干旱风沙区植被重建初期对土壤微生物群落结构的影响

为揭示干旱风沙区植被重建对土壤微生物群落结构的影响,以乌海至玛沁高速公路腾格里沙漠段生态防护体系的植被重建区土壤为研究对象,以流动沙丘为对照,运用高通量测序技术研究植被重建区土壤微生物群落结构随植被恢复重建的变化特征。结果表明:植被重建区与流沙区土壤微生物群落组成相似,均以放线菌门(58.53%～67.85%)、变形细菌门(16.53%～19.68%)等为优势类群;优势菌属包括诺卡氏菌属、甲基柔膜菌属、微红微球菌属和微枝型杆菌属。与流沙区对照相比,植被重建区显著增加了土壤大部分菌门相对丰度和多样性。植被恢复重建后土壤pH、电导率及盐分含量降低;土壤微生物量磷(MBP)、土壤微生物量碳(MBC)与土壤微生物量碳氮比(MBC:MBN)在植被重建区浅层土壤(0～5 cm、5～10 cm和10～20 cm)显著高于流沙区。因此,对于沙漠公路生态防护体系而言,植被重建能显著改善其浅层土壤养分状况、微生物相对丰度和多样性水平,是改善沙漠生态环境的重要措施。     

生物结皮演替对黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区土壤氮素转化及微生物活性的促进效应北大核心CSCD

以黄土高原风蚀水蚀交错区六道沟小流域的生物结皮为研究对象,探索了土壤氮素含量、氮转化相关酶活性及微生物数量对生物结皮演替的响应规律及其在不同土层上的变化特征。结果表明:生物结皮演替显著增加了结皮层的有机碳(SOC)和NO3--N含量(P<0.05);结皮演替后期阶段的总氮(TN)、NH4+-N含量也逐渐增加;除脲酶、亚硝酸还原酶外,结皮层中固氮酶活性、蛋白酶活性、硝酸还原酶活性均随结皮演替呈显著增加趋势(P<0.05);微生物量碳和氮(MBC、MBN)亦随生物结皮演替而呈显著升高趋势(P<0.05);细菌、真菌同样在结皮演替后期数量增加。生物结皮层的土壤养分、酶活性和微生物数量等多数指标显著高于结皮下层土壤;生物结皮下层土壤的SOC含量、硝酸还原酶活性显著高于裸地下层,但不同结皮类型的下层土壤之间无显著差异;苔藓结皮下层土壤的脲酶活性和MBN最高,显著高于藻结皮和裸地下层土壤。土壤碳氮含量、微生物量与氮转化相关酶活性之间多数具有显著的相关关系。在生物结皮演替过程中,土壤SOC的积累增加了微生物量与细菌、真菌数量,氮功能微生物提高了氮素含量和相关酶活性,在氮素积累和转化过程中发挥着关键作用,为植物的繁衍与生长提供了宝贵的养分,促进黄土高原水蚀风蚀区的水土保持与地表稳定。     

沙区植被恢复对土壤微生物量及活性的影响

土壤微生物是生态系统功能及养分循环的关键影响因素,对土壤质量变化有重要的指示意义。研究了干旱沙区植被恢复过程中土壤微生物量及微生物活性的变化特征及其季节动态。结果表明：固沙植被区土壤微生物量碳氮和土壤基础呼吸显著大于流动沙丘,总体上表现为同一土层土壤微生物量碳氮和基础呼吸速率随植被恢复年限的延长而增加,而同一年代植被区则随土层深度的增加而减小。土壤微生物代谢熵随固沙年限的延长呈下降趋势,随土层深度的增加而增大。土壤微生物量和基础呼吸呈现出明显的季节变化,表现为夏季 >秋季 >春季 >冬季,且随着恢复年限的延长其变化幅度增大;微生物代谢熵不存在明显的季节变化。土壤微生物属性能够较好地反映沙区植被恢复引发的土壤质量变化。     

桂西北喀斯特人为干扰区植被的演替规律与更新策略

采用全面调查和样方调查方法,以木论自然保护区顶级群落为对照,运用群落生态学原理和方法,研究桂西北喀斯特人为干扰区进入环境保护阶段22 a后植被自然恢复过程中群落的演替规律及物种多样性变化.结果表明,干扰区的物种多样性丧失严重,有维管束植物91科206属241种,仅为自然保护区的26.6%,6种植被类型的顺向演替系列为石漠化稀疏草丛→草丛→草灌丛→灌丛→藤刺灌丛→乔灌丛.除石漠化稀疏草丛植被极少外,随着干扰区群落的自然恢复,群落的高度(0.49～15.56 m)上升而密度(468.50～0.31株/m2)下降,总盖度呈高(0.85)→低(0.50)→最高(0.90)→次高(0.80)的变化;群落生物量(7.74～131.42t/hm2)逐渐积累增大,随高度的升高和草本生物量占总生物量百分比的减少而增加;物种数(14～46)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(0.89～4.13)升高,生态优势度在演替的前期(0.28)和后期(0.23)较高,中间较低且保持相对稳定(0.10～0.16),均匀度的变化规律正好相反.和顶级群落相比,干扰区最大的群落高度、生物量和多样性指数分别下降了10.82 m、42.02t/hm2和0.29.针对干扰区植被恢复缓慢的现状,分析了喀斯特干扰区形成机理及其对植被的影响,提出了干扰区不同立地类型上人工与自然相结合的3条植被恢复途径,对大面积处于极度退化下的桂西北喀斯特人为干扰区植被的恢复建设和生态重建具有重要的理论价值和实际指导意义.     

河西走廊荒漠绿洲过渡带封育对土壤和植被的影响

在河西走廊荒漠绿洲过渡带,封育天然植被是植被群落恢复、防止绿洲沙漠化的有效措施。以流动沙丘作为对照(0年),对封育5年和15年的半固沙和固定沙丘植被群落以及土壤进行调查取样和分析。结果表明:随着封育年限增加,天然固沙植被群落生物多样性增加,灌木层和草本层植物密度、盖度和生物量都显著增加,灌木层盖度从10%增加到40%,草本层以一年生草本植物为主,物种从5种增加到8种,生物量从1 g·m^-2增加到13 g·m^-2。随着天然植被盖度增加,土壤表层沙土细粒化明显,沙土中黏粉粒含量显著增加,土壤质地由粗质沙粒向细质沙粒转变;随着沙土中黏粉粒成分的增加,沙土有机质、全氮、全磷含量也增加,灌丛下土壤养分含量高于灌丛间,“沃岛效应”明显。同时,在灌丛下表层土壤出现明显的盐分集聚现象,其中SO₄^2-、K⁺、Na⁺含量分别增加了6、3、17倍。在降水100 mm左右的荒漠绿洲过渡带,封育可以显著恢复固沙植被群落和提高沙土质地和养分。     

石羊河上游甘肃臭草型退化草地植被恢复过程

研究了化学除莠 适度放牧条件下,祁连山北坡甘肃臭草(Melica przewalskyi)草地群落的植被恢复过程.结果表明,使用专用除草剂杀灭甘肃臭草后,恢复草地在2000～2006年经历了甘肃臭草优势阶段、冷蒿 甘肃臭草阶段、冷蒿 阿尔泰针茅阶段、阿尔泰针茅 杂类草阶段等4个演替阶段.2006年草地群落的植物种数比对照草地增加4～7种,盖度和密度接近或高于对照草地,甘肃臭草由优势种变为伴生种,阿尔泰针茅(Stipa krylovii)成为优势种.与对照草地相比地下总根量减少9.06%,活根量提高3.5%,并且表现出深层化分布趋势,0～50 cm土层的含水量提高7.2%.经过7 a的恢复演替,草地群落的稳定性增加,但是,草地的地上生物量仍然较低,杂类草所占比例较大,尚未达到成熟群落状态.     

滇东喀斯特山地植被退化及其恢复对策

喀斯特山区生态系统已经和正在经历各种人为的干扰、破坏和不合理使用.植被退化是生态系统退化的最典型外在特征.在对滇东的3个喀斯特山村和自然保护区的25个喀斯特植被样地的植物群落学特征,繁殖体库和土壤基质进行调查研究后发现：喀斯特山地植被退化是一个渐进的逆向演替过程,人和动物的选择性、物种的适应性和持久性能力决定着物种及其繁殖体的存在与消亡.某些物种由于具有较强的萌生能力和较高的持久性,其无性繁殖体能在反复砍伐后仍然保存于一些石质缝隙之中.伴随植被退化,土壤有机质和养分不断流失.以物种组成、群落高度、繁殖体库、土壤、生物量与参照群落间的相异性指数为指标,通过聚类分析将滇东的喀斯特退化植物群落分为顶级群落、乔林、灌乔、灌丛灌木、草灌和草本群落6个阶段.喀斯特退化植被的恢复应该充分考虑到这种植被退化的阶段性,根据各阶段的特点补充不同数量和种类的当地物种繁殖体,改善土壤基质性状并配以抚育措施.     

沙漠生物土壤结皮演替对微生物群落结构和土壤酶活力的影响

为了解沙漠生物土壤结皮（BSCs）演替过程中微生物群落结构及土壤酶活力变化特征,以库布齐沙漠不同演替阶段BSCs（对照样地、藻结皮、藻藓混生结皮和藓结皮）为研究对象,通过高通量测序分析BSCs中细菌、固氮菌和真菌群落组成、多样性以及土壤酶活力变化,探讨不同演替阶段BSCs对土壤微生物群落结构和土壤酶活力的影响。结果表明：随BSCs演替等级提高,优势细菌由蓝细菌门（对照样地：36.1%;藻结皮：46.9%;藻藓混生结皮：30.7%）转变为变形菌门（藓结皮：36.2%）;优势固氮菌由伪枝藻属（藻结皮：80.2%）转变为斯科曼氏球菌属（藓结皮：60.6%）;真菌担子菌门丰度（藻结皮：1.0%;藻藓混生结皮：5.0%;藓结皮：13.5%）随BSCs正向演替逐渐提高。藓结皮中细菌、固氮菌和真菌特有OTU数量较对照样地、藻结皮和藻藓混生结皮分别提高1.8～8.3、1.9～33.0倍和1.8～33.0倍;沙漠BSCs正向演替阶段微生物多样性提高顺序为固氮菌>细菌>真菌;土壤微生物多样性增加显著提高了土壤参与碳、氮循环的纤维素酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶活力（P<0.05）。随着沙漠BSCs演替...     

生物土壤结皮对荒漠区土壤微生物数量和活性的影响

生物土壤结皮对荒漠生态系统的维持与改良发挥着重要作用。土壤微生物可敏感地指示土壤质量,是衡量荒漠区生态健康程度的重要生物学特征,而对荒漠区生物土壤结皮与土壤微生物关系知之甚少。本研究设计了两组对比试验。一组以腾格里沙漠东南缘的1956、1964、1981、1991年的植被固沙区结皮下的沙丘土壤为对象,以流沙区和天然植被区为对照。另一组以植被固沙区人为干扰生物土壤结皮下的沙丘土壤为研究对象,以未干扰结皮下的沙丘土壤为对照。结果表明：腾格里沙漠东南缘植被固沙区的藻-地衣和藓类结皮均可显著提高土壤可培养微生物的数量和基础呼吸（P<0.05）;适度人为干扰生物土壤结皮不会显著影响土壤可培养微生物的数量和基础呼吸,而严重人为干扰结皮可显著降低土壤可培养微生物的数量和基础呼吸,指示严重人为干扰结皮可导致荒漠区土壤质量下降;土壤可培养微生物的数量和基础呼吸也因结皮演替阶段的不同而有所不同,演替晚期的藓类结皮下土壤微生物数量和基础呼吸显著高于演替早期的藻-地衣结皮（P<0.05）;土壤可培养微生物的数量和土壤基础呼吸与固沙年限均存在显著的正相关关系,随着沙丘固沙年限的增加,结皮层增厚,结皮下土壤微生物数量及基础呼吸显著增加（P<0.05）;生物土壤结皮下土壤可培养微生物数量和基础呼吸呈现显著的季节变化,表现为夏季>秋季和春季>冬季。因此,腾格里沙漠东南缘植被固沙区的生物土壤结皮提高了土壤微生物数量和活性,表明生物土壤结皮有利于荒漠区土壤及荒漠生态系统的恢复。     

黄土高原弃耕地自然恢复过程中微生物碳的大小和活性的动态

耕地弃耕后植被次生演替过程中土壤微生物碳的大小和活性的研究结果表明,与耕地相比,各种演替阶段的弃耕地均有较高的有机碳和微生物碳含量,在26 a限弃耕地中,有机碳和微生物碳的含量达到天然植被的64.56%和48.69%,而且有机碳和微生物碳与演替的时间表现为显著正相关（P<0.01）,而微生物碳和有机碳的比值却随着演替没有显示明显的变化趋势。有机碳和微生物碳的大小顺序为：自然植被>各种演替阶段的弃耕地>小麦地。代谢熵（qCO2）随着演替的进程没有明显的变化趋势。与各种弃耕地和耕地相比,自然植被有较低的qCO2。这说明耕地弃耕后植被的自然演替有利于提高土壤微生物碳,改善土壤肥力。     

Vegetation development and carbon storage on a glacier foreland in the High Arctic, Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard

The distribution of organic carbon and its relationship to vegetation development were examined on a glacier foreland near Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard (79°N). In a 0.72-km² area, we established 43 study plots on three line transects along primary succession from recently deglaciated area to old well-vegetated area. At each plot, we measured the type and percent coverage of vegetation types. The organic carbon content of vegetation, organic soil, and mineral soil samples was determined based on their organic carbon concentration and bulk density. Cluster analysis based on vegetation coverage revealed five types of ground surfaces representing variations in the amounts and allocation patterns of organic carbon. In the later stages of succession, 7%–24% and 31%–40% of organic carbon was contained in the organic and deeper soil layers, respectively. Organic carbon storage in the later stages of succession ranged from 1.1 – 7.9 kg C m⁻². A larger amount of organic carbon, including ancient carbon in a raised beach deposit, was expected to be contained in much deeper soil layers. These results suggest that both vegetation development and geological history affect ecosystem carbon storage and that a non-negligible amount of organic carbon is distributed in this High Arctic glacier foreland.     

Distribution of soil organic carbon under different vegetation zones in the Ili River Valley,Xinjiang

We analyzed and estimated the distribution and reserves of soil organic carbon under nine different vegetation conditions including alpine meadow, meadow steppe, typical steppe, desert steppe, and temperate coniferous forest and so on, in the Ili River valley, Xinjiang according to data from field investigations and laboratory analyses in 2008 and 2009. The study results show that the soil organic carbon content in the Ili River valley varies with the type of vegetation. In the 0–50 cm soil horizon, the soil organic carbon content is the highest under the vegetation types of alpine meadow and meadow steppe, slightly lower under temperate coniferous forest and typical steppe, and the lowest under the intrazonal vegetation and desert vegetation types. The soil organic carbon content shows basically a tendency to decrease as soil depth increases under various vegetation types except in the case of the intrazonal vegetation. Similarly, the soil organic carbon density is the highest and varies little under the vegetation types of alpine meadow, meadow steppe and temperate coniferous forest, and is the lowest under the desert vegetation type. Both the soil organic carbon content and density in the topsoil of meadows in the Ili River valley are high, so protecting meadows in the Ili River valley, and especially their topsoil, should be a priority so that the potential of change in soil organic carbon in the shallow soil horizon is reduced, and this means maintenance of the stability of the soil carbon pool.     

伊犁河谷不同植被带下土壤有机碳分布

结合2008年和2009年野外实地调查与室内分析的资料,运用方差分析等方法对伊犁河谷高山草甸、草甸草原、典型草原、荒漠草原、温性针叶林等9种不同植被条件下的土壤有机碳含量分布及其储量进行了分析估算.研究结果表明:伊犁河谷土壤有机碳含量因植被类型变化而不同.在0～50 cm土层范围,高山草甸、草甸草原土壤有机碳含量较高,其次是温性针叶林和典型草原,含量最低的是隐域植被和荒漠植被土壤.除隐域植被外,各植被类型下土壤有机碳含最基本呈随着土层深度增加而降低的,变化趋势.有机碳密度同样是高山草甸、草甸草原和温性针叶林土壤有机碳密度较高且比较相近,荒漠植被下土壤有机碳密度最低.伊犁河谷草地表层土壤有机碳含量高、密度大,因此应重视对伊犁河谷草地的保护,尤其要保护草地表层土壤以降低浅层土壤有机碳发生变化的可能性,维护土壤碳库的稳定性.     

卧龙自然保护区土地利用变化对土壤性质的影响

森林景观受干扰后的次生演替、人工林种植与农业耕作等在许多方面影响着土壤性质的变化。研究选取了四川卧龙自然保护区作为研究地点 ,阐述湿润高山区的土地利用方式与土壤性质之间的关系。选择了六种典型的土地利用方式加以比较 ,方差分析结果表明 ,不同土地利用之间土壤容重、全氮、有机碳、速效磷、速效钾的含量差异显著。相比之下 ,农田土壤养分含量偏低 ,而灌丛有着较高的有机碳、总氮与有效氮含量。 0～ 4 0cm土壤碳的储量变化幅度不大。综合土壤退化指数表明 ,坡耕地 ,撂荒地与人工林有土壤退化的趋势 ,而灌丛与次生林对土壤的性质有着改善的作用。人工林年龄与土壤有机碳、有机氮的含量正相关。     

Respiration of the belowground parts of vascular plants: its contribution to total soil respiration on a successional glacier foreland in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard

As a part of the study on soil carbon flow in a deglaciated area in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard (79°N), we estimated the contribution of the belowground respiration of vascular plants to total soil respiration in August 1996. Four study sites were set up along a primary successional series, ranging from newly deglaciated moraine to older moraine with well-developed vegetation cover. Respiratory activity of the belowground parts (roots + belowground stems) of three dominant species. Salix polaris, Saxifraga oppositifolia and Luzula confusa , was determined under laboratory conditions. The respiratory activity and the Q₁₀ value of the respiration were higher in S. polaris than in the other two species. Total soil respiration rates measured in the field varied widely. The areas with dense vegetation cover tended to show high respiration rates. Belowground respiration of vascular plants was estimated based on the respiratory activity and biomass of the belowground parts at each study site. The contribution to the belowground respiration to total soil respiration was negligible in the early stages of succession. On the other hand, the respiration of the belowground parts contributed to a significant proportion (∼29%) of the total soil respiration in the latter stages of succession.     

Changes in soil and vegetation on moving sand dunes after exclosure in Horqin Sandy Land, Northern China

In the semiarid Horqin Sandy Land of northern China, land desertification is the main causation in vegetation degradation and formation of moving dunes. A study was conducted from 1996 to 2005 to monitor the changes of vegetation characteristics and soil properties after moving dunes were fenced. The changes were compared between moving sand dunes with exclosure and without exclosure to evaluate the effectiveness of vegetation and soil restoration after exclosure establishment. The results show that exlosure establishment facilitated the colonization and development of plant species by ameliorating stressful environmental conditions. Species diversity, average coverage, and plant density significantly increased after exclosure of moving sand dunes along sequence compared with sand dunes without exclosure. Vegetation recovery on moving sand dunes accelerated by exclosure resulted in significant changes in soil properties including increased silt and clay contents, organic C and total N and decreased sand content, especially at the 0-5 cm depth. The results implied that moving sand dunes can be rapidly fixed by construction of exclosure.     

Effects of dune stabilization on vegetation characteristics and soil properties at multiple scales in Horqin Sandy Land, Northern China

Ecological patterns and processes in dune ecosystems have been a research focus in recent years, however information on how dune stabilization influences vegetation and soil at different spatial scales...     

黄土丘陵区典型退耕恢复植被土壤生态化学计量特征

为探究不同植被土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量特征及其影响因素,以黄土丘陵区油松、刺槐、沙棘和草地4种典型退耕恢复植被0～100 cm土壤为研究对象,分析不同植被土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(STN)、全磷(STP)含量及其化学计量特征。结果表明:(1)不同恢复植被对土壤养分含量有显著影响,刺槐的SOC、STN最高,油松的SOC、STN最低,STP表现为草地>刺槐>油松>沙棘。(2)不同恢复植被土壤养分具有“表聚性”,随土层深度增加,SOC和STN含量呈下降趋势,而STP的变异性较弱。特别是刺槐的SOC和STN在60～100 cm呈增加趋势。(3)不同恢复植被土壤SOC:STN(C:N)、SOC:STP(C:P)差异不显著(P>0.05),刺槐的土壤STN:STP(N:P)显著高于其他植被类型(P<0.05),土壤C:N、C:P、N:P均低于全球及全国平均水平,研究区有机质的分解速率较快,P的有效性高,植被生长主要受N元素限制。(4)研究区土壤C:N、C:P和N:P主要受SOC和STN影响;土壤养分与土壤含水量(SWC)和土壤容重(BD)呈负相关,与...     

新疆准噶尔盆地典型荒漠区不同景观植被对土壤养分的影响

在群落演替的不同阶段,土壤与植被之间存在不同的互动关系。在新疆准噶尔盆地南缘,选择荒漠-绿洲交错区、沙漠边缘、沙漠腹地典型景观类型取样,监测不同景观条件下土壤水分、土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和植被盖度。结果表明,不同景观植被盖度、土壤水分、土壤养分含量存在显著的差异性(P0.5)。土壤水分含量、植被盖度、土壤养分含量表现为荒漠-绿洲交错区沙漠边缘沙漠腹地的变化趋势;土壤含水量由荒漠-绿洲交错带10.4%递减到沙漠边缘5.8%、沙漠腹地3.5%;植被盖度、土壤养分含量随土壤类型由荒漠灰钙土向风沙土过渡,呈现显著的下降趋势。在相同土壤属性情况下,植被盖度与土壤有机质、土壤全氮之间存在显著的线性正相关关系,表明不同区域内植被在一定程度上影响土壤养分的积累。     

Effects of soil nitrate：ammonium ratio on plant carbon：nitrogen ratio and growth rate of Artemisia sphaerocephala seedlings

Can soil nitrate： ammonium ratios influence plant carbon： nitrogen ratios of the early succession plant？ Can plant carbon： nitrogen ratios limit the plant growth in early succession？ To address these two questions, we performed a two-factor （soil nitrate： ammonium ratio and plant density） randomized block design and a uniform-precision rotatable central composite design pot experiments to examine the relationships between soil nitrate： ammonium ratios, the carbon： nitrogen ratios and growth rate of Artemisia sphaerocephala seedlings. Under adequate nutrient status, both soil nitrate： ammonium ratios and plant density influenced the carbon： nitrogen ratios and growth rate of A. sphaerocephala seedlings. Under the lower soil nitrate： ammonium ratios, with the increase of soil nitrate： ammonium ratios, the growth rates of plant height and shoot biomass of A. sphaerocephala seedlings decreased significantly; with the increase of plant carbon： nitrogen ratios, the growth rates of shoot biomass of A. sphaerocephala seedlings decreased significantly. Soil nitrate： ammonium ratios affected the carbon： nitrogen ratios of A. sphaerocephala seedlings by plant nitrogen but not by plant carbon. Thus, soil nitrate： ammonium ratios influenced the carbon： nitrogen ratios of A. sphaerocephala seedlings, and hence influenced its growth rates. Our results suggest that under adequate nutrient environment, soil nitrate： ammonium ratios can be a limiting factor for the growth of the early succession plant.