Iron and chlorine as guides to stratiform Cu-Co-Au deposits,Idaho Cobalt Belt,USA

The Cu-Co-Au deposits of the Idaho Cobalt Belt are in lithostratigraphic zones of the Middle Proterozoic Yellowjacket Formation characterized by distinctive chemical and mineralogical compositions including high concentrations of Fe (15- > 30 wt. percent Fe₂O₃), Cl (0.1–1.10 wt. percent), and magnetite or biotite (> 50 vol. percent). The Cu-Co-Au deposits of the Blackbird mine are stratabound in Fe-silicate facies rocks that are rich in biotite, Fe, and Cl, but stratigraphically equivalent rocks farther than 10 km from ore deposits have similar compositions. A lower lithostratigraphic zone containing magnetite and small Cu-Co-Au deposits extends for more than 40 km. The Fe-rich strata are probably exhalative units related to mafic volcanism and submarine hot springs, but the origin of the high Cl concentrations is less clear. Former chlorine-rich pore fluids are suggested by the presence of supersaline fluid inclusions, by Cl-rich biotite and scapolite (as much as 1.87 percent Cl in Fe-rich biotite), and by high Cl concentrations in rock samples. Chlorine is enriched in specific strata and in zones characterized by soft-sediment deformation, thus probably was introduced during sedimentation or diagenesis. Unlike some metasedimentary rocks containing scapolite and high Cl, the Yellowjacket Formation lacks evidence for evaporitic strata that could have been a source of Cl. More likely, the Cl reflects a submarine brine that carried Fe, K, and base metals. Strata containing anomalous Fe-K-Cl are considered to be a guide to sub-basins favorable for the occurrence of stratiform base-metal deposits.     

Kinetics of selenium release in mine waste from the Meade Peak Phosphatic Shale,Phosphoria Formation,Wooley Valley,Idaho, USA

Phosphorite from the Meade Peak Phosphatic Shale member of the Permian Phosphoria Formation has been mined in southeastern Idaho since 1906. Dumps of waste rock from mining operations contain high concentrations of Se which readily leach into nearby streams and wetlands. While the most common mineralogical residence of Se in the phosphatic shale is elemental Se, Se(0), Se is also an integral component of sulfide phases (pyrite, sphalerite and vaesite–pyrite_ss) in the waste rock. It may also be present as adsorbed selenate and/or selenite, and FeSe₂ and organo-selenides.Se release from the waste rock has been observed in field and laboratory experiments. Release rates calculated from waste rock dump and column leachate solutions describe the net, overall Se release from all of the possible sources of Se listed above. In field studies, Se concentration in seepage water (pH 7.4–7.8) from the Wooley Valley Unit 4 dump ranges from 3600 µg/L in May to 10 µg/L by Sept. Surface water flow, Q, from the seep also declines over the summer, from 2 L/s in May to 0.03 L/s in Sept. Se flux ([Se] ? Q) reaches a steady-state of < 150 mg/day in 1–4 months, depending upon the volume of Q. Se release (mg/L) follows a first order reaction with a rate constant, k, = 1.35 – 6.35e?3 h^? 1 (11.8–55.6 yr^? 1).Laboratory experiments were performed with the waste shale in packed bed reactors; residence time varied from 0.09 to 400 h and outlet pH ～ 7.5. Here, Se concentration increased with increasing residence time and release was modeled with a first order reaction with k = 2.19e?3 h^? 1 (19.2 yr^? 1).Rate constants reported here fall within an order of magnitude of reported rate constants for oxidation of Se(0) formed by bacterial precipitation. This similarity among rate constants from both field and laboratory studies combined with the direct observation of Se(0) in waste shales of the Phosphoria Formation suggests that oxidation of Se(0) may control steady-state Se concentration in water draining the Wooley Valley waste dump.     

Copper and cobalt in aquatic mosses and stream sediments from the Idaho Cobalt Belt

Samples of stream sediments and aquatic mosses were collected from nine sites across several mineralized zones at the southeasternmost extension of the Idaho Cobalt Belt. Because the steepness of the terrain and the attendant high flow rate of the streams made it difficult to obtain adequate sediment samples, mosses were considered as an alternative sampling medium. The results not only showed that the Cu and Co content of the mosses correlated almost perfectly with that of the sediments, but that the contrast between samples taken from mineralized and background areas was greater in mosses, especially for Co. Maximum concentrations of 35,000 μg/g Cu and 2000 μg/g Co were observed in the ash of mosses, compared to maximum concentrations of 1700 μg/g and 320 μg/g, respectively, in the associated sediments. Species identification was considered unimportant, which should dispel some reluctance to use mosses in mineral exploration.     

Production of acid water in a lead-zinc mine,Coeur d'Alene,Idaho

The Bunker Hill Mine in Idaho's Coeur d'Alene mining district produces approximately 10 m³/minute of acid water containing high concentrations of heavy metals. Field and laboratory studies indicate that much of the acid water is produced in a single ore body in the upper part of the mine. The ore of this body contains mainly sphalerite, galena, and pyrite in a siderite-quartz gangue. Ground water recharges this ore body through a near-vertical zone of high permeability, which is the result of mining by the caving technique. Ore samples from the caving area contained oxidized forms of iron and produced acid in a laboratory leaching test. Leaching experiments with several ore samples from the mine also indicated that the ratio of pyrite to calcite in the samples strongly controlled the resultant pH values. Oxidation of pyrite to sulfuric acid and compounds of iron is apparently responsible for the production of acid water in the mine. In contrast, dissolution of calcite in water results in a basic solution, with pH around 8.3, that can neutralize the acid produced by the oxidation process. Methods for prevention of acid mine drainage in this and other similar mines are noted.     

Speciation and solubility relationships of Al, Cu and Fe in solutions associated with sulfuric acid leached mine waste rock

 Solutions from oxidized waste rock originating from an acid-leached waste dump were studied. The dissolution data suggest that after the majority of the soluble solid phases are removed, remaining solid phases continued to buffer the solutions in the acidic pH range. Incorporating the solution data into MINTEQA2 identified controls on the solubility of Al, Cu and Fe at pH values from about 2.5 to slightly over 5. Sulfate appears to play a significant role in the formation of solubility controlling solid phases for Al and Cu. This is not the case for Fe, and is suggested that Fe and Cu solubility may be controlled by cupric ferrite at low pH values. Received: 5 April 1998 · Accepted: 27 July 1998     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案（1999/30/EC）,对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10 μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提出了具体测定要求。     

Assessment of contamination load on water,soil and sediment affected by the Kongjujeil mine drainage,Republic of Korea

Environmental pollution in the Kongjujeil mine creek was determined on the basis of physicochemical and mineralogical properties for various kinds of waters, soils, precipitates and sediments collected in August and December 1998. The hydrochemistry of water is characterized by an enrichment in concentrations of Ca ²⁺, Si, alkali ions, NO ₃ ^- and Cl ^- in ground and surface water, where relatively the mine waters are significantly enriched in Ca ²⁺+Mg ²⁺, Al, heavy metals and SO ₄ ^2- concentrations. The mine waters have lower pH (3.24) and higher EC (613 µS/cm) compared with those of ground and surface water. The ranges of dD and d ¹⁸O values (SMOW) in the water are -50.2 to -61.6‰ and -7.0 to -8.6‰. Using a computer code, the saturation indices of albite, calcite and dolomite in the mine water show that it is undersaturated, and has progressively evolved toward the equilibrium state. Ground and surface water are nearly saturated. The gibbsite, kaolinite and smectite are supersaturated in the surface and groundwater. Geochemical modeling shows that mostly toxic metals exist largely in the form of metal sulfates and free metals in mine water. These metals in the surrounding fresh water could be formed of carbonate or hydroxide complex ions. Minerals within the soil and sediment near the mining area were partly variable consisting of quartz, mica, alkali feldspar, plagioclase, chlorite, vermiculite, berthierine and clay minerals. The separated heavy minerals, soil and sediment are composed of some pyrite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, malachite, goethite and various hydroxide minerals. Some potentially toxic elements (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb and Zn) are found in extremely high concentrations in the surface soils in the vicinity of the mine. The enrichment index of heavy metals in sediment and surface soil of the mine drainage was very severe, while it was not so great in the cultivated soil.     

铜陵矿山酸性排水及固体废弃物中的重金属元素

在调查中国铜陵凤凰山铜矿和新桥硫铁矿两种不同类型矿山固体废弃物特征的基础上,研究了矿山尾矿和废石产生酸性排水的可能性及其差异以及矿山固体废弃物中重金属元素的赋存形式。结果表明,凤凰山铜矿的尾矿基本不产生矿山酸性排水,而新桥硫铁矿采矿废石产生矿山酸性排水,并且凤凰山铜矿的尾矿和新桥硫铁矿采矿废石中重金属元素的赋存形式也有差异,前者重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、As、Hg主要赋存于硅酸盐态中,而后者在还原态中有较高的含量,这反映了在地表条件下尾矿中大量重金属元素已经发生了迁移,而采矿废石已经开始氧化,且酸性排水的存在更有利于废石中重金属元素的迁移和扩散,进而导致矿区周围环境的污染。     

Residence of silver in mineral deposits of the Thunder Mountain caldera complex,Central Idaho,U.S.A.

Summary Silver is an accessory element in gold, antimony, and tungsten deposits of the caldera complex. Most of the deposits are economically of low grade and genetically of xenothermal or epithermal character. Their gold- and silver-bearing minerals are usually disseminated, fine grained, and difficult to study. Sparsely disseminated pyrite and arsenoprite are common associates.Identified silver minerals are: native silver and electrum; the sulfides acanthite, argentite (the latter always inverted to acanthite), and members of the Silberkies group; the sulfosalts matildite, miargyrite, pyrargyrite, argentian tetrahedrite, and unnamed Ag-Sb-S and Ag-Fe-Sb-S minerals; the telluride hessite and the selenide naumannite; halides of the cerargyrite group; and the antimonate stetefeldtite. Suspected silver minerals include the sulfide uytenbogaardtite and the sulfosalts andorite, diaphorite, and polybasite. Electrum, acanthite, and argentian tetrahedrite are common, though nowhere abundant. The other silver minerals are rare.Silver is present as a minor element in the structure of some varieties of other minerals. These include arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, chalcostibite, covelline, digenite, galena, sphalerite, and stibnite. The search for adventitious Ag in most of these minerals has been cursory. The results merely indicate that elemental silver is not confined to discrete silver minerals and is, therefore, an additional complication for the recovery of silver-bearing material from some deposits.Silver occurs cryptically in some plants of the region. At Red Mountain, for example, the ashed sapwood of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) contains 2 to 300 ppm Ag. Silver in the ashed wood is roughly 100 times as abundant as it is in soil. The phenomenon, useful in biogeochemical exploration, deserves the attention of mineralogists.

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Das Vorkommen von Silber in den Erzlagerstätten des Thunder-Mountain-Caldera-Komplexes, Idaho, U.S.A.

Zusammenfassung Silber ist in den Gold-, Antimon- und Wolframlagerstätten des Caldera-Komplexes ein akzessorisches Element. Die Lagerstätten sind wirtschaftlich geringhaltig und genetisch als xeno- oder epithermal zu deuten. Gold- und silberführende Minerale sind meist feinkörnig und treten akzessorisch auf. Im einzelnen wurden folgende Minerale beobachtet: Gediegen Silber und Elektrum; die Sulfide Akanthit und Argentit (immer zu Akanthit umgewandelt) sowie Silberkiese; die Sulfosalze Matildit, Miargyrit, Pyrargyrit, silberhaltiger Tetraedrit und nicht näher identifizierte Ag-Sb-S- und Ag-FeSb-S-Verbindungen; das Tellurid Hessit und das Selenid Naumannit; Halogenide der Kerargyritgruppe; und das Antimonat Stetefeldit. Mögliche weitere Ag-Minerale schließen das Sulfid Uytenbogaardtit und die Sulfosalze Andorit, Diaphorit und Polybasit ein. Von diesen Mineralen kommen Elektrum, Akanthit und silberhaltiger Tetraedrit am häufigsten vor, während alle anderen selten sind. Die gewöhnlichen Nebengemengteile sind Pyrit und Arsenkies.Darüber hinaus wird vermutet, daß Spuren von Silber im Kristallgitter anderer Minerale eingebaut vorliegen; insbesondere in den Gittern von Arsenkies, Kupferkies, Chalcostibit, Covellin, Digenit, Bleiglanz, Zinkblende und Antimonit. Hierzu liegen noch keine umfassenden Untersuchungen vor, jedoch kann vermutet werden, daß Silber nicht ausschließlich auf Ag-Minerale sensu stricto beschränkt ist.Einige Pflanzen des Lagerstättenbezirkes enthalten beachtliche Mengen an Silber, so zum Beispiel die Asche der Douglas-FichtePseudotsuga menziesii. Der Silbergehalt beträgt 2 bis 300 g/t und ist damit gegenüber dem Boden etwa 100fach erhöht. Dieses Phänomen ist von Nutzen in der biogeochemischen Exploration und verdient das Interesse der Mineralogen.

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With 10 Figures

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Contribution to the Ore Mineralogy Symposium (IMA/COM) at the 14th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association, at Stanford, California, in July, 1986.     

Mercury accumulation in snow on the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory and surrounding region,southeast Idaho,USA

Snow was sampled and analyzed for total mercury (THg) on the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) and surrounding region prior to the start-up of a large (9-11 g/h) gaseous mercury emission source. The objective was to determine the effects of the source on local and regional atmospheric deposition of mercury. Snow samples collected from 48 points on a polar grid near the source had THg concentrations that ranged from 4.71 to 27.26 ng/L; snow collected from regional background sites had THg concentrations that ranged from 0.89 to 16.61 ng/L. Grid samples had higher concentrations than the regional background sites, which was unexpected because the source was not operating yet. Emission of Hg from soils is a possible source of Hg in snow on the INEEL. Evidence from Hg profiles in snow and from unfiltered/filtered split samples supports this hypothesis. Ongoing work on the INEEL is investigating Hg fluxes from soils and snow.     

Occurrence Forms and Distribution of Cobalt in Cihai Fe (-Co) Deposit, Xinjiang

Please refer to the attachment(s) for more details     

Migration of Cu, Zn, Cd and As in epikarst water affected by acid mine drainage at a coalfield basin, Xingren, Southwest China

Epikarst water, which is one of the most important water resources in karst mountain areas, is extremely sensitive to mining activities. Acid mine drainage (AMD) with high levels of heavy metals can degrade the water quality. A typical coalfield basin was chosen to research the migration process of heavy metals. It was found that the chemical compositions of the stream water in the research field were controlled by the dissolution of carbonate rocks or/and the weathering and oxidation of pyrite in the mining area. Excluding a few sites in the mining area, As(V) was dominant species of arsenic in the form of H₂AsO₄ ^? or HAsO₄ ^2? in the research field. Based on the mass balance concept, it was found that fluxes of As, Zn, Cu and Cd in water from the mining area (site 17) affected by AMD were 18, 871, 281 and 12 kg year^?1, respectively. Also, concentrations of Cd, Zn, As and Cu in the stream water decreased along the flow, because these ions deposited from the water to the stream bed as the redistribution processes in environment.     

The coagulation,solubility and adsorption properties of Fe,Mn, Cu,Ni, Cd,Co and humic acids in a river water

River water (Water of Luce, Scotland) is used in laboratory experiments designed to investigate physical and chemical properties of Fe. Mn, Cu, Ni, Co, Cd and humic acids in riverine and estuarine systems. Using NaCl, MgCl₂ and CaCl₂ as coagulating agents, coagulation of dissolved (0.4 μm filtered) Fe, Cu, Ni, Cd and humic acids increases in a similar matter with increasing salt molarily: Ca²⁺ is the most dominant coagulating agent. Removal by coagulation with Ca²⁺ at seawater concentrations ranges from large (Fe-80%. HA-60%, Cu-40%) to small (Ni, Cd-15%) to essentially nothing (Cd, Mn-3%). Destabilization of colloids is the indicated mechanism. Solubility-pH measurements show that between a pH of 3 and 9, Fe, Cu, Ni, Mn, Co and Cd are being held in the dissolved phase by naturally occurring organic substances. Between pH of 2.2 and 1.2 a large proportion of dissolved Fe, Cu. Ni and Cd (72, 35,44 and 36% respectively) is precipitated along with the humic acids; in contrast, Mn and Co show little precipitation (3%). Adsorption-pH experiments, using unfiltered river water spiked with Cu, indicate that adsorption of Cu onto suspended particles is inhibited to a large extent by the formation of dissolved Cu-organic complexes.The experimental results demonstrate that solubilities and adsorption properties of certain trace metals in freshwaters can be opposite to those observed with artificial solutions or predicted with chemical models. Interaction with organic substances is a critical factor.     

Geochemistry and stable isotope investigation of acid mine drainage associated with abandoned coal mines in central Montana,USA

The Great Falls-Lewistown Coal Field (GFLCF) in central Montana contains over 400 abandoned underground coal mines, many of which are discharging acidic water with serious environmental consequences. Areas of the mines that are completely submerged by groundwater have circum-neutral pH and relatively low concentrations of metals, whereas areas that are only partially flooded or freely draining have acidic pH (< 3) and high concentrations of metals. The pH of the mine drains either decreases or increases after discharging to the surface, depending on the initial ratio of acidity (mainly Al and Fe²⁺) to alkalinity (mainly HCO₃^?). In acidic, Fe-rich waters, oxidation of Fe²⁺ after exposure to air is microbially catalyzed and follows zero-order kinetics, with computed rate constants falling in the range of 0.97 to 1.25 mmol L^? 1 h^? 1. In contrast, Fe²⁺ oxidation in near-neutral pH waters appears to be first-order with respect to Fe²⁺ concentration, although insufficient data were collected to constrain the rate law expression. Rates of Fe²⁺ oxidation in the field are dependent on temperature such that lower Fe²⁺ concentrations were measured in down-gradient waters during the day, and higher concentrations at night. Diel cycles in dissolved concentrations of Zn and other trace metals (Mn, Ni) were also noted for down-gradient waters that were net alkaline, but not in the acidic drains.The coal seams of the GFLCF and overlying Cretaceous sandstones form a perched aquifer that lies ~ 50 m above the regional water table situated in the underlying Madison Limestone. The δD and δ¹⁸O values of flooded mine waters suggest local derivation from meteoric water that has been partially evaporated in agricultural soils overlying the coal mines. The S and O isotopic composition of dissolved sulfate in the low pH mine drains is consistent with oxidation of biogenic pyrite in coal under aerated conditions. A clear distinction exists between the isotopic composition of sulfate in the acid mine waters and sulfate in the adjacent sedimentary aquifers, making it theoretically possible to determine if acid drainage from the coal mines has leaked into the underlying Madison aquifer.     

ICP-MS测定土壤中的As、Cr、Pb、Se、Cu和Zn

本文用电感耦合等离子质谱法(ICP-MS)测定了土壤的As、Cr、Pb、Se、Cu和Zn6种微量元素的质量分数,以In作为内标进行基体效应的补偿,方法快速灵敏,回收率为92.4%～106.8%,相对标准偏差小于5.0%,结果达到国家标准要求。     

Interaction of diamond mine waste and surface water in the Canadian Arctic

Factors controlling the chemical composition of water interacting with finely-crushed kimberlite have been investigated by sampling pore waters from processed kimberlite fines stored in a containment facility. Discharge water from the diamond recovery plant and surface water from the containment facility, which acts as plant intake water, were also sampled. All waters sampled are pH-neutral, enriched in SO₄, Mg, Ca, and K, and low in Fe. Pore-water samples, representing the most concentrated waters, are characterized by the highest SO₄ (up to 4080 mg l⁻¹), Mg (up to 870 mg l⁻¹), and Ca (up to 473 mg l⁻¹). The water discharged from the processing plant has higher concentrations of all major dissolved constituents than the intake water. The dominant minerals present in the processed fines and the kimberlite ore are serpentine and olivine, with small amounts of Ca sulphate and Fe sulphide restricted to mud xenoclasts. Reaction and inverse modeling suggest that much of the water-rock interaction takes place within the plant and involves the dissolution of chrysotile and Ca sulphate, and precipitation of silica and Mg carbonate. Evapoconcentration also appears to be a significant process affecting pore water composition in the containment facility. The reaction proposed to be occurring during ore processing involves the dissolution of CO_2(g) and may represent an opportunity to sequester atmospheric CO₂ through mineral carbonation.     

Comparison between non-residual Al,Co, Cu,Fe, Mn,Ni, Pb and Zn released by a three-step sequential extraction procedure and a dilute hydrochloric acid leach for soil and road deposited sediment

Surprisingly little is known about the relationship between the labile phases removed by sequential extraction procedures and those liberated by single leaches that minimally impact the alumino-silicate matrix of solids. This investigation examines the relationship between the summed concentrations of Al, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn released by an optimized 3-step standardized sequential extraction procedure and those released by a single 0.5 M HCl leach. Thirty-nine representative soil and road deposited sediment samples were examined from an urban watershed, in Honolulu, Hawaii, which has been shown to have a high degree of traffic-associated pollution. Properties of samples analyzed varied widely and exhibited a range in cation exchange capacities from 7 to 59 cmol_c/kg, pH values from 3.5 to 7.9, and organic C contents from 1 to 29%. Results indicate that the dilute HCl leach was slightly more aggressive than the sequential procedure as it removed significantly more Al, Cu, Fe, Mn and Ni; though no significant differences were observed between Co, Pb and Zn concentrations liberated by the two approaches. Both approaches showed limited dissolution of the crystal lattice with ⩽9% of the total Al liberated. Regardless of approach, element mobility was the same with the order being: Pb>Mn>Zn>Co≈Cu>Ni>Fe ∼ Al. Regression analysis indicated highly significant (P<0.0001) logarithmic relationships between the two digestion procedures, with coefficients of determination (r²) ⩾92% for all elements except Fe (54%) and Ni (64%). Further support for the strong relationships between elements liberated by both digestions was gained from geochemical contrasts between anomalous and background levels and concentration enrichment ratios. This was particularly true for Pb and Zn, the most anthropogenically enhanced trace metals in the watershed. All data indicated that a dilute HCl leach was a valuable, rapid, and cost-effective analytical tool in contamination assessment.     

Chemistry and distribution of accessory Ni, Co, Fe arsenic minerals in the Pechenga Ni-Cu deposits, Kola Peninsula, Russia

Summary Ni, Co, Fe arsenic minerals are common accessory phases associated with both the Ni-Cu mineralization and country rock sulphides of the Pechenga complex. The majority of the arsenic minerals fall in the cobaltite-gersdorffite series, with minor arsenopyrite, nickeline and maucherite. These minerals are regularly distributed between different types of mineralization. Nickeline, maucherite and gersdorffite occur mainly in hydrothermally altered Ni-Cu sulphide ores, in particular stringer zone sulphides and mineralized talc-carbonate rocks. Arsenopyrite occurs only in pentlandite-free assemblages of the host shales, mainly in remobilized iron sulphide mineralization. The concentrations of Ni and Co in arsenopyrite decrease with the distance from the Ni-Cu bearing intrusions. Cobaltite is an ubiquitous mineral, but Ni-rich cobaltite occurs mainly in the Ni-Cu ores. In general, the transition from Ni-Cu ores to country rocks is marked by the change from Ni-arsenides to Ni-Co sulpharsenides and, finally, to Fe sulpharsenides.Sedimentary pyrite in sulphidic shales contains up to 1.8 wt.% As and was initially enriched in arsenic during sedimentation and diagenesis. Metamorphic recrystallization of authigenic As-bearing pyrite to As-free pyrrhotite led to significant liberation of arsenic during metamorphism. The mobilized arsenic could have been carried by associated metamorphic fluids and then participated in the low-grade alteration of the ultramafic rocks and associated Ni-Cu sulphide ores.

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Zusammensetzung und Verteilung der akzessorischen Ni-, Co und Fe-Arsenminerale in den Nickel-Kupferlagerstätten von Pechenga, Kola-Halbinsel, Rußland

Zusammenfassung Ni-, Co- und Fe-Arsenminerale sind verbreitete akzessorische Phasen, sowohl in den Nickel-Kupfer-Vererzungen, als auch in den Sulfiden der Nebengesteine des PechengaKomplexes. Der Großteil der Arsenminerale ist zur Cobaltit-Gersdorffit-Serie zu stellen. Arsenkies, Nickelin und Maucherit sind in geringeren Mengen vorhanden. Diese Minerale sind zwischen den verschiedenen Vererzungstypen gleichmäßig verteilt. Nickelin, Maucherit und Gersdorffit kommen hauptsächlich in hydrothermal veränderten Ni-Cu-Sulfiderzen vor, besonders in Sulfiden der Stringer-Zone und in mineralisierten Talk-Karbonat-Gesteinen. Arsenkies kommt nur in Pentlandit-freien Paragenesen in den schiefrigen Nebengesteinen, vor allem in einer remobilisierten Eisensulfidvererzung, vor. Die Konzentrationen von Ni, Fe und Co in Arsenkies nehmen mit zunehmender Entfernung von den Ni-Cu-führenden Intrusionen ab. Cobaltit ist ein verbreitetes Mineral, wobei nickelreicher Cobaltit jedoch hauptsächlich in den Nickel-Kupfererzen vorkommt. Im allgemeinen wird der übergang von NickelKupfererzen zu Nebengesteinen durch den übergang von Nickelarseniden zu NickelKobalt-Sulpharseniden und schließlich zu Eisensulpharseniden markiert.Sedimentärer Pyrit in den schiefrigen Nebengesteinen enthält bis zu 1,8 Gew% As, wobei die Arsenanreicherung während der Sedimentation und Diagenese erfolgten. Metamorphe Rekristallisation authigener As-führenden Pyrite zu As-freiem Magnetkies führte zu signifikanter Freisetzung von Arsen während der Metamorphose. Das mobilisierte Arsen dürfte durch metamorphe Fluide transportiert worden sein, die an der niedriggradigen Alteration der ultramafischen Gesteine und der assoziierten NickelKupfererze beteiligt waren.

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With 8 Figures