溶藻弧菌脂多糖在两种鱼类体内的组织分布

用溶藻弧菌Vibrio alginolyticus的VAL02和VAL00尾静脉和腹腔注射点带石斑鱼Einephelus malabaricus，收集感染后1，4，24，48和144h鱼的各器官标本，用斑点免疫ELISA（dot Enzyme-linked immunosorbent Assay)法检测其中的脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide,LPS)，发现肠，肝，脾，肾前部，肾后部均可吸收溶藻弧菌的LPS，而心脏吸收LPS的能力比其它器官差；检测结果还表明肝，肾组织中的LPS比脾组织中的LPS清除快。用斑点免疫ELISA法检测VAL02号菌感染的野生五带豆娘鱼Abudefduf vaigiensis器官组织中溶藻弧菌的LPS，结果在肠，肾，脾和肝脏中检测出LPS，在心脏组织中没有检测出LPS。实验结果表明溶藻弧菌LPS不易被点带石斑鱼和五带豆娘鱼的心脏组织吸收，但可被它们的肠，肾脏，肝脏和脾脏吸收。     

人工养殖点带石斑鱼弧菌病病原菌的分离及鉴定

广东、海南两省多个海水网箱养殖场养殖的点带石斑鱼(Epinephelus malabaricus)发生严重的弧菌病,从海南三亚和广东深圳的发病鱼病灶上分离到2株致病性细菌VAL02和VAL00,经人工回接感染实验证明这2株菌引起点带石斑鱼弧菌病,VAL02对点带石斑鱼苗的半致死量是2.25×10~5 cfu/g。经形态及生理生化特征分析,鉴定出VAL02及VAL00均为溶藻弧菌。应用药敏纸片法研究了22种化学疗剂对VAL02及溶藻弧菌标准株的生长抑制作用,发现VAL02对氯霉素、氟哌酸、卡那霉素和乙酰螺旋霉素等产生耐药性,对复方新诺明和环丙沙星等敏感。     

南极超微细菌ANT52(Alteromonas stellipolaris)外膜蛋白和脂多糖的提取物对黑鲷的免疫活性研究

从南极超微细菌ANT52(Alteromonas stellipolaris)提取粗外膜蛋白(Outer membrane protein,OMP)和粗脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide,LPS),分不同处理(OMP、LPS、OMP+LPS)免疫注射黑鲷,在免疫后的第1、7、14、21、28、35天时检测试验鱼的白细胞吞噬活性、溶菌酶活力、抗菌活力以及酚氧化酶活力等非特异性免疫指标的变化.结果表明,自南极超微细菌ANT52提取的LPS及OMP 均能够显著提高黑鲷的白细胞吞噬活性(P<0.05),增强黑鲷血清中的抗菌活力、溶菌酶的活力和酚氧化酶活力(P<0.05).各免疫处理对黑鲷免疫活性的影响效果不同,LPS、OMP单独注射的免疫促进效果优于组合注射(LPS+OMP);且LPS、OMP单独注射的黑鲷各免疫指标基本上在接种后的第28天时最高,而组合注射LPS+OMP在接种后的第21天最高.上述物质表现的免疫作用机理有待于进一步研究.     

云南马关新生代地幔包体中橄榄石的显微构造及其反映的上地幔物理状态特征

利用氧化缀饰法研究了云南马关新生代地幔尖晶石二辉橄榄岩包体中橄榄石的位错构造。其位错构造种类多样、形态各异,主要包括(100)和(001)位错壁、亚颗粒构造、位错网格、{100}滑动条带构造等,表明该区上地幔岩具高温高应变和低温高应变特征。包体形成的温度T为1016—1098℃,压力P为18.3×108—20.6×108Pa。马关上地幔温压状态具有大洋地幔地温特征,热流值达85mW·m-2。上地幔的流动应力σ为27.9—59.7MPa,流动速率ε为1.37×10-18—2.17×10-16s-1,等效粘滞度η为9.18×1022—6.92×1024Pa·s。该区上地幔的高流动应力、高热状态和裂谷带型的流动速率、等效粘滞度特征,可能与16MaB.P.以来区域性东西向伸展作用有关。     

山东夏季强降水的影响系统和物理量特征

应用2009—2013年6—9月山东全省加密自动站资料、地面和探空观测资料,选出了98次区域性强降水过程。统计分析了产生强降水的天气系统特征,把500 hPa天气系统分为6种类型,850~700 hPa天气系统分为5种类型,地面影响系统分为7种类型。统计分析了强降水过程中及前期24个代表大气热力、水汽和动力特征的物理量,给出了最小值、最大值、平均值和各阈值所占百分率。850 hPa和700 hPa偏南风达到急流(≥12 m·s~(-1))强度的分别占56.1%和62.2%。对流有效位能(CAPE)≥300 J·kg~(-1)占72.6%。K指数≥30℃占86.7%。沙氏指数SI≤0占75.5%。925 hPaθse≥68℃占82.2%,850 hPaθ_(se)≥66℃占74.8%。GPS/MET水汽监测大气可降水量≥55mm占81.8%。850 hPa和700 hPa的水汽通量平均值分别为8.0和5.9 g·(cm·hPa·s)-1,水汽通量散度平均值分别为-4.6×10~(-9)和-2.7×10~(-9)g·(hPa·cm~2·s)~(-1)。925 hPa、850 hPa和700 hPa的涡度平均值分别为12.6×10~(-6)、12.3×10~(-6)和9×10~(-6)s~(-1),散度平均值分别为-5.5×10~(-6)、-3.1×10~(-6)、-3.4×10~(-6)s~(-1)。850 hPa、700 hPa和500 hPa的垂直速度平均值分别为-4.5×10~(-4)、-7.4×10~(-4)和-11.1×10~(-4)hPa·s~(-1)。     

运用抗原芯片原理与竞争免疫层析技术制备鱼类病原性溶藻弧菌快速检测试纸

本文将抗原芯片法原理与竞争免疫层析技术相结合,利用兔抗溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)多克隆抗体标记20nm胶体金颗粒后制得金标垫,将溶藻弧菌的外膜蛋白、鞭毛蛋白、胞外产物和全菌破碎蛋白4种抗原组分以及羊抗兔IgG喷涂在硝酸纤维素膜上,分别作为4条检测线和1条质控线,制备溶藻弧菌胶体金免疫层析快速检测试纸,并确定检测结果的判定方法。使用该试纸同时对溶藻弧菌、副溶血弧菌(V.parahaemolyticus)、哈维氏弧菌(V.harveyi)、鳗弧菌(V.anguillarum)和鱼肠弧菌(V.ichthyoenteri)进行检测,检查结果显示其能够准确区分溶藻弧菌感染与其他弧菌的交叉反应,排除了交叉反应对结果判定的干扰。溶藻弧菌快速检测试纸的最低检测限为5×10~5cfu·mL~(-1),检测时间为10~15min。该试纸具有操作简便、快速、准确、特异性强的优点,适用于普通人员在养殖现场对鱼类溶藻弧菌的快速检测。     

铁及超声辅助铁还原降解水中氯乙酸及其动力学研究

以二氯乙酸(DCAA)和三氯乙酸(TCAA)为目标污染物,研究了铁(Fe0)和超声辅助铁(US-Fe0)还原降解水溶液中氯乙酸,以及溶液初始pH值、Fe0投加量、反应温度、反应时间、氯乙酸初始浓度对降解率的影响,并对降解的动力学进行了初步研究。结果表明,Fe0还原氯乙酸的最佳条件是:pH值为4.0、铁投加量为4g·L-1,室温条件下反应16h。超声辅助对Fe0还原水中氯乙酸的反应具有显著促进作用。在初始浓度为50μg·L-1时,US-Fe0还原降解DCAA和TCAA的降解率分别为87.3%和82.0%。Fe0和US-Fe0还原降解氯乙酸均符合准一级反应动力学(对氯乙酸),降解的表观速率常数分别为1.03×10-3 s-1(Fe0还原DCAA)、5.70×10-3 s-1(US-Fe0还原DCAA)和5.63×10-4 s-1(Fe0还原TCAA)、2.58×10-3 s-1(US-Fe0还原TCAA)。TCAA脱氯生成DCAA是降解的速率控制步骤。     

2株南极海洋寡营养细菌（Alteromonas stellipolaris）脂多糖对三疣梭子蟹（Portunus trituberculatus）非特异性免疫活性的影响

从2株南极海洋寡营养细菌（Alteromonas stellipolaris,菌株AT82和AT52）中提取脂多糖（Lipopolysaccharide,LPS）,分不同处理组免疫注射三疣梭子蟹,在免疫后第3、6、9、12天分别检测梭子蟹血清的抗菌活力、溶菌酶活力、超氧化物歧化酶活力、酚氧化酶活力和过氧化物酶活力等非特...     

一株新型异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌GJWA3的脱氮性能及定量检测

从水产养殖水体中分离出一株具有异养硝化-好氧反硝化能力的菌株Halomonas sp. GJWA3,该菌株在单一氮源条件下(10 mg·L~(-1))对NH~+_4-N、NO~-_2-N和NO~-_3-N的48 h去除率分别为96.44%、99.42%和78.27%,氮平衡分析结果表明该菌株能够去除水体中大部分无机氮。该菌株在pH为7.0～8.5、温度为25～35℃、C/N为10～20、盐度为24～40条件下表现出优良的NH~+_4-N、NO~-_2-N去除能力。通过酶联免疫吸附测定法建立菌株GJWA3的定量方法,定量范围为1×10~4～1×10~8 CFU·mL~(-1),线性相关性为R~2=0.957 2,通过此方法检测到该菌株在实际养殖水和废水中均能保持较高丰度,同时其48 h对TN的去除率分别为49.01%和62.48%。安全性实验表明,该菌株无溶血作用,且对凡纳滨对虾(Penaeus vannamei)有较高的生物安全性。研究结果表明,菌株GJWA3具有优异的脱氮能力、良好的水产养殖环境适应性和应用安全性,可在养殖水处理领域进行实际应用。     

胶州湾海水甲烷氧化速率的水平与垂直变化初步研究

系统考察2014年4月胶州湾海水中甲烷的氧化速率。通过一系列的海水培养实验,采用气相—稳定同位素比值质谱仪(GC-IRMS)追踪了培养样品中δ13 CH4的变化,计算了胶州湾海水的甲烷氧化速率(MOX)。结果表明:胶州湾表层水中甲烷的氧化速率的变化范围为3.7~255.5nmol·L~(-1)·d~(-1),平均值为(104.7±89.7)nmol·L~(-1)·d~(-1)。底层水中甲烷的氧化速率的变化范围为38.2~227.1nmol·L~(-1)·d~(-1),平均值为(148.9±76.2)nmol·L~(-1)·d~(-1)。总体而言,在胶州湾东部和西部,特别是海泊河口、洋河河口附近的水域,表层海水中甲烷氧化速率的分布都明显呈现出近岸高,远岸低的趋势。胶州湾甲烷的氧化速率与溶解无机碳浓度的变化以及甲酸的含量呈较明显的线性正相关。根据甲烷氧化速率估算出胶州湾氧化甲烷的量为1.15×108 mol/a,该值相当于胶州湾甲烷海-气通量的6.4~14.3倍。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.