点是等位移准则和场地条件影响。给出了若干具有工程价值的结论:一是周期介于1.5Tg(地震动特征周期)和2.5 s之间的结构可近似认为等位移准则成立且与场地条件关系不大,这样确定的强度折减系数当位移延性系数小于等于4时结果将是偏于安全的;二是结构周期大于2.5 s后以硬土场地等延性强度折减系数谱或等强度延性需求谱代替软土场地谱求解系统强度需求或延性需求,将会得到偏于安全的结果。     

2022年青海门源6.9级地震引起的地表同震位移场研究

中国青海省门源县于2022年1月8日发生6.9级地震。依据该地震震源断层信息设置4种不同的位错分布模式,基于Okada提出的地表位移解析解分别计算4种模式下地表同震位移场,结合现场观测数据,探讨发震断层的滑动形式及其对周边地表产生的影响。结果表明,此次地震发震断裂初步判断主要为冷龙岭断裂西侧延伸至托莱山断裂,以左旋走滑断层为主,断层面上最大位错量达到4 m左右;震中西南侧向NE方向运动,东南侧向SE方向运动,西北侧和东北侧分别向NW以及SW方向运动;震中附近小范围区域产生了超过1.5 m的地表水平位移,破裂带上存在竖向地表位移超过0.5 m的区域;现场监测到局部产生最大约2.1～2.3 m的水平位错,以及部分区段垂直位错量最大达到0.7 m;以震中位置为中心,断层引起的地表位移影响范围达到约30 km×36 km,此范围内产生的地表位移大于0.1m。研究为此次地震的震后恢复工作以及此区域后续的工程设防等提供参考。     

Evaluation of seismic displacement demands from the September 19, 2017 Puebla‐Morelos (Mw = 7.1) earthquake in Mexico City

This short communication presents the assessment of seismic inelastic and elastic displacement demands computed from earthquake ground motions (EQGMs) recorded in Mexico City during the intermediate‐depth intraslab Puebla‐Morelos earthquake on 19 September 2017 (Mw = 7.1). Evaluation is conducted by means of peak elastic and inelastic displacement demand spectra, inelastic displacement ratio, C_R, spectra, and generalized interstory drift spectra computed for selected recording stations located in different soil sites of Mexico City, including those located in areas of reported collapsed buildings. Results of this study confirm previous observations made from interplate (subduction) EQGMs that peak inelastic displacement demands are greater than corresponding elastic counterparts for short‐to‐medium period structures, while the opposite is true for medium‐to‐long period structures. Possible basin site effects were identified from generalized interstory drift spectra. It is also shown that an equation introduced in the literature to obtain estimates of C_R developed from interplate EQGMs provides also a good estimate for mean C_R computed from the intermediate‐depth intraslab EQGMs.     

On the correction of spectra by a displacement reduction factor in direct displacement-based seismic design and assessment

The application of some design and assessment approaches, such as the direct displacement-based design (DDBD) and the capacity spectrum methods, requires the modification of elastic design spectra by some displacement reduction factor, to account for the appropriate energy dissipation capacity of different structures. While several equations to correlate dissipation and hysteresis cycles are available, once the displacement reduction factor has been obtained, the correction of the spectra is operated reducing the displacement demand accordingly and conserving the period of vibration at each point. This procedure is here discussed and proved to be conceptually inappropriate, because the spectral acceleration rather than the period should be kept at each point. The application of this alternative procedure may result in increased shear strength demand in design and in larger required displacement capacity for the same level of strength in assessment, if all other factors are not modified. However, the calibration of the reduction factors applied in DDBD has been extensive, and the method has proved to be effective in predicting displacement demands consistent with those resulting from refined nonlinear time history analysis; therefore, a possible introduction of the proposed correction will require equally extensive studies and possibly compensating corrections in the calculation of the equivalent damping. On the contrary, an appropriate calibration of the factors to be used in the application of the “capacity spectrum” method is still being developed, and the consideration of a constant acceleration may facilitate the derivation of effective equations.     

Scaling of spectral displacement ordinates with damping ratios

The next generation of seismic design codes, especially those adopting the framework of performance‐based design, will include the option of design based on displacements rather than forces. For direct displacement‐based design using the substitute structure approach, the spectral ordinates of displacement need to be specified for a wide range of response periods and for several levels of damping. The code displacement spectra for damping values higher than the nominal value of 5% of critical will generally be obtained, as is the case in Eurocode 8 and other design codes, by applying scaling factors to the 5% damped ordinates. These scaling factors are defined as functions of the damping ratio and, in some cases, the response period, but are independent of the nature of the expected ground shaking. Using both predictive equations for spectral ordinates at several damping levels and stochastic simulations, it is shown that the scaling factors for different damping levels vary with magnitude and distance, reflecting a dependence of the scaling on the duration of shaking that increases with the damping ratio. The options for incorporating the influence of this factor into design code specifications of displacement response spectra are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

弹塑性位移谱法的振动台模型试验验证

弹塑性位移谱法求解结构在指定强度地面运动作用下的位移需求是一种简便合理的方法。本文将弹塑性位移谱法就具体地震波计算的楼层位移需求、层间位移角需求与一比例为1／10的12层钢筋混凝土模型框架振动台试验结果作了比较。设计的12层钢筋混凝土模型框架结构在振动台上经历了7种强度等级地震波的作用,输入峰值加速度依次为：0．090g、0．258g、0．388g、0．517g、0．646g、0．775g和0．904g。求出了弹塑性位移谱法计算的楼层位移和层问位移角需求与振动台试验结果的比值,研究了二者比值的均值及方差沿楼层的分布情况。结果表明：弹塑性位移谱法的计算结果与振动台得到的位移需求值吻合较好,在基于性能的抗震设计中具有较好的应用前景。     

延性需求谱在基于性能的抗震设计中的应用

基于性能的抗震设计理论涉及如何简便而合理地确定结构在指定强度地震下的弹塑性位移需求。本文给出了利用延性需求谱求解结构位移需求的一般步骤:借助模态Pushover分析将多自由度体系分解为几个非线性单自由度体系,以考虑各阶振型的影响;利用延性需求谱计算对应模态的等效单自由度体系的延性及位移需求,并以一定方式组合转化为多自由度体系位移需求。最后,通过算例分析表明:利用延性需求谱求解结构位移需求是一种具有一定精度可为工程接受的简便方法,在基于性能的抗震设计中具有较好的应用前景。     

Levels of Probability of Exceedance for Current Code Spectra in China

Long-period acceleration spectra determined by seismic safety evaluation for project sites are generally lower than that given by relative code spectra. In this paper, we discuss the recurrence periods corresponding to the code spectra of different periods, by using ground motion attenuation laws for sites of types Ⅰand Ⅲ. We show the results that the longer the periods of code spectra are commonly the more conservative the seismic level is. As for the project examples in this paper, when the periods are longer than 3.7 or 5.2 seconds for sites of types Ⅰ or Ⅲ, the recurrence periods corresponding to the code spectra are longer than 5000 years. We suggest that some problems need to be further discussed, including the reliability of the present attenuation laws, the performance of those project structures that suffer long period seismic waves and have been designed according to the conservative codes, and the effects of ground motion parameters such as velocity and displacement on seismic design.     

Evaluation of site‐dependent constant‐damage design spectra for reinforced concrete structures

An investigation on the validity of the conventional design approach known as constant displacement ductility is carried out. The hysteretic behaviour described by the Modified Takeda model is taken to represent the characteristics of reinforced concrete structural systems. The results presented in the form of seismic damage spectra indicate that the conventional design approach may not be valid because cumulative damage is excessively high. The inelastic design spectra based on the constant‐damage concept are proposed in terms of simplified expressions. The expressions are derived from constant‐damage design spectra computed by non‐linear response analysis for SDOF systems subjected to ground motions recorded on rock sites, alluvium deposits, and soft‐soil sites. The proposed expressions, which are dependent on the local soil conditions, are functions of target seismic damage, displacement ductility ratio and period of vibration. The seismic damage of structures that have been designed based on this new design approach is also checked by a design‐and‐evaluation approach. The results are found to be satisfactory. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Probabilistic estimation of maximum inelastic displacement demands for performance‐based design

A probabilistic approach to estimate maximum inelastic displacement demands of single‐degree‐of‐freedom (SDOF) systems is presented. By making use of the probability of exceedance of maximum inelastic displacement demands for given maximum elastic spectral displacement and the mean annual frequency of exceedance of elastic spectral ordinates, a simplified procedure is proposed to estimate mean annual frequencies of exceedance of maximum inelastic displacement demands. Simplifying assumptions are thoroughly examined and discussed. Using readily available elastic seismic hazard curves the procedure can be used to compute maximum inelastic displacement seismic hazard curves and uniform hazard spectra of maximum inelastic displacement demands. The resulting maximum inelastic displacement demand spectra provide a more rational way of establishing seismic demands for new and existing structures when performance‐based approaches are used. The proposed procedure is illustrated for elastoplastic SDOF systems having known‐lateral strength located in a region of high seismicity in California. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Site-dependent design spectra and strength modification factors, based on records from Greece

Elastic and inelastic spectra are derived, based on a representative sample of acceleration records from Greece, carefully selected based on magnitude, distance and peak ground acceleration criteria, and grouped into three ground condition categories according to the 2004 Eurocode 8 (EC8) provisions. Using software developed in-house, elastic (pseudoacceleration, pseudovelocity and displacement), as well as inelastic (strength and displacement) spectra are computed for various critical damping ratios and ductility levels. After appropriate scaling, mean spectra are computed both irrespective of, as well as for each different, ground condition, and comparisons with EC8 provisions are made. As a further evaluation of the code spectra, three additional earthquake scenarios are considered representing ground-motion characteristics not reflected in the compiled dataset of records. Subsequently, modification factors for strength (q_μ) are derived from statistical analysis of constant ductility spectra, and corresponding empirical relationships, suitable for design purposes, are proposed.