Effects of Subduction of Pacific Plate on the Great Xing’an Range: Constriants from Geochronology and Geochemistry of the Shaxilate Granite Porphyry

As a widely‐developed mineral in various types of rocks, pyrite features important geological information such as temperature and pressure during its formation and evolution (An et al., 2014; An et al., 2018). It is an important geological formation for studying the origins of rocks, mineralization, and deposits (Xue et al., 2014; An et al., 2016). The study of the genesis of gold deposits is a research hotspot in current geology and mineral deposits not only because of high economic value, but also because of important practical significance (An et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2014). Shandong Zhaoyuan, as the third largest gold production area in the world, has important research significance of the origin and generation of gold‐bearing minerals (Xue et al., 2014; Wen et al., 2014). In this study, pyrite from augen granite (figure 1a), syenite (figure 1b), basite (figure 1c) and gold ore (figure 1d) at Zhaoyuan gold deposit Shandong Province, was selected as the research object. The morphological and structural micro‐fabrics were analysed by polarized light microscopy (PLM) and Raman spectroscopy to reveal the source and process of gold further.     

Gold Grade and Tonnage Models of the Gold Deposits, China

Abstract: The gold grade and tonnage modelling is applied to some types of the gold deposits in China, including placer, Archaean lode, slate belt, Carlin, volcanogenic, skarn and Shandong Peninsula, among others. The Shandong Peninsula type denotes the gold deposit, which was formed in an intensely reshaped Archaean greenstone belt. The modelling results show: (1) the Archaean lode gold deposits of China are similar to the Homestake type in gold grades. (2) The Chinese slate belt type gold deposits are marked by moderately lower gold grades but considerably larger ore volumes than the similar type elsewhere. (3) The Carlin style gold deposits of China are identified by higher Au grades but evidently smaller sizes in comparison with their counterparts in western North America. (4) The volcanogenic (continental) style is similar to Sado epithermal veins in gold grade‐tonnage models and general characteristics while volcanogenic gold deposits of the oceanic subgroup contrast with Kuroko‐type deposits in the gold grade model. But the Chinese volcanogenic (oceanic) subtype (Palaeozoic age) shows similar higher gold grades to those of the Palaeozoic Kuroko‐type deposits elsewhere. (5) Porphyry and skarn gold deposits tend to have a large size but low grade. (6) Less than half of the Shandong Peninsula gold deposits are of ore volumes exceeding the 50th intercept of the relevant gold tonnage model, implying possible undiscovered gold deposits with a larger size in the peninsula. (7) In general, Chinese gold deposits of larger sizes tend to have lower gold grades in relation to gold grade models. (8) Gold grade‐tonnage models can be effectively influenced by how to include or exclude non‐economic gold resources in the modelling. Ore volumes of gold deposits actually to some extent depend on gold grades. Consequently, the way of including or excluding low‐grade values may effect a gold grade‐tonnage model and cause different interpretation of the modelling results. This is particularly true to the gold deposits, which generally show an inverse correlation between gold grade and tonnage.     

Episodes of Cenozoic Gold Mineralization on the Eastern Margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau:~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar Dating and Implication for Geodynamic Events

A lot of new gold deposits have been found on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during the past two decades. Among them, three main types of gold deposits have been recognized, including quartz-vein-type, shearzone-type and porphyry-type. The former two types of gold deposits are mainly hosted within metamorphic rocks, while the latter is related to Cenozoic magmatism. Although all of these gold deposits are believed to have been formed during the uplift process of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the Cenozoic era (Wang et al., 2002b), precise isotopic age constraints have still been lacking until quite recently. This paper presents new ^40Ar/^39Ar data of some gold deposits on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which indicate that gold mineralization in the region occurred in response to the episodic stages of the orogenies. Recently obtained ^40Ar/^39Ar data on quartz and feldspars from several gold deposits, such as the Sandiao deposit, the Baijintaizi deposit, the Pusagang deposits, provide new constraints on gold mineralization on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Geochronological studies of gold deposits along the Daduhe River indicate that there are three stages of gold mineralization. The early two stages occurred as early as 65.1 Ma in the Shuibaiyang deposit and 58.95 Ma in the Ruoji deposit, while the latter stage occurred as late as 25.35 Ma in Baijintaizi and 24.70 Ma in Sandiao. Isotopic dating of three plagioclases from the Beiya deposit, Zhifanggou deposit and Luobodi deposit and a K-feldspar from the Jinchangqing deposit in Yunnan Province indicates that these deposits were formed at two stages. The Zhifanggou and Jinchangqing deposits have early stage records as old as 58.82 Ma in Zhifanggou and 55.49 Ma in Jinchangqing, but all of the above four deposits in Yunnan have late stage records of 23.18 Ma in Jinchangqing, 24.54 Ma in Zhifanggou, 24.60 Ma in Luobodi and 24.56 Ma in Hongnitang. The above results suggest that the gold deposits on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were formed concentratedly at two main episodes, i.e. the end of the Paleocene (about 58 Ma) and the boundary between the Paleogene and the Neogene (about 25 Ma). The later episode appears to be looks like more important and was coupled with the Sichuan movement, which was extensively activated at that period. The beginning of the Cenozoic Era (about 65 Ma) might be another episode of gold mineralization, but only one deposit (Shuibaiyang) in this study has been proved to have been be formed at this stage and might be earlier than the initial collision between the Indian Plate and the Eurasia Plate. In view of geology, the above three episodes of gold mineralization are associated with three events of tectonicmagmatism and/or fluid events. Even though the gold deposits (for example, the Shuibaiyang deposit, Ruoji deposit and Pusagang deposit) were formed at different episodes, all of them are genetically related to tectonic movements in largescale shear zones. It looks like theat tectonic events (including large-scale strike-slip) between Paleogene and Neogene had a wide influence upon gold mineralization, with new deposits formed and old deposits enriched or superimposed to be a higher grade by new stage of mineralization. The above data suggest that gold deposits were not only concentrated in some areas, but also formed mainly at different boundaries of geological times, indicating that there existed some peak stages of gold mineralization (metallogenic episodes), and that the gold deposits were formed mainly by episodic mineralization.     

湘黔地区“卡林型”金矿中金的赋存形式

对矿石的化学物相分析结果表明，湖南─贵州─带“卡林型”金矿原生矿石中的金主要呈微粒状单质金被包裹于硫化物及以绢云母为主的粘土矿物中，反映了金的矿化作用与黄铁矿化和绢云母化等是同时发生的。不同的“卡林型”金矿床之间，由于形成的物理化学条件的差异，其主要载金矿物的种类也不相同。表生氧化带中，载金矿物硫化物和绢云母发生了氧化和分解作用，使矿石中的大部分金转化为游离态形式存在，提高了矿石的可选性。     

中国金矿矿产预测评价模型及资源潜力分析

在全国金矿资源潜力评价基础上,将全国金矿矿产评价模型总结为12类：与中深成侵入岩有关的热液型、破碎蚀变岩型、斑岩型、矽卡岩型、海相火山岩型、陆相火山岩型、微细浸染型、变碎屑岩地层中热液型、绿岩建造型、砂金型、风化壳型和砾岩型。其中,以与中深成侵入岩有关的热液型、破碎蚀变岩型、微细浸染型为主,其预测资源量约占总预测资源量的38%,21%和14%。根据资源量的空间分布及成矿地质背景划分了55个金矿成矿区带,通过对不同成矿区带对预测资源量、累计查明资源储量统计分析,金矿主要集中分布于胶东、华北地台南缘、西秦岭、东秦岭、辽东、滇黔桂、哀牢山成矿带等。根据金矿的成矿地质背景,结合金矿资源潜力及近年来金矿勘查进展,对下一步的工作部署提出参考建议。     

秦岭地区蚀变煌斑岩型金矿的发现及金的预富集研究

秦岭地区煌斑岩广泛分布,大部分蚀变煌斑岩型金矿发现于微成盆地南侧。本文对煌斑岩金的预集提出了认识,深入研究蚀变煌斑岩型金矿中金的预富集和成矿特征有望扩大在秦岭地区的找金前景。     

南秦岭卡林型—似卡林型金矿床综合地质地球化学特征

笔者将南秦岭卡林型－似卡林型金矿床与与其共生的热水沉积成因铅锌矿床，中国滇黔桂卡林型金矿床、卡林型金矿床命名地美国西部卡林金矿床、乌兹别克斯坦穆龙套型金矿床等进行了地质地球化学综合对比研究，可以发现，这些矿床的形成均与现代板块构造活动机制具有密切耦合关系，属于造山期成矿矿床，它们既具有相似特点：容矿建造属沉积岩型，沉积构造环境具有拉张裂陷性质，均显示同生一叠加改造两次成矿作用的特征；它们又具明显差别；所属大地构造背景不同，造山带组成及结构存在明显差别，叠加改造成矿作用表现的复杂和强烈程度差别较大，造山带区域构造演化与大规模成矿作用是同一大陆动力学过程的不同表现。     

黔西南金矿勘查地球化学30年:回顾与展望

勘查地球化学是快速寻找黔西南金矿的重要方法和技术手段.30年来,根据勘查地球化学圈定的金异常,为找寻肉眼难以识别的微细浸染型金矿提供了重要找矿线索和直接找矿靶区,并取得显著的找矿效果.黔西南金矿勘查地球化学的历史和研究表明,该区金的成矿地球化学条件优越,金地球化学块体内部结构及其套合的地球化学模式谱系预示尚有较大资源远景和找矿潜力.勘查地球化学需要结合地质、物探、遥感等方法,在新深度、新理论、新领域上进一步指导地质找金工作,才能不负时代所赋予的历史使命.     

会东-东川地区平顶山组金矿化层位与找矿方向

通过对播卡、新田、小溜口金矿矿化层位的对比研究,认为其矿化层位同属于汤丹群平顶山组。金矿赋矿地层平顶山组为成矿提供了主要物质来源,播卡金矿、新田金矿属于构造蚀变岩型金矿床。认为会东-东川地区平顶山组的找金工作,应以地层、岩浆岩、断裂、蚀变为重要线索。新田矿区及其外围、播卡金矿区控矿剪切破碎带南延地段、小溜口-人民凹-燕子岩地区有继续寻找同类型矿床的潜力。     

Current Gold Prospecting in China

In China, there are 12 types of gold deposits in 57 class-III metallogenic zones, formed in 7 main metallogenic periods. Most gold deposits are small or occur as ore spots; very large deposits are rare with relatively poor quality, mainly medium to low grade. Only 35% of the total gold reserves is identified, while a large amount of reserves is yet to be identified. In recent years, China Geological Survey has organized or conducted mineral resources survey and evaluation project, replacement resources prospecting for deposits in crisis, old mines prospecting and commercial prospecting funded or encouraged by the Central Government. These efforts have been fruitful. According to the temporal and spatial allocation of gold resources, and experiences from recent prospecting efforts, western China and the deep layers and peripheries of the-sits in eastern China have relatively high prospecting potential. The government should give even more support to the gold industry and strengthen technological innovation to help address difficulties in gold exploitation and processing. The government should also formulate consistent plans, consolidate mining rights, and promote integrated exploration, so as to achieve new major breakthroughs in gold prospecting. Gold is both a form of material wealth and a way of storing wealth. It is a rare resource with dual functions of commodity and currency. As an important global strategic asset and a cornerstone of financial reserves, gold plays an irreplaceable role in securing national economic development, maintaining financial security, strengthening national comprehensive power and promoting RMB internationalization. Based on latest research and prospecting results, the thesis proposes preliminary conclusions on types, temporal and spatial allocation, and exploration and development of gold deposits in China; predicts China’s gold resource potential; reviews recent gold prospecting and exploration efforts; and, in the hope of offering some reference for the new round of gold prospecting, exploration and planning, offers some suggestions.     

M agmatic Gold Mineralization in the Western Qinling Orogenic Belt: Geology and Metallogenesis of the Baguamiao,Liba and Xiaogouli Gold Deposits

The superlarge Baguamiao, large Liba and Xiaogouli gold deposits represent three typical gold deposits different from the Carlin type in the western Qinling Orogenic Belt. Based on Ar-Ar dating of quartz from ores, U-Pb dating of single zircon from granite, tracing of H and O isotopes and studies on the mineralogy and texture of spots and bleached alteration developed in wall rocks, this paper focuses the relations between gold deposits and granite to clarify the origin of gold deposits and the metallogenesis in the tectonic evolution of the Qinling Orogenic Belt. The comprehensive studies show that the age of the granite (148.1-244 Ma) is identical with that of the gold deposits (131.91-232.56 Ma). It is suggested that the granite has close temporal, spatial and genetic relationship with the gold deposits. The granite provides a heat source, water source and considerable amount of ore-forming material. Finally, it is concluded that the orogeny by collision, emplacement of the granite and positioning of     

河南省西峡县高庄金矿床地质特征及找矿前景

朱阳关-夏馆断裂是一条长约400 km,深达上地幔的超壳深大断裂带,沿断裂带出露有较多的燕山期花岗岩(脉)体及一系列Cu、Au、Ag、Pb、Zn异常,有色金属、贵金属成矿作用明显。高庄金矿床赋存在二郎坪群含放射虫黄铁矿变细碧岩内,矿体成群成带分布在朱阳关-夏馆断裂次级断裂中,明显受断裂控制,近地表以石英脉型金矿为主,向下渐变为蚀变碎裂岩型金矿,矿体自地表向下明显变厚,金品位增富。其成因为海底火山喷流-岩浆热液-构造热液叠加改造形成的含金石英脉-蚀变构造岩型金矿。二郎坪群蛇绿岩套横贯河南省西南部,连续延伸约400 km(图1),含放射虫黄铁矿层广泛发育,Cu、Au、Ag、Pb、Zn异常分布较多,朱阳关-夏馆断裂的次级断裂中黄铁矿化、硅化、多金属硫化物蚀变明显,随着深部地质找矿的进一步开展,本区可成为我国重要的金多金属矿产基地。     

Gold Deposits in Precambrian Banded Iron-Formations — A Case Study of the Dongfengshan Gold Deposit1

Abstract This paper deals with a preliminary study of 13 localities of Precambrian iron-formations in the Jiamusi median massif and determination of the gold content of 391 samples. It has been ascertained that the gold deposits are strictly controlled by the iron-formations and exhibit obvious stratabound features. On that basis, the paper principally discusses gold migration and enrichment. Abundant Mn and Co are contained in primary sediments of the Dongfengshan-type gold deposits, which strongly supports and supplements the idea that the gold deposits of the same kind in the world are of metamorphosed volcano-exhalative-sedimentary origin.     

Red Clay Type Gold Deposits in China

<正>Red clay type gold deposits,located in the south of China,are situated not only in orogenic belts,but also in inner cratons,where climate is tropical-subtropical with clear arid and humid.The lateritic weathering crust often can be divided into five zones,including topsoil,siliceous duricrust zone,multi-color zone(or red clay zone in some deposits),pallid zone and saprolite zone from surface to the base rock,several of which are absent in some deposits.The base rocks are composed mainly of carbonate rocks with minor clastic rocks,intermediate-basic volcanic rocks and intermediate-acid and alkalic intrusions.The orebodies are mainly located in the multi-color zone with part of them in the pallid and saprolite zones.The ore sources include orebodies of Carlin-type gold deposits and porphyry gold deposits,as well as gold-rich base rocks.The red clay type gold deposits experienced early-stage endogenic gold mineralization and laterization during the Tertiary and Quaternary.The areas with endogenic gold deposits,especially Carlin-type gold deposits and porphyry gold deposits in karst depressions on the plateau,structual erosional platforms in the middle-lower mountains,and intermountain basins in southern China are well worth studying to trace red clay type gold deposits.     

贵州卡林型金矿的发现及其意义

贵州是我国率先发现有工业价值微细浸染型金矿──卡林型金矿的省区。它的发现不仅彻底改变了贵州金资源贫乏的面貌，开创了黄金生产的新篇章，而且为全国金的找矿提供了宝贵的借鉴，具有重要的指导作用，促进了同类型金矿在有关省区的不断发现。本文就该类型金矿及其重要产区的发现予以查证记述的基础上，对其金矿发现的特点做了归纳，进而对发现的价值意义进行了概略论叙。     

班公湖-怒江成矿带金成矿规律及成矿作用初讨

金矿是班公湖-怒江成矿带的优势矿种之一。由于地质工作程度总体较低,金矿的成矿规律和成矿作用研究相对薄弱,严重制约了金矿的评价。本文在前人已有研究成果的基础上,通过大量的野外地质调查与综合研究成果,初步论述了班公湖-怒江成矿带金的成矿地质背景、金矿床的主要成因类型、时空分布特征和成矿作用。研究结果表明,班公湖-怒江成矿带金矿床(点)在空间分布上具有东西成带,相对集中的分布特征。金主要以共生、伴生的形式存在。矿床类型有矽卡岩型、斑岩型、造山型和浅成低温热液型等4类,其成矿时代集中于晚侏罗世-晚白垩世。依据矿床成因及成矿作用主控因素,可将班公湖-怒江成矿带金矿床归纳为与洋壳俯冲消减作用有关的岩浆热液金成矿系统和与大陆碰撞造山作用有关的金成矿系统。与洋壳俯冲消减作用有关的岩浆热液金成矿系统可进一步划分出浅成低温热液型金矿床、斑岩型铜金矿床、矽卡岩型金铜矿床等3种成因类型;而与大陆碰撞造山作用有关的金成矿系统包括浅成低温热液型铜金矿床、造山型金矿床、矽卡岩型金铜矿床等3种成因类型。     

南秦岭金矿成矿的几点认识

南秦岭金矿成矿的几点认识于学元，郑作平（中国科学院广州地球化学研究所，广州５１０６４０）关键词金矿床，成矿带，南秦岭秦岭地质构造极其复杂，是一个巨大的缔向构造带，也是我国重要的有色金属矿产基地。近几年来，随着对秦岭地区地质研究强度的加强，在贵重金属找...     

细微浸染型金矿床中黄铁矿的标型特征及意义

通过对皖南东至－泾县一带细微浸染型金矿成矿带中花山、吕山、柴山、虎龙冲、管岭、白果树等金矿床（点）中黄铁矿化学成分和晶体形态标型特征的研究来探讨该区金矿床（点）的成矿条件,为指出找矿方向,筛选出找矿靶区作一个有益的尝试。     

黔东南剪切带金矿的分布规律与成矿模式

根据地质勘查资料对黔东南地区金矿的成矿地质背景条件进行了综合研究,认为该区金矿的成矿作用过程与剪切构造作用有关;指出隐伏东西向构造控制着矿田成矿田级矿化区的分布,北东-北北东向等构造与东西向构造的交汇控制着矿床的分布,褶皱加断裂组合的脆性构造变形主要控制脉型金矿的产出,中深部过渡型剪切变形则控制着细脉、网脉状金矿;探讨了金成矿作用的时空演化,进而建立了该区剪切带金矿的成矿模式。     

铜石金矿田地球化学找矿模型

从基岩地球化学及水系沉积物地球化学的角度研究了铜石金矿田金的异常特征。运用对应聚类、因子分析和马氏距离等多元统计分析方法进一步研究了金组合元素异常特征，建立了归来庄金矿环、线叠加地球化学异常找矿模型。