Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis of Twenty-Nine International Geochemical Reference Samples

Results of measurements of twenty-seven elements, most of them in trace amounts, by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) in twenty-nine international geochemical reference samples from Canada, U.S.A., Japan, France and South Africa, are reported and compared with available literature values. In general, our data agree well with literature values. The disagreement of our results (e.g., Zr in Canadian syenites and several trace elements in USGS ultrabasic rocks) with those reported by other workers is briefly discussed and ways of improving INAA are pointed out. The present report includes data on several trace elements for which existing data are rather scarce.     

1972 values for international geochemical reference samples

Best values for constituents determined in a rock analysis and for trace elements are collected for samples prepared by the Centre de Recherches Petrographiqueset Geochimiques, France, the Canadian Standard Reference Materials Project (formerly SSC), the Geological Survey of Japan, the National Institute for Metallurgy, South Africa, the U.S. Geological Survey and the Zentrales Geologisches Institut, D.D.R.     

324铀矿床近地表矿体中长寿命铀系核素和类比微量元素迁移特征

对一近地表铀矿体中某些铀系长寿命核素的放射性平衡状态和１４种微量元素迁移特征研究得出，自该铀矿床６３Ｍａ前生成至今，仅近１Ｍａ来，当上覆花岗岩遭剥蚀使矿体近地表时，矿石中天然放射性核和微量元素才因水－岩反应沿围岩破碎带，裂隙发生迁移；裂隙两侧岩石受水－岩反应影响的范围较小，裂隙面的化学组分以溶失为主，裂隙两侧粘土化花岗岩中则以核素、元素的扩散和吸附为主，最后阐述了本研究结果对高放废物处置库安全评价     

煤中微量元素分布特征初步研究

 采自我国不同聚煤区的不同时代的89件煤样品,用中子活化分析法(INAA)分别测定了29种微量元素。据统计分析结果表明:(1)绝大多数微量元素的平均值高于世界的平均值,含量范围也较美国宽。我国各聚煤区不同时代间相比较,煤中大多数元素的平均含量和富集因数,从华南二叠纪至华北石炭—二叠纪到全国中-新生代逐渐降低。(2)中-新生代的煤中,元素间的相关性较好,华南二叠纪次之,而华北石炭—二叠纪的煤最差。(3)REE分布模式类型以中-新生代的煤最复杂;而华北石炭—二叠纪的煤较简单。     

煤中微量元素分布特征初步研究

采自我国不同聚煤区的不同时代的89件煤样品,用中子活化分析法(INAA)分别测定了29种微量元素。据统计分析结果表明:(1)绝大多数微量元素的平均值高于世界的平均值,含量范围也较美国宽。我国各聚煤区不同时代间相比较,煤中大多数元素的平均含量和富集因数,从华南二叠纪至华北石炭—二叠纪到全国中-新生代逐渐降低。(2)中-新生代的煤中,元素间的相关性较好,华南二叠纪次之,而华北石炭—二叠纪的煤最差。(3)REE分布模式类型以中-新生代的煤最复杂;而华北石炭—二叠纪的煤较简单。     

Possible evidence for regional chemical heterogeneity of the Upper Mantle

The garnets of garnet-peridotite xenoliths that occur in the kimberlites of Southern Africa and the U. S. S. R. are shown to differ significantly in chemical composition. It has been demonstrated that the compositions of garnets of this type depend largely on the compositions of the media in which they grew (Rickwood, Mathias and Siebert, 1968), and thus it is concluded that the Upper Mantle in these two regions differs in chemical composition. Southern Africa is a chromiferous province and the U. S. S. R. is a ferric province.South African U.M.P. Publication No. 15.This paper was commenced whilst I was financed by the C. S. I. R. Upper Mantle Committee and is a contribution to the South African part of the Upper Mantle Project.     

西秦岭寒武系层控金矿床中成矿元素富集规律

产于西秦岭南亚带寒武系硅岩建造中的金矿床, 是我国境内发现的一种与海底喷流作用有关的、具有独特地质特征的层控金矿床。成矿元素富集规律研究表明, 矿床中富集的元素种类十分丰富, 不仅含有具基性、超基性特征的元素群, 而且含有具酸性特征的元素群, 元素组合相当复杂。除Ａｕ 外, Ｃｕ、Ｕ、Ｍｏ、Ｓｂ、Ｖ、Ｚｎ等在局部地段亦可圈出独立的矿体。尤为重要的是, 矿床中铂族元素（ＰＧＥ）、分散元素（Ｓｅ、Ｉｎ） 的富集程度达到了综合利用的程度, 从而构成特殊的Ａｕ－Ｃｕ－Ｕ－Ｍｏ－Ｓｅ－ＰＧＥ建造矿床。     

Background deduction of the Chang’E-1 gamma-ray spectrometer data

Gamma-ray spectrometer(GRS) is used to detect the elemental abundances and distributions on the lunar surface.To derive the elemental abundances,it is vital to acquire background gamma rays except lunar gamma rays.So GRS would observe background spectra in the course of earth-moon transfer on schedule.But in fact,GRS was not switched on in the course of flying toward the moon.After the CE-1 probe finished one-year mission,GRS car-ried out a test on background data on November 21?22,2008.The authors did conduct research on the methods of background deduction using 2105 hours of usable gamma-ray spectra acquired at the 200-km orbital height by the GRS and more than 5 hours of gamma-ray spectra acquired in the GRS background test.The final research results showed that the method of deducting the background using the minimum counts in the CE-1 GRS pixels is optimal for the elements,U,K and Th.The method applies to such a case that the elemental abundances in the pixel with the minimum counting rate are 0 μg/g and the continuum background counts are constant over the Moon.Based on the method of background deduction,the full energy peak counts of U,K,and Th are calculated.     

ICP-MS DETERMINATION OF 45 TRACE ELEMENTS IN WHOLE COAL USING MICROWAVE OVEN ACID DIGESTION FOR SAMPLE PREPARATION

The microwave oven acid digestion technique has been routinely applied to the ICP-MS multielement analysis of whole powdered coal. Samples were treated with a mixture of HF/aqua regia/HClO₄ in closed Teflon PFA vessels without any pre-treatment. Complete dissolution of the coal matrix is not required, but only one that results in quantitative and reproducible recovery of more than 40 trace elements with minimum digestion time, minimum use of reagents and minimal operator attendance. The precision of the analysis as well as the repeatability of the sample preparation procedure and precision of instrumental measurements have been evaluated. Eight coal standards, including NBS SRM 1632b, 3 South Africa Reference Materials (SARMs) 18 to 20 and 4 USA ARs 1800 to 1803 were analysed in this manner providing data for all the 14 rare earth elements along with others of geochemical interest, technological relevance as well as environmental and health concern. The results, from the ppb level to several ppm, are discussed for all the elements including detection and quantification limits, precision and accuracy. In general, good agreement was achieved with the certified and/or available published values.     

花岗岩锆石中的微量元素的配分特征

花岗岩锆石中的微量元素(铪、铀、钇、钍、磷)的电子探针分析表明,这些元素在花岗岩锆石中皆以类质同象形式赋存,其中最小离子半径的铪以无序固溶体形式与锆完全相溶,而钇和磷在较低温度的条件下常常呈磷钇矿与锆不完全相溶;它们在花岗岩锆石中的地球化学行为是随着结晶环境的物理化学条件的变化而分异的,因此,对它们的分析研究可以揭示花岗岩的成因特征。     

非洲铂族金属矿产资源禀赋特征、成矿潜力及开发利用

铂族元素（Platinum group elements,PGEs）作为地壳最稀缺的一类金属元素,是重要的战略性矿产资源,与金一样,具有经济和科技双重的功能。非洲铂族金属矿产资源丰富且高度集中,占世界资源量> 80 %,主要集中在南非和津巴布韦。本文在前人研究基础上,对非洲PGEs矿床主要成矿类型、时空分布特点和开发利用现状进行了总结,研究认为：（1）非洲大型-超大型PGEs矿床成因类型主要为岩浆型,在时空上与世界级铁质-镁铁质大火成岩省（南非布什维尔德和津巴布韦大岩墙）密切相关,可细化分为脉状铜镍硫化物型、整合接触型铜镍硫化物型、脉状铬铁矿型和钒钛磁铁矿型。依据区域构造演化及其所产出的矿化特征,认为以铁质-镁铁质岩有关的岩浆型矿床仍具有较大的找矿潜力。(2)非洲铂族金属矿产勘查开发程度相对较高,近十年是全球勘查资金投入最多的地区,同时也是世界第一大Pt生产地和第二大Pd生产地。从事勘查开发的主要为世界顶级PGEs矿业寡头。（3）非洲是全球一次性铂族金属矿产品主要供应国,主要出口至美国、日本、中国、德国和英国。加强与南非、津巴布韦等国家之间的合作,保障PGEs资源供应的安全对我国尤为重要。     

Three sessions of the International Geological Congress held in Russia and the USSR （1897,1937, 1984）

Editorial note--The International Commission on the History of Geological Sciences has undertaken to organize a series of short articles for Episodes on the history of the different Sessions of the International Geological Congress. These were held as follows:France (1878), Italy (1881), Germany (1885), UK (1888), USA(1891), Switzerland (1894), Russia (1897), France (1900), Austria(1903), Mexico (1906), Sweden (1910), Canada (1913), Belgium(1922), Spain (1926), South Africa (1929), USA (1933), USSR(1937), UK (1948), Algeria (1952), Mexico (1956), Denmark/Finland/Norway/Sweden/Iceland (1960), India (1964), Czechoslovakia(1968), Canada (1972), Australia (1976), France (1980), USSR(1984), USA (1989), Japan (1992), China (1996), Brazil (2000). Any authors wishing to offer contributions on the meetings in Mexico(1906), Canada (1913), Belgium, Denmark, India, Canada (1972),and Brazil are invited to contact the INHIGEO Secretary-General at: doldroyd@optushome.com.au. The papers will not appear inchronological order.     

XRF AND INAA DETERMINATIONS OF MAJOR AND TRACE ELEMENTS IN GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF JAPAN IGNEOUS AND SEDIMENTARY ROCK STANDARDS

Major and trace element analyses have been obtained by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence for the Geological Survey of Japan Igneous rock series and selected samples from the Sedimentary rock series reference samples. Additional trace element data for the Igneous rock series were obtained by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Samples were analyzed multiple times for 10 major elements (with loss-on-ignition) and the following trace elements; As, Ba, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Eu, Ga, Hf, La, Lu, Nb, Nd, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sm, Sr, Ta, Tb, Th, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn and Zr.     

黔阳隘口基性超基性岩地球化学特征

位于华南和扬子两大构造单元接合部位的隘口基性超基性岩及玄武岩，为ＬＲＥＥ富集型，并富含Ｒｂ、Ｓｒ、Ｋ、Ｔｉ、Ｚｒ、Ｕ、Ｔｈ、Ｔａ等大离子亲石元素和不相容元素，具有高的氧同位素组成δ１８Ｏ为９．５８％～１１．０６％，Ｉｓｒ为０．７０６２９４，它们是在稳定的陆壳受到交代作用影响的上地幔经部分熔融形成的。     

粉煤灰土壤主所产蔬菜的有害元素含量变化的环境意义

利用南京第二热电厂湿排的粉煤灰,进行了改良蔬菜土壤的试验,并对试验用的粉煤灰,不同施灰量的土壤及所产蔬菜的３８个样品的有害元素和放射性元素含量进行了系统的测定。结果表明：这些元素在土壤中的含量与粉煤灰施用量无明显相关性;在本次试验范围内施用粉煤灰没有造成土壤的污染,其所产蔬菜的这些元素含量也均低于国家卫生标准限值,食用是安全的。     

中国大陆架海底沉积物中的稀土元素

选择渤海、黄海、东海和南海有代表性的大陆架沉积物样品,利用X射张荧光光谱法测定了15个稀土元素。中国大陆架沉积物稀土元素的丰度为156ppm,相对接近于中国黄土和花岗岩的丰度,而与太平洋沉积物的丰度相差较远,具有明显的“亲陆性”。稀土的配分模式旦显著的负斜率,属陆壳稀土的典型特征。稀土含量受沉积物粒度控制。实验表明稀土主要以类质同像存在于粘土矿物之晶体构造中。根据数理统计,稀土与亲陆源粘土矿物的元素为一类,彼此呈正相关;与亲海洋生物的元素为负相关。事实说明中国大陆岩石的风化和搬运,是中国海大陆架沉积物中稀土的主要物质来源。     

Comparison of Two Sample Preparation Methods for X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry in the Determination of Ni and Cr

Pressed powder pellets and fused beads or glass disks are routinely used in X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry for the determination of major and trace elements, respectively, in geological materials. In order to evaluate the performance of these two sample preparation methods, we determined Ni and Cr concentrations of fourteen RMs from Japan, France and South Africa, and eighty‐five igneous and three sedimentary rock samples from Mexico in both powder pellets and glass beads. We also computed new values of statistical parameters for RMs from an outlier‐based multiple‐test method and compared them with the literature mean and confidence limit values. The results showed that the multiple‐test method provided more reliable central tendency and dispersion parameters for RMs than those obtained previously from the two or three standard deviation method, or from robust methods. The powder pellet and fused bead sample preparation methods provided consistent results for Ni and Cr at concentration levels > 50 μg g^?1 in this application; for lower concentration levels, however, these methods showed somewhat greater differences. For quantitative comparisons, both ordinary and weighted least‐squares linear regression models were used to show that the two sample preparation methods provided generally unbiased results.     

上地幔不相容元素的显交代作用

通过矿物微区成分和图象分析，研究了在金伯利岩中发现的多种氧化物矿物的成分、结构特点及其相互关系．指出富含硅酸盐不相容元素的地幔流体交代、熔融先期形成的矿物以及充填作用，形成了近年来我国和南非金伯利岩中发现的多种新矿物相，包括沂蒙矿系列、蒙山矿系列、Ｋ－Ｃｒ柱红石、阿玛科矿、Ｚｒ－Ｔｉ氧化物（锆钛矿）、ＲＥＥ－Ｔｉ氧化物（铈钛矿）等．这些新矿物高度富集了Ｋ，Ｂａ，Ｃａ，Ｓｒ，Ｔｉ，Ｚｒ，ＲＥＥ等不相容元素．研究表明不相容元素的显交代作用可分早、中、晚３个阶段，各阶段不相容元素的富集程度、温压条件及流体的动力学特征等既有明显的差异性，又有一定的继承性     

DETERMINATION OF THIRTY-TWO MAJOR AND TRACE ELEMENTS IN THREE NIST SOIL SRMS USING ICP-AES AND WDXRF

The National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) has recently released three soil standard reference materials that are uncontaminated (SRM 2709), moderately contaminated (SRM 2711), and highly contaminated (SRM 2710) with metals. The SRMs were analyzed at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) for thirty two major, minor and trace elements using a combination of wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (WDXRF) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Good agreement is observed between NIST certified values and USGS results. The wide concentration ranges for most transition metals should make these SRMs useful in assessing the accuracy of methods used in geochemical exploration and environmental studies.     

江汉盐湖盆地原油中微量金属元素的分布及应用

利用发射光谱粉末法,定量测定江汉盐湖盆地72个原油样中的钴、锗、锆、钼、铬等13个微量金属元素后查明,这些元素在地层剖面上的分布有明显规律。除镁及铅以外,11种金属元素的含量随地层变老和原油成熟度增加而减少。如潜一段重质原油中钼、钴的含量比下伏地层高出15倍左右,锗只在潜一段原油中存在。11种元素的含量还随原油的比重、粘度、合硫量、沥青质、胶质及卟啉化合物的增加而增加。利用这些分布特点可区别不同油层的原油,也可推测油气运移的方向。