基于多元统计分析的地下水水源地污染识别

为实现地下水水源地的科学保护,识别水源地可能的污染源,通过采集吴忠市金积水源地保护区及周边16个水井地下水样品,依据采样测试分析结果,遵循连续性和代表性原则,选择了电导率、溶解性总固体、总硬度、浊度、溶解氧、氟化物、亚硝酸盐和细菌总数等8个指标进行多元统计分析。采用因子分析法,提取出4个公因子,利用因子得分进行多元线性回归,实现对金积水源地可能的地下水污染源的识别。结果表明,因子分析提取出的4个公因子,解释了所选样本总方差的96.979%,其中第一公因子代表蒸发浓缩作用,第二公因子代表粪便污染,第三公因子代表含氟矿物的溶解和工业污染,第四公因子代表自然作用,且各污染因子对不同采样点的污染程度不同,四个公因子对地下水水质的贡献率分别为:42.63%,29.23%,22.40%和5.74%。     

Geochemistry and petrogenesis of volcanic rocks in the Kuril island arc

Newly obtained precise analytical data on trace elements and radiogenic Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopes testify to anomalous geochemical characteristics of mafic and intermediate Quaternary lavas in Paramushir (in the north of the Kuril arc), Kunashir and Iturup (in the south) islands, which are the largest three islands of the Kuril island arc. The high K and LREE concentrations in the volcanic products in Paramushir Island resulted from the southward expansion of the mantle thermal anomaly of the Kamchatka Peninsula and the involvement of melts related to the melting of oceanic sediments in magma generation. The depleted characteristics of the mafic volcanics are explained by the relatively young tectono-magmatic events during the opening of the Kuril backarc basin. The Kuril island-arc system developed on a heterogeneous basement. The northern islands are a continuation of the volcanic structures of southern Kamchatka, which were formed above an isotopically depleted and hot lithospheric mantle domain of composition close to that of the Pacific MORB type. The southern islands were produced above an isotopically enriched and cold lithospheric domain of the Indian-Ocean MORB type, which was modified in relation to relatively young backarc tectono-magmatic processes. Although issues related to the genesis of the transverse geochemical zoning were beyond the originally formulated scope of our research, the homogeneous enough isotopic composition of the rear-arc lavas in the absence of any mineralogical and geochemical lines of evidence of crustal contamination suggests an independent magmatic source.     

Geochemistry of granitoids from the basement of the Kuril island arc system

This paper reports the characteristics of granitoids from the Pacific slope of the Kuril island arc system, which were discovered by the authors during geological and geophysical operations in three cruises of the R/V Akademik M. Lavrent’ev. The major and trace element compositions of these rocks were determined, their role in the formation of the submarine Vityaz Ridge was evaluated, and they were compared with granitoids from the Brouton group of submarine volcanoes and xenoliths from Simushir Island and the Sea of Okhotsk. Granitoids from various structures of the basement of the Kuril island arc system are hypabyssal rocks derived from andesite magmas. Their common features are related to the formation on the continental crust under convergent geodynamic conditions involving compression due to the movement and subduction of the Pacific plate beneath the Asian continent. The problem of the basement of the Kuril island arc system was discussed, the composition and age of its rocks were determined, and the history of the geologic development of the Pacific slope of the arc starting from the Late Mesozoic was briefly described.     

多元统计分析在普朗斑岩型铜矿床中的应用

普朗斑岩型铜矿是云南格咱岛弧成矿带中印支期斑岩型铜矿床的典型代表。本文应用聚类分析、因子分析方法对普朗斑岩型铜矿成矿岩体中微量元素进行了分析和科学分类。根据普朗复式斑(玢)岩体的地质条件和微量元素地球化学特征,从理论角度定性分析和定量分析均确定了普朗复式岩体存在明显的Cu-Au-Ag矿化异常,主成矿元素Cu与Au、Ag、Mo、W等具有较好的相关性,且局部存在中―低温的Pb、Zn矿化异常组合。矿床的形成与印支期中酸性斑(玢)岩体的侵入有密切的联系,成矿作用具多期多阶段性。     

Stratigraphic Division and Correlation of the Nihewan Beds by Multivariate Statistical Analysis

Described in paper is the principle of optimal partitioning method for stratigraphic division and correlation.The Nihewan Beds are taken for example to show how to apply this approach in stratigraphic division and correlation.The semiquantitative spectral analysis data on aggregate trace elements in 324 samples taken from the nine sections in the Nihewan Basin are treated with multivariate statistical method for stratigraphic division and correlation.First ,the data from all the sections are respectively calculated by the optimal partitioning method to establish the stratigraphic boundaries.The optimal partitioning method has proved itself to be applicable to stratigraphic division and correlation. In our practice the Nihewan Beds are divided into five zones (I-V).Zone I includes subzones Ia and Ib,Zones Ia,Ib,II and III are considered to be corresponding to the Pliocene(N2),the early Early Pleistocene,the late Early Pleistocene,and the Middle Pleistocene,respectively .Zones IV and V are probably Late Pleistocene in age.This indicated that sediments deposited con-temporaneous in the sections of the same basin are similar in geochemical characteristics,although dif-ferent in geographical location.However,the sediments also show some variations ,with a transitional relationship from one section to another .For example ,in Zone II,the sediments of the Xiaodukou section show not only the characteristics of the Nangou-Hongya and Hutouliang sections,but also those of the Xiashagou,Shixiaxi,Shixiadong and Wulitai sections.It can be seen from the above that the zones can be characteristically correlated with one another.In addition the feasibility of the optimal partitioning method is also described in the present paper.     

基于多元统计的竖井井壁安全评价模型研究

竖井井壁在复杂应力条件下的非采动破坏严重威胁着矿井的生产安全,如何准确、快捷评价其安全性一直是相关研究者们的关注重点。通过建立考虑应力-渗流-温度三场耦合的竖井井壁计算模型,结合正交试验设计原理和多元统计法,研究了大直径竖井井壁在非采动情况下的主要破坏形式,找到了主要影响因素。建立了一种安全性评价模型用于快速简捷地对工程对象进行预测和评估,可对井壁监测方案提供参考。最后利用文中方法对温家庄铁矿竖井工程进行了分析,验证了安全评价模型的可行性。     

多元统计分析在紫金山铜金矿床研究中的应用

紫金山铜金矿床为典型的高硫化型浅成低温热液矿床。文章以矿山地质调查工作为基础,通过岩相学、矿相学、岩化学分析等方法对紫金山铜金矿中的赋矿围岩以及金属矿石进行了系统研究;应用多元统计分析法对蚀变围岩的岩石地球化学数据进行分析,借助SPSS系统研究了Cu-Au元素变量与控矿微量元素变量的聚类关系,建立了Cu-Au元素变量与其它变量的回归方程,验证与解释了紫金山Cu-Au高硫化型矿床的成矿作用是由多期次的岩浆热液活动引起的。另外,通过聚类分析研究发现紫金山的成矿过程主要有中温Cu-Au矿化、低温Pb-Zn矿化以及少量高温W-Sn矿化三种矿化类型,其中W-Sn矿化形成于燕山早期的赋矿围岩形成阶段,而Pb-Zn、Cu-Au矿化为主矿化成矿阶段、形成于燕山晚期,且与富潜火山热液活动有关。     

Magmatism of Kunashir island (Kuril island arc) from aerogeophysical evidence

The existence of a lateral volcanic zoning in the Kuril island arc (KIA) was confirmed by the analysis of the 1: 50 000 scale maps of the abundances of natural radioactive elements (NRE). Trends of the NRE ratios were calculated for the magmatic complexes of the KIA, and their relation to fluidization processes was proved. Based on aerogeophysical data (maps of NRE ratios and the magnetic field), the main cyclic sequence of the formation of active volcanoes and magmatism was distinguished. Multicyclic volcanoes related to mantle sources usually show the predominance of calc-alkaline volcanic complexes, the occurrence of magnetite precipitation processes, and weak development of metasomatic aureoles. Other volcanoes connected to crustal sources are characterized by the development of calcic complexes and extensive hydrothermal-metasomatic systems.     

The mechanism of induced seismicity at mosul reservoir based on the first motion analysis

In 1986 shortly after the impounding of Mosul reservoir, shallow earthquakes began occurring in the immediate reservoir vicinity, with magnitudes up to ML 3.0, at rates of up to 3 events per week. These events were almost certainly reservoir-induced and coincided with steadily increasing water levels. Cluster of epicenters was observed in the area located within a complex fault zone called the Sinjar-Dohouk-Kuchuk fault system. The presence of such fault system considers a potential source of earthquakes. A composite fault plane solution, based on first p-wave motion analyses, indicates that the mechanisms of seismicity were right-lateral strike-slip faulting along N44°E plane dipping 58° NW, in conformity with the local tectonics.     

The mechanism of induced seismicity at mosul reservoir based on the first motion analysis

In 1986 shortly after the impounding of Mosul reservoir, shallow earthquakes began occurring in the immediate reservoir vicinity, with magnitudes up to ML 3.0, at rates of up to 3 events per week. These events were almost certainly reservoir-induced and coincided with steadily increasing water levels. Cluster of epicenters was observed in the area located within a complex fault zone called the Sinjar-Dohouk-Kuchuk fault system. The presence of such fault system considers a potential source of earthquakes. A composite fault plane solution, based on first p-wave motion analyses, indicates that the mechanisms of seismicity were right-lateral strike-slip faulting along N44°E plane dipping 58° NW, in conformity with the local tectonics.     

Hydrogeological assessment of the Tabarteh fault zone by physicochemical analysis and multivariate statistical methods

Hydrogeologically, faults may impede, conduit, exert no influence, or may play a combination of these roles on groundwater flow. The object of this paper is to study the hydrogeological role of the Tabarteh fault, which is located on the border of Zagros and Central Iran tectonic zones in an alluvial aquifer. The recorded data of water table levels, chemical parameters, and discharge rate of wells, in addition to geological maps and geophysical results, were collected and evaluated. The outcrop of travertine in limited areas and the emergence of a few small springs within the alluvium show a barrier role of the fault in the groundwater flow. The spatial analysis of chemical components, head time series, and groundwater flow direction assessment demonstrated that the fault acts as both a barrier and a non-barrier in different sections. The multivariate statistical methods of cluster and discriminant analyses also confirm the dual role of the fault.     

A spatial statistical analysis of the occurrence of earthquakes along the Red Sea floor spreading: clusters of seismicity

The aim of this study is to apply spatial pattern analysis techniques to a seismic data catalog of earthquakes beneath the Red Sea to try and detect clusters and explore global and local spatial patterns in the occurrence of earthquakes over the years from 1900 to 2009 using a geographical information system (GIS). The spatial pattern analysis techniques chosen for this study were quadrant count analysis, average nearest neighbor, global Moran’s I, Getis–Ord general G, Anselin Local Moran’s I, Getis–Ord Gi*, kernel density estimation, and geographical distributions. Each of these techniques was implemented in the GIS so that computations could be carried out quickly and efficiently. Results showed that (1) these techniques were capable of detecting clusters in the spatial patterns of the occurrence of the earthquakes; (2) both global and local spatial statistics indicate that earthquakes were clustered in the study area beneath the Red Sea; (3) earthquakes with higher magnitudes on the Richter scale were notably concentrated in the central and southern parts of the Red Sea where seismic activities were most active; and (4) earthquakes with moderate magnitudes on the Richter scale were particularly concentrated in the northern part of the Red Sea where there is an area of late-stage continental rifting comprised of a broad trough without a recognizable spreading center, although there were several small, isolated deep troughs. We conclude that the pattern analysis techniques applied to the seismic data catalog of earthquakes beneath the Red Sea could detect clusters in the occurrence of earthquakes from 1900 to 2009.     

矿区地下水系统水质分类判别的多元统计分析

以某矿区地下水系统为例,对该矿区地下水水化学资料进行了多元统计分析方法耦合应用研究,主要包括利用因子分析对存在相关关系的离子变量进行空间降维处理,找出能够反映众多离子信息的基础变量(正交因子),以其作为系统聚类变量;运用系统聚类法获取能代表各地下水子系统水化学特征的典型水样;使用贝叶斯逐步线性判别分析建立地下水各子系统水化学判别模型(判别函数),并对随机检验样品进行判别归属和判别模型统计检验。结果表明:这是一种稳定性较好且切实有效的、适用于矿区地下水系统水化学分类及水源水化学判别的方法。     

基于多变量统计分析和水化学特征的海水入侵特征研究——以青岛市崂山区为例

沿海地区地下水环境问题日益突出,进行地下水水化学特征及演化规律的研究,能够更有效地开展地下水环境的监测和保护。以青岛市崂山区地下水为研究对象,综合运用统计分析、主成分分析、Piper图解法、HFE-D图解法、Chadha’s矩形图法等方法,对研究区海水入侵特征与地下水化学特征演化进行分析,探究地下水水化学特征及演化规律,并进一步评价了海水入侵现状。结果表明,研究区地下水以Na+、Ca2+、Cl−、${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$为主要优势离子,地下水化学类型多为Cl·SO4-Na型和SO4·Cl-Ca·Mg型。地下水中Cl−浓度变化幅度较大,且其均值超出了有无海水入侵的分界值（250 mg·L−1）,地下水可能发生一定程度的海水入侵;青岛市崂山区地下水呈中性至弱碱性（pH均值=7.0~8.0）,是沿海地区长期的水文地球化学过程的影响;地下水化学变化主要受自然因素（岩石与水的相互作用）或人为因素（农业和家庭活动）的控制;采用反距离加权（IDW）方法,结合地理信息系统（GIS）,进行海水入侵位置的空间映射,研究结果表明崂山区海水入侵主要分布于江家土寨东−浦里社区北入侵段,王哥庄−港西−港东入侵段、仰口湾入侵段、登瀛村−栲栳岛入侵段。     

基于统计学方法的地震属性分析技术应用

通过对吉林油田梁家地区2段地层的地质、地震、测井数据进行综合分析,提取振幅、能量、反射强度等地震属性,采用统计学中常用的聚类分析法和回归分析法对属性进行优选和组合,从而进行储层参数预测,最终得到研究区2段地层砂地比和砂岩厚度的预测图。根据单井资料总结出工区沉积相与地震属性特征的对应关系,供后续的区域沉积相分布推测等工作参考。     

Prediction of source rock characteristics based on terpane biomarkers in crude oils: A multivariate statistical approach

The distributions of eight tricyclic and eight pentacyclic terpanes were determined for 216 crude oils located worldwide with subsequent simultaneous RQ-mode factor analysis and stepwise discriminate analysis for the purpose of predicting source rock features or depositional environments. Five categories of source rocks are evident: nearshore marine (i.e., paralic/deltaic); deeper-water marine; lacustrine; phosphaticrich source beds; and Ordovician age source rocks. The first two factors of the RQ-mode factor analysis describe 45 percent of the variation in the data set; the tricyclic terpanes appear to be twice as significant as pentacyclic terpanes in determining the variation among samples. Lacustrine oils are characterized by greater relative abundances of C₂₁ diterpane and gammacerane; nearshore marine sources by C₁₉ and C₂₀ diterpanes and oleanane; deeper-water marine facies by C₂₄ and C₂₅ tricyclic and C₃₁ plus C₃₂ extended hopanes; and Ordovician age oils by C₂₇ and C₂₉ pentacyclic terpanes. Although thermal maturity trends can be observed in factor space, the trends do not necessarily obscure the source rock interpretations. Also, since bacterial degradation of crude oils rarely affects tricyclic terpanes, biodegraded oils can be used in predicting source rock features. The precision to which source rock depositional environments are determined might be increased with the addition of other biomarker (e.g., steranes) and stable isotope data using multivariate statistical techniques.